哈茨木霉几丁质酶诱导及其对水稻纹枯病菌的拮抗作用

 在实验室条件下分别以几丁质和水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)细胞壁作唯一碳源诱导哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)菌株NF9、TC3和P1产生几丁质酶,用硫酸铵沉淀法制备几丁质酶粗提液。上述木霉菌株内切几丁质酶活性(对胶体几丁质浑浊度的减少率)分别为79.8%、74.4%和76.0%,均显著高于非诱导的阳性对照。培养第5 d几丁质诱导的木霉菌株NF9和TC3内切几丁质酶活性显著高于由水稻纹枯病菌细胞壁诱导的酶活性。体外测定表明,通过诱导的木霉菌株TC3、NF9和P1几丁质酶粗提液对水稻纹枯病病菌的拮抗圈直径可达38、21和23 mm,与非诱导的阳性对照比较有显著性差异。对木霉几丁质酶拮抗作用的特点及生防应用进行了讨论。     

稻瘟病菌一假定几丁质酶多克隆抗体的制备及其检测

 为检测几丁质酶的表达,制备稻瘟病菌的一假定几丁质酶多克隆抗体,探索其可能运用。将稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe oryzae) 几丁质酶基因克隆入融合表达载体pET\|32a,并在大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达。表达菌株经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导4～6 h后,用Ni²⁺\|NTA亲和柱纯化蛋白,得到可溶的几丁质酶\|His融合蛋白。以该融合蛋白免疫新西兰雄兔,制备多克隆抗体。ELISA分析表明该抗体效价达1∶204 800,特异性良好。用该抗体ELISA检测了稻瘟病菌4个不同田间菌株中,不同的菌株表达量不同。对稻瘟病菌侵染水稻3、5和7d后的病叶进行抗原Western验证,结果表明,稻瘟病菌不同的侵染时间其几丁质酶表达量有明显差异。 几丁质酶表达的差异是否与菌株间致病型等生物学和生理学差异有关,目前正在进一步研究。     

作物根际和叶围中产几丁质酶微生物的分布及其抑制真菌作用

从几十种作物的根际和叶围分离获得３５０株微生物，其中细菌和放线菌分别为２００株和１５０株。对所有这些分离物进行了抑制真菌试验和几丁质酶活性测定。在抑菌试验中，以棉花枯萎病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌，及西瓜枯萎病菌作为供试病原菌，有９６个分离物对其中的一种或一种以上的病原菌有抑制作用，其中１８个分离物对这４种病原菌都具有强烈的抑制作用。在几丁质酶活性方面，１０％的细菌和４０％的放线菌都能不同程度地产生几丁质酶。有些菌株几丁质酶活性强，抑菌作用也明显，有些菌株几丁质酶活性弱，抑菌作用弱或无作用，少数菌株几丁质酶活性强，但却无抑菌作用。用几丁质酶液处理病原菌孢子，其萌发率和芽管长度比对照显著降低     

拟康宁木霉Hailin产几丁质酶条件优化及其抑菌能力评价

采用透明圈法测定了拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis) Hailin菌株是否产几丁质酶,并通过单因素和正交试验对Hailin菌株产几丁质酶的发酵条件进行优化;用对峙培养和培养基中添加几丁质的方法检测Hailin菌株及其几丁质酶粗酶液对7种植物病原真菌的拮抗能力。结果表明,Hailin菌株在胶体几丁质的诱导下可以产生明显的透明圈,即可产生几丁质酶。Hailin菌株产几丁质酶的优化条件为葡萄糖5.0 g/L、硝酸钾10.0 g/L、Mn~(2+)0.08 mol/L、Mg~(2+)0.05 mol/L、初始pH为4、装液量为50 mL/150 mL。优化条件下,Hailin菌株产几丁质酶活性可达到0.784 U/mL,较优化前几丁质酶活性相比提高了2.57倍。Hailin菌株对7种植物病原真菌均有抑菌效果,抑菌率在44.44%～85.71%之间;Hailin菌株几丁质粗酶液对7种植物病原菌中的6种具有抑菌效果,抑菌率为5.88%～71.52%。Hailin菌株分泌的几丁质酶在Hailin菌株抑制不同病原菌过程中发挥的抑菌作用存在显著差异。     

渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum产几丁质酶的活性及对南方根结线虫卵孵化的抑制作用

为探究卵寄生真菌产生的几丁质酶对南方根结线虫卵孵化的抑制作用,采用分离自黑龙江大豆孢囊线虫孢囊上的菌株CGMCC5328,利用NAG和pNP法测定其几丁质降解酶系和外切酶的活性,分析几丁质酶粗酶液对南方根结线虫卵的孵化抑制效果.结果表明,菌株CGMCC5328经形态学和ITS序列分析鉴定为渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum;在几丁质酶诱导培养基中培养第4天时其分泌的几丁质降解酶系达酶活高峰,为16.90 U/mL;第6天外切酶达酶活高峰,为0.59 U/mL,之后酶活趋于稳定持续至第14天;几丁质酶分子量分别为79.6、65.6、54.1、42.1和32.9 kDa;其中培养第7天的几丁质酶粗酶原液对南方根结线虫卵孵化的抑制率为83.17%;第6天菌株CGMCC5328对卵的寄生率为85.10%.表明高效产几丁质酶的卵寄生真菌渐狭蜡蚧菌菌株CGMCC5328对南方根结线虫卵孵化具有明显的抑制效果.     

粉红聚端孢菌胞外几丁质酶纯化、特性及抗菌活性

 粉红聚端孢菌(Trichothecium roseum)在SMCS中恒温摇床(200 r/min,28℃)上培养12 d,诱导产生了大量的胞外几丁质酶。培养滤液经(NH₄)₂SO₄分级沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose FF阴离子交换柱层析和CM-Sepharose FF阳离子交换柱层析获得了SDS-PAGE纯的胞外几丁质酶,分子量约为39k Da。几丁质酶最适作用温度为40℃,最适pH范围为4.0~7.0。抗菌活性显示,纯酶对供试病原菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用,其中对棉花黄萎菌的抑制作用最强。     

几丁质酶基因和β-1.3-葡聚糖酶基因的克隆及双价基因在枯草芽胞杆菌B-908中的表达

 本文综述了几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的研究历史及特点,几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的分子生物学方面研究进展,以及几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因在植病生防方面的应用概况。以几丁质酶产生菌粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶产生菌环状芽孢杆菌Bacillus circulans为供体菌株,提取其染色体DNA。经Sau3 Al部分酶切后,插入克隆质粒pUC19,分别建立了几丁质酶基因文库和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因文库。     

链霉菌几丁质酶基因分子检测、克隆及原核表达

随着分子生物学的发展,近几年生物防治分子水平的研究也发展很快,在植物抗性基因和病原菌无毒基因的鉴定与分离、真菌酶抑制剂、抗真菌蛋白质等方面取得了很大进展。在抗真菌蛋白方面, 报道最多的是几丁质酶,它催化几丁质的水解,从而破坏植物病原真菌细胞壁的主要组分。链霉菌是一类重要的天然抗生素和几丁质酶生产菌,能分泌多种胞外酶,如纤维素酶、几丁质酶和木聚糖酶等,以分解和利用土壤环境中的多种有机质。本试验建立的PCR分子检测方法,可以从土壤细菌中直接筛选产生几丁质酶的链霉菌菌株,发掘几丁质酶资源。在此基础上克隆了一株链霉菌菌株的几丁质酶基因,并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达。     

水稻稻瘟病拮抗细菌WH1G的筛选鉴定及其抑菌活性

采用平板对峙法,从安徽水稻根际土壤样品中筛选对稻瘟病菌具有较强抑菌活性的拮抗细菌,通过菌落形态观察、生理生化特征、gyrB基因序列分析对该菌株进行鉴定,测定抑菌谱,对其抑菌机制进行初步研究。结果表明,拮抗菌株WH1G对稻瘟病菌具有较强的抑制作用,抑制率达91.79%,经鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。该菌可产生蛋白酶和纤维素酶,不产生几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶;用代谢产物无菌滤液处理稻瘟病菌,可造成孢子萌发率降低,菌丝扭曲异常、分支明显减少并产生大量泡囊。该菌对常见的20种植物病原真菌及细菌均具有不同程度的拮抗作用,表现出广谱抗菌活性。     

单端孢菌素对几种作物病原菌的室内毒力及田间防效

为明确单端孢菌素对主要作物病原菌的抑菌活性和田间防效,采用孢子萌发抑制测定法、菌丝生长速率法和田间药效常规试验方法,测定了单端孢菌素在不同质量浓度下对作物病原菌的室内毒力及田间药效。结果表明:单端孢菌素对供试16个病原菌的MIC为1.9~15.5mg/L,对辣椒炭疽病菌、番茄早疫病菌、水稻恶苗病菌、水稻稻瘟病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、玉米小斑病菌和马铃薯晚疫病菌等7个病原菌的EC50分别为5.93、7.90、9.27、10.78、13.34、14.95和16.50mg/L,500mg/L质量浓度对番茄灰霉病、番茄早疫病、辣椒炭疽病、马铃薯晚疫病、玉米小斑病和水稻稻瘟病的防治效果分别为78.98%、81.29%、85.28%、72.42%、78.99%和72.74%。单端孢菌素具有较强的抑菌活性和较广的抑菌谱,对几种主要作物真菌和卵菌病害具有较好的田间防治效果,应用前景广。     

中华根瘤菌L03几丁质酶纯化及其酶学性质研究

中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium sp.菌株L03是1株能产生几丁质酶的生防细菌.采用90%饱和度硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子层析、Phenyl-Sepharose疏水层析等方法获得了菌株L03的几丁质酶.SDS-PAGE检测发现该酶已被纯化,其分子量约为41.3kD.该酶反应的最适温度为45℃;最适反应的溶液pH值为6;酶液在pH5～8条件下和40℃下分别保存1h,酶活力基本保持稳定;Mg2+和Ba2+能显著促进几丁质酶活性上升,而Zn2+、Cu2+和Fe3+等对酶活力有明显的抑制作用.功能分析结果显示,该几丁质酶对供试的几种病原真菌细胞壁都有明显的降解作用.     

PCR-mediated Detection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas oryzae </Emphasis>pv. <Emphasis Type="Italic">oryzae </Emphasis>by Amplification of the 16S–23S rDNA Spacer Region Sequence

A detection method specific for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight of rice, was based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and designed by amplifying the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region from this bacterium. The nucleotide sequence of the spacer region between the 16S and 23S rDNA, consisting of approximately 580-bp, from X. oryzae pv. oryzae, X. campestris pv. alfalfae, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. campestris pv. cannabis, X. campestris pv. citri, X. campestris pv. cucurbitae, X. campestris pv. pisi, X. campestris pv. pruni and X. campestris pv. vitians, was determined. The determined sequences had more than 95% identity. Therefore, a pair of primers, XOR-F (5′-GCATGACGTCATCGTCCTGT-3′) and XOR-R2 (5′-CTCGGAGCTATATGCCGTGC-3′) was designed and found to specifically amplify a 470-bp fragment from all strains of X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolated from diverse regions in Japan. No PCR product was amplified from X. campestris pathovars alfalfae, campestris, cannabis, carotae, cucurbitae, dieffenbachiae, glycines, pisi, pruni, vitians or zantedeschiae, except for pathovars citri, incanae and zinniae. The method could also detect the pathogen in infected rice leaves within 3 hr, at a detection limit of 4×10¹ cfu/ml. Received 17 December 1999/ Accepted in revised form 10 April 2000     

Induced Resistance to Rice Blast by Antagonistic Bacterium, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Serratia marcescens </Emphasis>Strain B2

An antagonistic bacterium, Serratia marcescens strain B2, controlled rice blast after being sprayed onto rice phylloplane, as did the bacterial suspension when poured into rhizosphere soil of rice plants. Three days after root treatment, rice blast conidia were sprayed onto rice foliage. A week after pathogen inoculation, rice blast was suppressed and lesions caused by the pathogen decreased in size. Brown deposits were observed around sites of pathogen infection after root treatment. Induced resistance was not associated with an increase in the activitiy of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, tyrosine ammonia lyase, β-1,3-glucanase, β-1,4-glycosidase, N-acetylhexosaminidase or chitinase. However, lipoxygenase levels were elevated after the root treatment with strain B2 following inoculation with the pathogen. Strain B2 was not detected in rice foliage after root treatment. These data suggest that strain B2 induced resistance against rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae. Received 1 November 2001/ Accepted in revised form 25 January 2002     

特基拉芽孢杆菌JN-369的分离鉴定及其抑菌物质分析

为筛选可用于防治由稻瘟病菌所致水稻稻瘟病的生防菌株资源,采用稀释涂布平板法,从感病水稻品种湘早籼24号的健康植株茎叶中分离获得了1株拮抗细菌JN-369,结合形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析对其菌种进行了鉴定,采用平板对峙法研究了JN-369菌株的抑菌谱,并初步测定了JN-369中挥发性有机物 (VOCs)、蛋白类粗提物及脂肽类粗提物对稻瘟病菌的抑制作用。结果表明:JN-369菌株为特基拉芽孢杆菌Bacillus tequilensis,其对稻瘟病菌具有显著抑制作用,对菌丝生长的抑制率达80.46% ± 0.83%;同时该菌株对供试的辣椒胶孢炭疽菌、烟草赤星病菌及黄瓜疫病菌等植物病原真菌和卵菌均有抑制作用;但对供试病原细菌则均无抑制作用;1 × 108 cfu/mL 的 JN-369菌悬液产生的挥发性有机物对稻瘟病菌的抑制效果最强,抑制率达72.92% ± 3.01%,1.454 mg/mL的蛋白类提取物和1.026 mg/mL 的脂肽类提取物对稻瘟病菌的抑制率分别为24.68% ± 0.80%和14.34% ± 1.08%。研究表明,菌株JN-369具有一定的开发应用潜力。     

一株几丁质酶产生菌的分离鉴定及其灭蝗增效作用

从土壤中分离到一株几丁质酶活性较高的细菌,其48 h发酵液的酶活力达到110 U／mL。Biolog MicroStation全自动细菌鉴定系统鉴定确认,该菌为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)的一个亚种。该菌与类产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas pseudoaligenes)等量混合制成一种新的混合型生物灭蝗剂在防治蝗虫上比其单一菌株有明显的增效作用,对蝗虫平均死亡率达93.33％。     

Genetic Analysis of the Relationship between the Browning Reaction and Bacterial Blight Resistance Gene Xa3 in Rice

The relationship between bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 and browning reaction was genetically analyzed using F₂ plants from the cross of rice cultivar Kuntulan with Kinmaze. Kuntulan harbors resistance Xa3 and developes a browning reaction to avirulent races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, whereas Kinmaze has a typical susceptible reaction to all known Japanese races of X. o. pv. oryzae. The F₂ plants were tested for their resistance to avirulent race II strain of X. o. pv. oryzae and the development of browning. Of 337 F₂ plants tested, 251 had resistance to the strain. In all the resistant plants, a browning reaction developed around the point of inoculation. The remaining 86 had a susceptible reaction to the strain without a browning reaction. The F₂ population of Kuntulan × Kinmaze had a clear-cut segregation ratio of 3R : 1S. These facts led to the conclusion that the browning reaction is a pleiotropic effect of Xa3. Received 29 January 2001/ Accepted in revised form 24 April 2001     

Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Strains from Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT Sixty strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, collected from 29 locations in Sri Lanka in 1995, were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism using either polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S and 23S rDNA or the repetitive DNA element IS1112 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae as hybridization probes. Two different ribogroups were observed in the Sri Lankan strains using rDNA probes, whereas five clusters were identified by the IS1112 probe. Bootstrap analysis revealed that the five clusters defined by IS1112 were relatively robust. Our results suggest that the Sri Lankan strains are phylogenetically composed of five different groups. Each cluster was partially associated with climatic conditions (intermediate zone and wet zone) and was related to groups based on ribotyping. Based on virulence analysis using 12 rice cultivars, each containing a single resistance gene, 14 pathotypes were identified among the Sri Lankan strains. All strains were virulent to resistance genes Xa1, Xa2, Xa4, Xa10, Xa11, and Xa14. Only one strain (pathotype 1) was virulent to all major resistance genes including Xa21, while strains of the other pathotypes were all avirulent to Xa21. A partial relationship was found between the determined phylogenetic groups using the IS1112 probe and pathotypes for all but two clusters. The results of this study will facilitate the further understanding of the population structure of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Sri Lanka.     

水稻白叶枯病菌室内链霉素抗性菌株的诱导及其抗性分子机制和风险评价

通过紫外光照射诱导获得了6株水稻白叶枯病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae抗链霉素突变体。测得链霉素对水稻白叶枯病菌敏感菌株ZJ173及其抗性突变体的最低抑制浓度(MIC)分别为0.10和600 μg/mL;对敏感菌株的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)为0.03 μg/mL,对抗性菌株的平均EC50值为11.64 μg/mL,平均抗性倍数为388。通过PCR扩增了敏感菌株ZJ173及5株抗性菌株的rpsL基因(编码S12核糖体蛋白)和rrs基因(编码16S rRNA),并检测了strA基因是否存在。序列分析表明,5株被测抗性菌株的rpsL基因均发生了突变,其中4株在氨基酸43位、1株在88位,均由赖氨酸突变为精氨酸,而rrs基因未发生突变,strA基因未被检测到。表明实验室诱导获得的水稻白叶枯病菌抗性菌株对链霉素的抗药性是由rpsL基因突变引起的。抗性风险研究表明,抗性突变体的抗药性在无药剂压力下可稳定保持,其致病性、生长速率与敏感菌株相比无明显差异,竞争性低于或略低于敏感菌株,抗性自发突变率较高,且抗性突变为单一位点突变,病害循环为多循环,因此由rpsL基因突变引起的水稻白叶枯病菌对链霉素的抗性风险较高。     

在水稻悬浮细胞系中非亲和白叶枯病菌繁殖受到抑制的现象及其机理的研究

 研究了水稻白叶枯病菌在水稻悬浮细胞系中的繁殖动力学特征以及悬浮细胞胞外液中各类物质对白叶枯病菌繁殖的影响。结果表明,水稻-白叶枯病菌非亲和互作与亲和互作相比病原菌繁殖的数量明显减少。胞外液中粗提蛋白对白叶枯病菌繁殖不具有抑制作用。非亲和互作胞外液中二元酚含量显著增高,并且水稻细胞防卫反应基因的转录和翻译活性明显增强。表明非亲和互作中白叶枯病菌繁殖受到抑制与水稻细胞防卫反应的启动相关。