不同追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究优质小麦生产中提高小麦品质的最佳施氮时期,本试验以强筋冬小麦‘藁优2018’为供试材料,于河北省宁晋县布置田间试验,在总施氮量为240 kg N/hm~2的高产条件下,研究不同追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:与基施氮+拔节期施氮处理相比,将拔节期施用氮素的50%于小麦生长后期施用,2017—2018季小麦孕穗期施氮处理下小麦籽粒增产11.9%,小麦各器官吸氮量及地上部总吸氮量最高。不同追氮时期各处理间小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、面团形成时间和稳定时间均无显著差异。后期追氮可提高小麦面粉湿面筋含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量和吸水率,但后期追氮处理间无显著差异。后期追氮处理中孕穗期追氮较其他处理(抽穗期、开花期)追氮提高小麦加工品质的趋势更为明显。因此,综合考虑产量、品质及氮素吸收利用,采用基施氮+拔节期施氮+孕穗期施氮(4∶3∶3)的氮素施用模式是适宜当地土壤和气候条件下小麦高产、优质及养分高效利用的氮肥管理模式。     

优质强筋小麦藁优2018品种特点及保优节水栽培技术

藁优2018是藁城市农科所最新育成的优质专用广适性小麦新品种,2008年通过河北省品种审定（审定编号：冀审麦2008007号）。现已申请国家植物新品种保护。2008年度中国小麦品质鉴评会上藁优2018列强筋小麦组第二位。超过对照品种美麦DNS和师栾02—1。2008年11月8日石家庄市科技局组织国内专家召开鉴定会．认为藁优2018在小麦高产与优质超强筋育种方面达到国际先进水平。     

不同播期条件下高产冬小麦品种氮素吸收利用及转运效率分析

探讨和分析不同播期条件下高产冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种的氮素吸收利用、转运和高效利用特征,确定不同高产小麦品种的适宜播期.采用大田试验方法,系统分析早播(10月3日)、适播(10月12日)和晚播(10月30日)3个水平对不同品种高产小麦主要生育期植株含氮率、氮素积累量、花前和花后植株营养器官氮素积累和分配、氮素再分配等特征及产量、品质和氮素利用效率等的影响.结果表明,播期影响生育期小麦植株的含氮率、氮的吸收和积累.小麦地上部营养器官氮积累量、氮再分配量、转运氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率花前高于花后.晚播条件下籽粒氮素的积累量主要依赖于花前氮吸收;适播和早播条件下花后吸收的氮素对籽粒氮素的积累占有较大比例.高产不同基因型小麦品种在不同生育期的氮素吸收强度和相对累积速率不同,花前氮素积累量、花前吸收氮素向籽粒的再分配以及转运率、花后氮素同化量以及花后吸收氮素对籽粒的贡献率等在不同小麦品种间差异显著.早播和适播条件下,不同品种小麦均获得比晚播较高的籽粒产量.氮素收获指数和籽粒吸氮量适播条件下较高,随播期的延迟籽粒吸氮量显著降低,相反,氮素利用效率晚播条件下最高.综合考虑,在农业生产中,3个高产小麦品种均适宜早播和适播;在晚播条件下应优先选择‘周麦22’.     

氮肥对中筋小麦扬麦10号氮素吸收、产量和品质的调节效应

 研究了基、追氮肥用量对中筋小麦扬麦10号氮素吸收与运转、产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,随施氮量增加,成熟期植株含氮率和积累量都上升,籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量提高,呈极显著线性正相关;植株花前氮积累量与基施氮肥量、花后氮积累量与追施氮肥量呈极显著线性正相关;籽粒氮产量与花前氮积累量、花后氮积累量和花后营养器官氮输出量呈显著或极显著线性正相关,花前氮积累量与施氮量呈极显著线性正相关,花后氮积累量及花后营养器官氮输出量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系;氮肥利用率与施氮量呈极显著二次曲线关系,基、追氮肥平衡施用,氮素     

不同播期条件下高产冬小麦品种氮素吸收利用及转运效率分析（英文）

探讨和分析不同播期条件下高产冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种的氮素吸收利用、转运和高效利用特征,确定不同高产小麦品种的适宜播期。采用大田试验方法,系统分析早播(10月3日)、适播(10月12日)和晚播(10月30日)3个水平对不同品种高产小麦主要生育期植株含氮率、氮素积累量、花前和花后植株营养器官氮素积累和分配、氮素再分配等特征及产量、品质和氮素利用效率等的影响。结果表明,播期影响生育期小麦植株的含氮率、氮的吸收和积累。小麦地上部营养器官氮积累量、氮再分配量、转运氮素对籽粒氮的贡献率花前高于花后。晚播条件下籽粒氮素的积累量主要依赖于花前氮吸收;适播和早播条件下花后吸收的氮素对籽粒氮素的积累占有较大比例。高产不同基因型小麦品种在不同生育期的氮素吸收强度和相对累积速率不同,花前氮素积累量、花前吸收氮素向籽粒的再分配以及转运率、花后氮素同化量以及花后吸收氮素对籽粒的贡献率等在不同小麦品种间差异显著。早播和适播条件下,不同品种小麦均获得比晚播较高的籽粒产量。氮素收获指数和籽粒吸氮量适播条件下较高,随播期的延迟籽粒吸氮量显著降低,相反,氮素利用效率晚播条件下最高。综合考虑,在农业生产中,3个高产小麦品种均适宜早播和适播;在晚播条件下应优先选择‘周麦22’。     

基于多年定点的小麦籽粒质量稳定性研究

【目的】质量稳定的小麦原粮可以保持加工工艺及其参数基本不变,减少加工过程中人为干预,并降低工艺调整过程损耗,同时保证面制品质量的稳定性。开展品种质量稳定性评价可以为加工企业采购质量稳定的原粮提供参考。【方法】以2013—2019年邢台市和邯郸市种植的7个小麦品种师栾02-1、济麦22、良星99、邯6172、婴泊700、鲁原502和藁优2018为参试样品,采用变异系数定量表征品种在多年、多地的质量稳定性。将容重、籽粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间相乘,计算其乘积的变异系数,作为质量稳定性的综合性表征统计量。对同年同地的品种两两配对,分析其质量指标的稳定性。【结果】参试样品容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间、质量指标乘积变异系数的波动范围分别为0.06%—5.50%、0.01%—12.21%、0.03%—10.02%、0.4%—138.69%、0.32%—140.01%。配对分析显示,品种容重稳定性从高到低依次为藁优2018、鲁原502、邯6172、良星99、婴泊700、济麦22、师栾02-1。籽粒粗蛋白含量稳定性从高到低依次为藁优2018、邯6172、婴泊700、鲁原502...     

追氮时期对优质小麦氮素吸收·运转和籽粒产量的影响

[目的]揭示小麦不同追氮时期的氮素利用机制。[方法]采用同位素示踪技术,研究了不同时期追施氮肥对优质小麦氮素吸收、分布、运转和产量的影响。[结果]结果表明:在该试验条件下,小麦吸收的氮素中,来自土壤的占73.36%~78.58%,来自肥料的占21.42%~26.64%。拔节期和挑旗期追施氮肥可促进植株对氮素的吸收,尤其是对肥料氮的吸收,提高氮素开花期穗器官和成熟期籽粒的分配量和分配比例,促使开花后营养器官的氮素向籽粒转移。小麦籽粒氮素的74.08%~80.28%是开花前营养体氮的调运,各营养器官对籽粒的贡献大小为叶片>茎>穗轴+颖壳>叶鞘>根。适期追氮增加了穗粒数,提高了收获指数和产量。[结论]不同时期追氮对小麦的氮素代谢、产量和品质具有明显的调节作用。     

施氮时期对冬小麦植株-土壤体系肥料氮去向的影响

通过15N示踪试验,研究了黄淮地区施氮时期对冬小麦植株-土壤体系肥料氮去向的影响。结果表明:随着施氮时期后移,小麦籽粒中的氮素含量增加,叶和茎中氮素含量降低。小麦植株氮素总积累量以拔节期追氮最高。拔节期追氮更有利于提高籽粒的氮素积累量,降低营养器官的氮素积累量,促进营养器官中的氮素向籽粒中转运。不同施氮时期条件下,冬小麦的氮肥生产效率和氮素收获指数均表现为拔节期追氮最高。拔节期追氮更有利于促进强筋小麦品种氮素的吸收,提高中弱筋小麦品种氮素的利用。小麦植株氮素总积累量来源于肥料氮的比例随施氮时期的后移呈降低趋势。推迟施氮时期,植株氮素总积累量来自基肥氮的比例增加,来自追肥氮的比例减少。随施氮时期后移,肥料氮在0～100 cm土壤中的残留呈现增加趋势。与起身期和孕穗期追氮相比,拔节期灌溉后追施氮肥,肥料氮在20～60 cm土壤中残留量最大。综合分析肥料氮在小麦季的去向得出,拔节期追氮肥料氮去向更均衡。     

长期定位氮胁迫对小麦碳氮代谢、氮素利用及产量的影响

利用大田长期氮肥定位试验,以施N 180 kg/hm2处理为对照,研究了氮胁迫(不施氮肥)对不同品质类型小麦(中筋小麦品种中麦895、强筋小麦品种石优20)碳氮代谢、氮素利用及产量的影响,以期为生产上的氮肥合理运筹提供理论依据。结果表明,氮胁迫条件下,2个小麦品种旗叶蔗糖含量(花后7~35 d)、旗叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)活性(花后7~35 d)、籽粒蔗糖含量(花后21~35 d)、籽粒SPS活性(花后14~35 d)均较对照明显降低;2个小麦品种旗叶可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和籽粒GS活性均较对照明显降低;2个小麦品种开花期氮积累量、成熟期氮积累量、开花前氮转移量均较对照显著降低,而开花前氮转移率和开花前氮贡献率均较对照显著提高;2个小麦品种氮素籽粒生产效率、氮素吸收效率、氮素生理效率和氮素收获指数均较对照显著提高;2个小麦品种穗数、穗粒数和产量均较对照显著降低。综上,氮胁迫下小麦灌浆中后期碳、氮同化能力明显下降,氮素积累量降低,但对氮素的吸收能力增加,营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运比例增加,进而小麦植株对氮素的整体利用率得以提升,但小麦产量降低。     

小麦冠层反射光谱与籽粒蛋白质含量及相关品质指标的定量关系

 研究了不同施氮水平下小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及相关品质性状与冠层反射光谱、植株氮素状况之间的定量关系。结果表明，小麦灌浆期冠层反射光谱可以用来直接预测籽粒蛋白质含量、沉降值和降落值，成熟期冠层反射光谱对籽粒醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的监测具有较高的可靠性；籽粒蛋白质含量与花后14 d叶片含氮量的相关性较好，并且花后14 d比值指数RVI (1220, 710)能准确反演叶片含氮量，进而可以间接地预测籽粒蛋白质含量。据此提出了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及相关品质指标的两种监测技术途径：基于灌浆期反射光谱的直接预测和基于花后14 d（灌浆中期）叶片含氮量的间接估测。     

Effects of nitrogen rate and ratio of base fertilizer and topdressing on uptake, translocation of nitrogen and yield in wheat

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures to increase grain yield and protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. However, misuse of N Tertilizer will not only affect gram yield and quality, but also cause the decline of economic benefits and related negative environmental effects. It is essential to study reasonable N application regimes for profitable yields, efficient N utilization and reduction in possible environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to determine the N uptake and translocation in wheat plants by using ¹⁵N isotope tracers in PVC cylinders (2.05 m long, ϕ 0.2 m, without bottom) in seven treatments: without N fertilizer application (N0); N application rate of 168 kg/hm² (0.527 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N1), 1:2 (N2) and 0:1 (N3); N application rate of 240 kg/hm² (0.753 g/pot), with ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:1 (N4), 1:2 (N5) and 0:1 (N6). The ¹⁵N tracer experiment showed that the main basal N absorbed by plant from sowing to jointing stage accounted for 78.04%–89.67%; fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE, N fertilizer accumulation in plant/N supplied) of topdressing was significantly higher than that of basal N; reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount could appropriately promote the plant’s absorption of more N fertilizer and enhance FNUE, of which treatment N2 had the highest values. Under the high-yield condition, when N fertilizer rate was increased from 168 to 240 kg/hm², there were no significant differences in the amount of N accumulation in plants and in grains between treatments with the same ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing; by reducing basal N amount and increasing topdressing N amount accordingly, the translocation efficiency (TE, accumulation amount from vegetative organs to gram/N accumulation in vegetative organs during anthesis) increased, and the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis and its contribution proportion (the amount of N assimilation to grains after anthesis/N accumulation in grain) also increased. In other words, grain N accumulation amount increased with increasing amount of topdressing N at the same N fertilizer rate. There were no significant differences among treatments N2, N3, N5 and N6 in grain N accumulation. Appropriate N fertilizer rate with a reduction in basal N amount and an increase in topdressing N amount such as in N2, N5 and N6 increased grain yield and protein content. In conclusion, under conditions used in this experiment, as far as grain yield, protein content and FNUE are concerned, the recommended appropriate N fertilizer application regime is treatment N2, with a N fertilizer rate of 168 kg/hm² and a ratio of base fertilizer to topdressing of 1:2. Translated from Journal of Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(12): 1860–1866 [译自: 作物学报]     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and ratios of base and topdressing on wheat yield, soil nitrate content and nitrogen balance

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important measures that increases grain yield and improves grain quality in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Presently, there is a large number of investigations (experiments) in the field on different nitrogen fertilizer application regimes. However, there still exists a serious problem of low nitrogen use efficiency, especially in winter wheat high yield conditions: unsuitable nitrogen fertilizer, which often leads to lower yield and large accumulation of nitrate in the soil, bringing a potential risk to the environment. In order to explore the optimal regime of nitrogen fertilizer application suitable for environment and economy, a field experiment on the different rate and ratio of base and topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer at the different growth periods of winter wheat was conducted. The field experiment was undertaken from the fall of 2003 to the summer of 2004 in the village of Zhongcun in Longkou city, in the Shandong Province of China. The field experiment with three repeats for each treatment was designed in a split-plot. The major plot was applied with urea at a nitrogen fertilizer rate of three levels, namely, 0 kg·hm⁻² (CK), 168 kg·hm⁻² (A), and 240 kg·hm⁻² (B). In the sub-plot, the ratios of base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at the different development periods of wheat were 1/2:1/2 (A1 and B1), 1/3:2/3 (A2 and B2) and 0:1 (A3 and B3). Treatment B1 was under a regime used now in the local region. It was found that the amount of N accumulation in plants had no significant difference between treatments applied with nitrogen fertilizer. The grain yield and grain protein content were all elevated remarkably by applying nitrogen fertilizer compared with those of treatment CK. There was no significant difference in the grain yield and grain protein content between A2 and B2 and B3. However, when compared with those of B2 and B3, in A2 there was an increase in nitrogen use efficiency and residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N and N losses were reduced. Under the condition of the same rate of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing topdressing nitrogen rate clearly elevated the grain yield, grain protein content and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicated that the residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N in A1 and B1 accumulated higher than that of CK in 80–160 cm soil layers at the jointing stage, but that of A2 had no significant difference compared with that of CK in 0–200 cm soil layers. At the maturity stage, more residual soil NO₃ ⁻-N was detected in B2, B3 and A3 than that in CK in 120–180 cm soil layers, which could not be absorbed by the roots of wheat, but led to be eluviated easily. The amount of soil NO₃ ⁻-N accumulation in treatment A2 had no significant difference compared with that of treatment CK in the 100–200 cm soil layer. In conclusion, A2, whose nitrogen fertilizer rate was 168 kg·hm⁻² and the ratio of base and topdressing was 1/3:2/3, had a higher grain yield and grain protein content, and heightened N use efficiency and minimized the risk of NO₃ ⁻-N leaching. This should be one of the most appropriate nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in wheat production in local regions in China. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(11): 3661–3669 [译自: 生态学报]     

氮肥基追比和追氮时期对超高产冬小麦生育及产量形成的影响

为明确氮肥运筹对超高产冬小麦生育特性和产量形成的影响,2010-2011年度在河北省藁城市以冬小麦品种‘石新828,为材料,在总施N 240 kg/hm2条件下进行了氮肥基追比(3∶7、5∶5和7∶3)和春季追氮叶龄(春4、5和6叶期)的二因素裂区试验.结果表明:小麦各生育时期的LAI均随氮肥基追比增大而增大,尤其是拔节期不同基追比的LAI差异显著.随春季追氮时期后延,拔节到开花期的LAI减小,而开花20 d以后的LAI显著增大.小麦旗时总物质生产力在灌浆前期随氮肥基追比的减小和追氮时期的后延而下降,但在灌浆后期却随追氮时期的后延而增大.氮肥基追比对小麦产量和产量构成因素的影响均不显著.每公顷穗数随追氮时期后延显著减少,而每穗粒数和千粒重随追氮时期后延显著增加.籽粒产量也随追氮时期后延显著提高.综合研究结果,在总施氮量为240 kg/hm2左右的条件下,河北省超高产冬小麦(9 000 kg/hm2以上)的氮肥运筹以基追比5∶5～7∶3,春生6叶期追施氮肥最为适宜.     

外源6-BA和不同用量氮肥配合对小麦花后叶片功能与荧光特性的调控效应

【目的】探讨外源细胞分裂素（6-BA）和不同用量氮肥对小麦花后光合特性的调控效应,为激素与氮肥配合施用提高小麦光合生产力提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用持绿型品种汶农6号和非持绿型品种济麦20,设置N0（0）、N1（240 kg·hm-2）、N2（360 kg·hm^-2）3个氮肥用量,同时,花后连续3 d叶面喷施25 mg·L^-1 6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）及300 mg·L^-1洛伐他汀（Lovastatin）,用量100 mL·m^-2。开花后每隔7 d取旗叶,测定叶绿素含量、MDA含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理指标,用高效液相色谱法测定4种内源激素含量,利用脉冲调制式荧光仪测定不同处理下旗叶叶绿素荧光诱导的动力学参数。【结果】喷施外源6-BA显著提高两品种小麦旗叶花后不同时期最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSII）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）以及光化学猝灭系数（qP）,而喷施外源洛伐他汀对上述指标产生显著降低作用。喷施外源6-BA使N0、N1、N2处理下济麦20旗叶ΦPSII分别提高12.08%、14.21%、9.43%,汶农6号旗叶ΦPSII分别提高12.44%、14.84%、11.58%;喷施外源6-BA使N0、N1、N2处理下济麦20旗叶ETR分别提高16.57%、25.81%、18.83%,汶农6号旗叶ETR分别提高13.88%、23.58%、22.80%。两品种其他荧光参数指标表现出以下规律,即6-BA与N1配合对小麦旗叶Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、ETR以及qP的提高效应均高于单一喷施6-BA或6-BA与N2配合。同时,品种、氮肥、激素单一效应及激素与氮肥配合对ΦPSII、ETR、qP影响显著,品种、激素单一效应对Fv/Fm影响显著,而激素与不同用量氮肥配合对Fv/Fm无显著影响。叶面喷施细胞分裂素抑制剂洛伐他汀使N0、N1、N2处理下济麦20旗叶ETR分别降低22.71%、12.06%、11.92%,两品种其他荧光参数指标Fv/Fm、ΦPSII、qP均表现出下降趋势,而增施氮肥能够缓解因细胞分裂素合成减少导致的小麦荧光参数的降低。外源喷施6-BA对两品种小麦内源激素含量影响显著。喷施外源6-BA显著提高旗叶玉米素核苷（ZR）含量,生长素（IAA）含量以及N0、N1处理下21-28 d赤霉素（GA3）含量,显著降低脱落酸（ABA）含量,而喷施外源洛伐他汀后,4种内源激素含量变化与以上结果相反。随着施氮量增加,ZR含量、14-28 d IAA含量随之增加,ABA含量总体呈下降趋势,而7-14 d GA3含量在N1处理下最高。同时,品种、氮肥、激素单一效应、激素与氮肥配合对ZR含量影响显著。另外,6-BA与N1配合对小麦叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性的提高效应高于单一喷施6-BA或6-BA与N2配合,激素与氮肥配合施用显著影响叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性。与不施氮相比,N1与N2处理下,外源洛伐他汀对叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶系活性的降低幅度减小,即增施氮肥能够缓解因细胞分裂素合成减少引起的两品种小麦光合结构的衰老。花后喷施外源6-BA显著影响千粒重和产量（P＜0.01）,对穗数、穗粒数无显著影响,6-BA与氮肥配合显著影响穗数、穗粒数、千粒重以及产量,6-BA与N1配合显著提高产量及其构成因素。【结论】细胞分裂素与氮肥配合能够明显改善小麦的光合性能,6-BA与适量氮肥配合施用对小麦光合性能的提高效应显著高于单一喷施6-BA或6-BA与过量氮肥相配合,光合性能的改善显著提高两品种的产量。     

减氮适墒对冬小麦土壤硝态氮分布和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】针对黄淮冬麦区过量施氮的现象,研究了适量减氮在不同土壤墒情下硝态氮分布以及冬小麦对氮素吸收利用效率和籽粒产量的变化,为该地区小麦生产上科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。【方法】于2014—2015和2015—2016两个小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置3个灌水处理,自然降水(W1)、适墒(W2,70%±5%)、足墒(W3,80%±5%)和3个施氮量处理(不施氮,N1;减氮施肥,N2:195 kg·hm~(-2);常规高量氮肥,N3:270 kg·hm~(-2)),测定了0—100 cm土层硝态氮含量、冬小麦植株氮素吸收转运量和籽粒产量。【结果】0—60 cm土层硝态氮(NO_3-N)的分布随土层加深而减少,随施氮量增加而提高,随土壤墒情的增大而减少;60 cm又出现不同程度的回升,尤其是足墒(W3)加大了NO_3-N的淋溶,N2、N3水平下80—100 cm土层W3平均比W1高出了3.8 mg·kg~(-1)和4.2 mg·kg~(-1);减氮处理(N2)促进了NO_3-N吸收,成熟期0—20 cm土层NO_3-N比开花期平均降幅为2.3 mg·kg~(-1),高氮处理(N3)收获后土层中NO_3-N却有较多的富集。减氮适墒处理(W2N2)显著增加了开花期营养器官氮素积累量(P0.05),并促进氮素向籽粒的有效转运,尤其表现在叶片中;花前氮素转移量和对籽粒的贡献率均达最大,籽粒产量和籽粒中的氮素积累量分别比其他处理平均高出15.4%、27.3%,从而极显著提高了氮素吸收率和生产效率(P0.05)。【结论】本试验条件下,施氮量195 kg·hm~(-2),拔节后土壤相对含水量维持在70%±5%,是兼顾产量、氮肥吸收和生产效率的最佳处理。     

小麦孕穗期不同追肥方式对籽粒产量性状的影响

[目的]为了探讨小麦孕穗期不同追肥方式对籽粒产量和产量性状的影响。[方法]以西农9871为材料,于2009～2010年度陕西三原县在小麦孕穗期进行了5种追肥方式在小麦上的试验。[结果]土壤追施尿素的产量最高为9.4 t/hm2,比不追肥(CK)增产36.2%,叶面喷施旺得丰和叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾分别比CK增产18.8%和11.6%。[结论]在小麦孕穗期土壤追施尿素、叶面喷施旺得丰和叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾均可明显增加每穗粒数、小穗数和千粒重,进而提高籽粒产量,而叶面喷施尿素并不能明显提高产量。     

施氮量对旱地小麦氮素吸收转运和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

【目的】在黄淮冬麦区,研究施氮量对旱地小麦氮素利用规律的影响,为该区旱地小麦合理的氮肥运筹提供理论依据。【方法】于2009-2010和2010-2011两个小麦生长季,在大田条件下设置6个施氮量处理（0、90、120、150、180和210 kg•hm-2）,研究施氮量对旱地小麦氮素吸收转运和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。【结果】在150 kg•hm-2及以下的处理增加施氮量,小麦各生育时期植株氮素积累量、成熟期籽粒氮素积累量、开花前吸收氮素向籽粒的转运量和开花后氮素吸收量显著增加;在150 kg•hm-2基础上增加施氮量,小麦各生育时期植株氮素积累量、开花前吸收氮素向籽粒的转运量和开花后氮素吸收量与150 kg•hm-2处理无显著差异,成熟期籽粒氮素积累量及分配比例降低,营养器官氮素积累量及分配比例升高。施氮量为180 kg•hm-2和210 kg•hm-2,成熟期0-140 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量显著高于150 kg•hm-2处理,深层土壤硝态氮含量增加。施氮150 kg•hm-2处理小麦籽粒产量最高,氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率较高。【结论】本试验条件下,施氮量为150 kg•hm-2,是兼顾产量和氮肥利用效率的适宜施氮量。     

氮素不同底追比例对冬小麦品质和产量的影响

在池栽条件下研究了氮素 3个不同底追比例处理对 2个小麦品种品质和产量的影响。结果表明 ,适当增加追氮比例 ,籽粒品质改善 ,产量提高 ,在本试验土壤肥力条件下 ,氮素以 1/3底施、2 /3追施为兼顾品质与产量的最佳方案     

Distribution and accumulation of zinc and nitrogen in wheat grain pearling fractions in response to foliar zinc and soil nitrogen applications

Increasing zinc (Zn) concentration in wheat grain is important to minimize human dietary Zn deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar Zn and soil nitrogen (N) applications on the accumulation and distribution of N and Zn in grain pearling fractions, N remobilization, and the relationships between nutrient concentration in the vegetative tissues and grain or its fractions in two cropping years in the North China Plain. The results showed a progressive decrease in N and Zn concentrations from the outer to the inner parts of grain, with most of the accumulation in the core endosperm. Foliar Zn application significantly increased N concentration in the pericarp, and soil N application increased N concentration in each grain fraction. Both treatments significantly increased core endosperm Zn concentration. Foliar Zn had no effect on grain N and Zn distribution. Soil N application made N concentrated in the aleurone, promoted Zn translocation to the core endosperm and also increased N remobilization and its efficiency from the shoot to the grain, but no improved contribution to grain was found. N concentration in grain and its fractions were positively correlated with N in vegetative organs at anthesis and maturity, while positive correlations were obtained between N concentration in the pericarp and progressive central area of the endosperm and Zn concentration in the core endosperm. Thus, foliar Zn and soil N applications effectively increased yield and N and Zn concentrations in the wheat grain, particularly in the endosperm, and could be promising strategies to address Zn deficiency.     

影响冬小麦籽粒蛋白质的几个生理参数

1986-1989年于田间高肥水平下研究了10个冬小麦品种开花前、开花后和成熟时N积累量、生物产量、茎叶N输出量、碳、氮收获指数（HI、NHI）及花后10天旗叶叶N量（N/LA）8个生理性状对籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量的影响。通过方差、相关和逐步回归等分析表明：各性状品种间差异显著;所有性状均与产量和蛋白质产量呈极显著正相关,与蛋白质含量不相关。性状间除开花前N积累量与NHI及生物产量与Hl和NHI不相关外,其他性状彼此之间均呈显著和极显著正相关,花后10天叶N量也与其它7个性状均呈显著和极显著正相关。影响产量和蛋白质产量的主要性状分别为生物产量、HI和生物产量、HI和NHI。初步明确了适合冬小麦产量6000公斤/公顷左右,籽粒蛋白质含量13%以上及蛋白质产量780-800公斤/公顷左右各性状的取值范围。