丽水城市道路分车带绿化调查与分析

对浙江省丽水市20条主要道路中央及两侧分车绿化带的树种选择、植物配置模式、景观营造、色彩搭配、绿化功能的合理性等进行了调查,调查结果表明:每条道路分车带平均配置9.1种植物,其中乔木2.5种,灌木4.3种,草本2.3种,平均乔灌比1∶1.7;配置模式主要是乔木+灌木+地被,乔木+灌木绿篱,灌木+地被3种形式。通过分析其应用特色,提出了改进建议,以期为城市道路绿化水平提升提供积极参考。     

营口市景观干道植物种类及群落配置分析

以营口市鲅鱼圈区贯通南北的重要景观干道——平安大街为例，通过全线调查结合典型性取样分析，探讨了营口景观干道植物配置特征。结果表明:营口市景观干道绿化植物种类共有66种，隶属于31科、49属。乔木与灌木比为1︰0.39，常绿树种与落叶树种比为1︰7.25。植物种类组成丰富，乡土、色叶树种的选择具有显著的特征。行道树绿带配置主要采用乔木+绿篱模纹配置模式，路侧绿带采用自然式植物配置，分别为大乔木+中小乔木+灌木+草坪/地被、乔木+灌木+草坪/地被、乔木+草坪/地被、灌木+草坪/地被4种配置模式。建议行道树带适当缩短每种灌木种植长度，增加灌木的种类；路侧绿带2层、3层和4层植物配置交错分布；适当增加能够在冬季展现树姿和色彩的园林植物种类。     

公共建筑绿地植物配置——以农银大学福建分校绿地为例

2018年,以福建农银大学福建分校公共建筑绿地作为研究对象,对其植物种类及配置等进行实地调查、分析。结果表明,福建农银大学福建分校附属绿地共有植物21科27属29种;植物配置方式主要以“乔木—地被”与“灌木—地被”方式为主,部分绿地具有“乔—灌—草”3层结构;主要以常绿乔木、落叶乔木和常绿灌木为主,乔灌比为1∶0.31,常绿树种与落叶树种的数量比近2∶1,群落的季相变化不明显;以观叶植物为主(23种),观花植物为辅(6种)。并提出植物种类及配置建议,研究结果可为公共建筑绿地植物景观建设提供参考。     

以草代木应有度 城区绿化要造景

以草坪、地被代替乔木、灌木、地被构成多层次植物群落的做法,是一种简单的环境绿化,如“草坪+棕榈”已成为某些单位之间相互仿效的模式。 但是,以草代木应该有度,因为乔木、灌木、草坪组成的植物群落,其综合生态效益(释氧固碳、蒸腾吸热、减尘滞尘、减菌灭菌及减污等),为单一草坪的4倍-5倍;乔木综合功能为单一草坪的10倍;乔、灌、草组成的群落绿地,其养护管理的投入,仅为单一草坪的三分之一。所以说,以草代木的简单绿化,一不具备乔木、灌木、地被构成的植物群落的综合绿化功能;二不经济,往往出     

新乡市主要城市园林植物综合滞尘能力的研究

对新乡市市区主要城市园林植物(乔木13种、灌木及小乔木17种、草坪植物4种)进行综合滞尘能力的量化研究。结果表明,不同类型园林植物的综合滞尘能力为常绿乔木常绿灌木落叶灌木落叶乔木草坪植物,研究结果可为城市绿地建设中的植物选择与配置提供科学依据。     

太原市城市道路绿化模式研究

对太原市47条道路进行实地调研,统计与分析其道路绿化断面形式以及不同绿化带的典型配置模式。结果发现,太原市道路断面结构以一板二带式与二板三带式为主;绿化树种较为丰富;绿化搭配层次饱满,常用绿化配置结构为乔木+灌木+绿篱。分析道路绿化植物应用现状,探讨道路板式及典型绿化配置模式。提出降低植物种植密度,选择乡土树种,合理配置树种比例,增加布局曲线性与多样性,充分运用树木观赏要素等建议。     

大力倡导自然生态型道路绿化

何谓自然生态型道路绿化?从广义上说,就是设计中遵循景观生态学的原理,通过合理的植物配置,科学的地形设计,适当的水体营造,人工模拟自然植物群落,从而营造出的绿化配置模式。从狭义而言,就是以植物造景为主,木本植物为骨干,由乔木、灌木、草本、地被等植物、动物、微生物以及所在地区的气候、土     

山东潍坊城市道路绿化植物调查与分析

采用实地踏查的方法,对潍坊市主城区18条主要干道绿化植物应用现状进行调查,分析道路纵断面的植物组成和配置模式。结果表明:潍坊市城区主要道路应用的绿化植物共计112种,隶属于37科71属,其中乔木70种,灌木38种,藤本4种;行道树绿带、分车绿带和路侧绿带的植物组成结构和配置模式,基本符合生态性原则,能体现道路绿化的功能性。并对潍坊市道路绿化存在的不足,提出今后道路绿化的发展建议。     

成都市典型农家乐植物组成特征研究

本文在成都市北湖公园、农科村、三圣乡选取了60个成都市典型农家乐,对植物群落进行了调查和分析。结果表明:成都市典型农家乐植物群落中应用的乔木种类有56种,灌木种类83种,草本种类有118种,共计257种,分属91科184属。在植物种类组成方面,成都北湖公园的乔木种类所占比例最高,达到22.39%;郫县农科村的灌木种类所占的比例是最高的,达到36.55%;而三圣乡"五朵金花"的草本种类所占的比例最高,达到47.92%。农科村主要树木的平均胸径为13.32±9.07?,平均高度为5.53±2.49 m,在3个地方中均为最高。群落外貌方面,三圣乡"五朵金花"和郫县农科村农家乐以常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶的混交林为主,针叶林少。成都北湖公园则以常绿阔叶为主,落叶和针叶林少。60个农家乐平均配置乔木5.1±2.47(N=60)种,平均配置灌木8.77±3.41(N=60)种,平均拥有草本11.83±6.75(N=60)种,超过50%的植物种类为三地或两地共有,植物配置呈现明显的相似性。     

大兴安岭森林火灾NO和SO_2释放量的估算

在黑龙江省大兴安岭林区森林火灾时空格局研究的基础上,通过野外调查采样和室内试验相结合,应用排放因子法,估算大兴安岭林区7种主要林型乔木、灌木、草本及地被可燃物层1980—2005年间有毒气体的释放量。结果表明:大兴安岭25年间主要乔木、灌木、草本及地被可燃物层NO的释放量为0.14~0.17 Tg,平均每年释放0.005~0.007 Tg,占黑龙江省生物质燃烧NOx年均释放量的15.0%~18.3%;SO2的释放量为0.25~0.27 Tg,平均每年释放0.010~0.011 Tg,占黑龙江省生物质燃烧SO2年均释放量的58.8%~64.7%,是黑龙江省农业秸秆燃烧SO2年均释放量的1.25~1.38倍。由此可见,黑龙江省生物质燃烧导致SO2污染森林火灾贡献率最大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。