水稻白叶枯病菌鞭毛基体基因fliExoo缺失突变分析

 为了阐明水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,简称Xoo)鞭毛基体组分蛋白基因fliExoo的生物学功能,本研究用Gm^R抗性基因标记交换法成功构建了基因缺失突变体△fliExoo。与野生型菌株PXO99^A相比,△fliExoo鞭毛缺失,菌体易沉降,在0.3%半固体培养基上运动能力明显降低;尽管生长速率和胞外纤维素酶活性无明显变化,但胞外多糖产生和生物膜形成能力明显下降;对水稻品种日本晴的致病性和对非寄主烟草的致敏性反应明显减弱。基因互补可以使上述突变表型恢复。因此,鞭毛基因fliExoo突变不仅影响了细菌鞭毛依赖的运动性,而且对病原菌毒性相关的表型也产生了影响。     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌拮抗细菌的筛选、评价与应用研究

从江苏省南京、泰州、扬州和宿迁等地区水稻田采集水稻病叶、健叶、根围土等样品90份,分离纯化得到1173个细菌分离物,对其进行水稻细菌性条斑病菌Xanthomonasoryzaepv．oryzicola皿内抑制试验,共获得12株拮抗能力较强的细菌,其中4株拮抗细菌抑菌圈直径大于27mm。盆栽试验结果表明,12株拮抗能力较强的细菌中有4株对水稻细菌性条斑病菌防效大于50％,其中菌株Lx-1l盆栽防效达62．5％。大面积示范试验结果表明菌株Lx．11田间防效达60．2％,显著高于化学药剂20％叶枯唑的防效（51．2％和45．8％）。形态特征、理化特性和分子鉴定分析确定菌株Lx．11为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillusamyloliquefaciens。     

利用多重PCR技术快速检测4种水稻病原细菌

对水稻中多种病原细菌的检测,使用常规方法往往耗时耗力,而多重PCR可以更加高效地进行多种细菌的检测。根据水稻细菌性谷枯病菌gyrB基因,水稻细菌性叶鞘褐腐病菌PfsI/R quorum sensing 位点以及水稻细菌性条斑病菌和水稻白叶枯病菌含铁细胞接受因子基因设计引物,建立4种水稻病菌的多重PCR检测方法,对方法进行特异性和灵敏度测试,并对采自不同地区的水稻样本进行检测。结果显示,多重PCR方法能同步地快速检测出水稻细菌性谷枯病菌、水稻细菌性叶鞘褐腐病菌、水稻细菌性条斑病菌或水稻白叶枯病菌,检测灵敏度达到103 cfu/mL的菌液浓度,利用该方法对我国不同地区的58份水稻种子进行检测,其中17个样本检测出水稻细菌性条斑病菌或水稻白叶枯病菌,未检测到水稻细菌性谷枯病菌和水稻细菌性叶鞘褐腐病菌。     

Development of a variable number of tandem repeats typing scheme for the bacterial rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is an important bacterial pathogen responsible for outbreaks of bacterial leaf streak (BLS) on rice, mostly occurring in Asia and parts of Africa. To better monitor epidemics and assess population structures, efficient tools that allow the precise identification and diagnosis of pathogenic populations are needed. In this study, we explored variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) as a fast, reliable, and cost-effective molecular typing tool. Screening of three X. oryzae pv. oryzicola genome sequences (Philippine strain BLS256, Chinese strain GX01, and Malian strain MAI10) predicted 28 candidate VNTR loci. Primer pairs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of all 28 loci were designed and applied to a panel of 20 X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains originating from Asia and Africa. Sequencing of PCR amplicons revealed 25 robust and polymorphic VNTR loci that are shared among Asian and African X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains. A dendrogram constructed from 25 VNTR loci indicated that most Asian strains are clearly discriminated from African strains. However, in agreement with previous reports, one strain from Mali is related to Asian strains, pointing to a possible introduction of Asian strains to the African continent. The new VNTR-based tool described here is useful for studies of population structures and epidemiological monitoring of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola.     

我国水稻白叶枯病和条斑病发生与防控研究进展

培育和种植抗病品种和研发新型绿色杀菌剂是防治水稻白叶枯病和条斑病的有效措施。最近几年有关稻黄单胞菌Xanthomonas oryzae致病效应蛋白调控水稻抗(感)病性研究取得了突破性进展, 为水稻抗性品种培育提供了新思路、新策略。本文对稻黄单胞菌-水稻互作系统中已知的TALE效应蛋白与水稻抗(感)病基因(R 或 S)的对应关系进行了归纳, 就tal基因与水稻R或S基因的协同进化进行了分析, 结合生物农药和高效低毒杀菌剂的应用现状, 提出了我国水稻白叶枯病和水稻条斑病绿色防控关键策略。     

Rep-PCR技术对中国水稻条斑病菌的遗传多样性初析

 采用Rep-PCR技术,对30个水稻细菌性条斑病菌株(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola)进行遗传多样性分析,同时对李氏禾条斑病菌等其它10个参试菌株也进行了比较。Rep-PCR是利用一些基于细菌的短的重复序列引物(ERIC和BOX)的DNA扩增特性,2种引物组合的电泳图谱结合并分析,以水稻细菌性条斑病菌各自的指纹谱型在相似率80%时可分为6簇,初步表明我国水稻细菌性条斑病菌群体的遗传分化明显;发现自然界存在的弱或无毒性菌株与毒性菌株的Rep-PCR指纹图谱差异很大;毒性菌株的遗传分簇与其致病性具有一定的相关性。用ERIC扩增水稻条斑病菌基因组DNA的指纹比BOX更为多样,两者对菌株的分辨率不同。因此,Rep-PCR技术可有效地用于监测水稻细菌性条斑病菌的遗传变异,还可应用于菌株的鉴定和分类学研究。     

在水稻悬浮细胞系中非亲和白叶枯病菌繁殖受到抑制的现象及其机理的研究

 研究了水稻白叶枯病菌在水稻悬浮细胞系中的繁殖动力学特征以及悬浮细胞胞外液中各类物质对白叶枯病菌繁殖的影响。结果表明,水稻-白叶枯病菌非亲和互作与亲和互作相比病原菌繁殖的数量明显减少。胞外液中粗提蛋白对白叶枯病菌繁殖不具有抑制作用。非亲和互作胞外液中二元酚含量显著增高,并且水稻细胞防卫反应基因的转录和翻译活性明显增强。表明非亲和互作中白叶枯病菌繁殖受到抑制与水稻细胞防卫反应的启动相关。     

水稻黄单胞菌致病相关基因插入突变体系的建立

 水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo）和条斑病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc）是水稻上的模式病原菌,分别引起水稻白叶枯病（bacterial blight, BB）和细菌性条斑病（bacterial leaf streak, BLS）。为了精确和高效地实现目的基因的突变,本研究利用pK18mobGⅡ载体,建立了一套适于Xoo和Xoc目的基因定点插入的突变体系。通过同源片段与目的基因间的同源重组,成功获得了Xoo和Xoc的hrcV和hrpF突变体。PCR和Southern杂交证实：pK18mobGⅡ携带不同大小的同源片段,能够整合于hrcV和hrpF的特定位点;200～400 bp的同源片段能够获得最佳的突变效率;两亲接合的转化效率是电转化的5～100倍。毒性测定结果显示,hrcV基因决定着Xoo在水稻上的致病性。致病相关基因插入突变体系的建立为研究水稻黄单胞菌与水稻互作中致病相关基因的功能奠定了遗传学研究基础。     

Type-II secretion pathway structural gene xpsE, xylanase- and cellulase secretion and virulence in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Rice bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is one of the most important diseases in rice-growing areas worldwide. Four virulence-deficient mutants were identified from a transposon mutagenesis library of X. oryzae pv. oryzae . Sequence-analysis revealed that the transposon of the four mutants inserted at different sites in the same ORF, which is homologous to the xpsE gene encoding a component of the type-II secretion system in many bacterial pathogens. Extracellular enzymes, such as xylanase and cellulase, were not secreted to the extracellular space in the mutants. Analysis of the protein profile of the extracellular, periplasmic and intracellular fractions indicated that at least two secreted proteins accumulated in the periplasmic space in the mutants. After genetic complementation of these mutants with a functional xpsE gene, the xpsE gene could express normally and the pathogenicity of the mutants and their secretion of extracellular enzymes were restored. Western blot analysis with an anticellulase antiserum also showed that cellulase was secreted normally in the complemented strains. The results show that the type-II secretion pathway structural gene xpsE is required for xylanase and cellulase secretion and full virulence in X. oryzae pv. oryzae .     

水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌的分子标记筛选及检测

 水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）和细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola)是水稻种子产地检疫中最重要的两种检疫对象,且同属于水稻黄单胞杆菌。本研究基于生物信息学技术构建比较基因组学算法对两种病原的全基因组序列比对分析,得到一系列能够区分两种病原的特异性PCR引物。结合简单的PCR技术及全自动DNA分析系统,我们选取了12对引物分别对23株水稻白叶枯病菌和5株水稻细菌性条斑病菌及其它相关菌株进行验证。结果获得了2对显性标记(Xoo-Hpa1和Xoc-ORF2)以及3对共显性分子标记(M568、M897和M1575)可以达到理想的区分检测两种病原的效果。分子标记的检测灵敏度从5×10⁴到5 × 10⁷cfu·mL^-1不等,且从水稻种子浸提液中也能成功地检测水稻白叶枯病菌和细菌性条斑病菌。本研究丰富了检测标记的靶位点,并有效的结合了高通量检测的手段对多位点联合分析,增强了检测的可靠性,有望在今后的植物检疫及病原鉴定中发挥着重要的作用。     

Involvement of Phosphoglucose Isomerase in Pathogenicity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

ABSTRACT Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, was subjected to transposon mutagenesis to generate mutants defective in pathogenicity. A novel mutant 74M913 was attenuated in virulence but retained its ability to cause the hypersensitive response in leaf blight-resistant rice and tomato. Cloning and sequence analysis revealed that the transposon in 74M913 was inserted in a gene homologous to the phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) gene of X. axonopodis pv. citri. Growth of the mutant in a synthetic medium containing fructose or xylose as a sole carbohydrate source was much reduced, indicating the transposon disrupted pgi function. The interaction between expression of pgi and hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes was investigated because we had demonstrated previously that expression of hrp genes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae is induced in a synthetic medium containing xylose. However, pgi and the hrp gene (hrcU) were expressed independently. This study suggests that PGI is involved in pathogenicity of X. oryzae pv. oryzae.     

应答调节蛋白基因flgRRxoo对水稻白叶枯病菌毒性表达的调控作用鉴定

为了阐明水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae,简称Xoo)应答调节蛋白FlgRRxoo的生物学功能,本研究通过基因克隆和序列分析、用标记交换法构建突变体以及表型测定,对flgRRxoo基因进行了分子鉴定。通过设计引物进行特异性扩增,成功地从Xoo野生型菌株PXO99A中克隆了flgRRxoo。FlgRRxoo为N端具有REC结构域的单一结构应答调节蛋白,其基因序列与其他黄单胞病菌中的同源序列高度保守。与PXO99A相比,△flgRRxoo胞外多糖(EPS)合成能力以及对水稻的毒性显著降低,基因互补可以使之恢复;△flgRRxooEPS合成基因gumBDGKM表达均有所下降;但其运动性、胞外纤维素酶和木聚糖酶活性无明显改变。表明FlgRRxoo可能主要通过调控EPS合成能力,影响了病菌在水稻上的毒性。     

水稻品种与水稻细菌性条斑病菌的互作机制

水稻叶片接种3d后，水稻细菌性条斑病菌开始在叶片上大量增殖；接种10d后，病菌数量开始保持相对的稳定，但感病品种上的菌量比抗病品种上的菌量在10倍左右，病斑在接种后第3d开始出现，接种10d以后，病斑在感病品种上能继续快速发展，而在抗病品种上开始受到抑制，通过对抗病和感病品种叶片上的气孔观测发现，感病品种的气孔密度和气孔长度一般都较抗病品种大，相关分析表明，气孔长度理发师品种抗性相关。接种后对PAL酶的活性测定结果表明，PAL酶的活性与品种抗性呈负相关关系。     

双核丝核菌诱导水稻增强广谱抗病性和防卫酶系活性

 用无致病性的双核丝核菌(Binucleate Rhizoctonia species,简称BNR)菌株2 32-CG预接种处理水稻品种IR2 6苗期植株根茎基部,可以诱导水稻增强对纹枯病(R.solani Kühn)的抗性。与未处理对照相比,BNR处理水稻植株的纹枯病害严重度明显降低。2 4 h以上的BNR处理,可以彻底保护幼苗不受立枯丝核菌侵染的危害。经BNR诱导的水稻也表现对白叶枯病(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)和条斑病(X.oryzae pv.oryzicola)的抗性。BNR可以显著地诱导水稻防卫反应中的2类关键酶——苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POX)活性提高。受BNR诱导的抗病性与PAL和POX活性呈正相关。对BNR在水稻病害生物防治中的作用进行了讨论。     

Genotypic and Pathotypic Diversity in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal

ABSTRACT Among the 171 strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (the bacterial blight pathogen of rice) collected from eight rice-producing zones in Nepal, 31 molecular haplotypes were distinguished using two polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Six common haplotypes represented nearly 63% of the strains, and some haplotypes were geographically dispersed. Multiple correspondence analysis divided the collection into five putative genetic lineages. Lineages 1, 2, and 4 were the most frequently detected and occurred in diverse geographic populations. Twenty-six pathotypes (virulence phenotypes) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were identified using 11 near-iso-genic rice lines, each containing a single gene for resistance. The 26 pathotypes grouped into five clusters, and cluster 1 contained wide virulence spectrum strains from all geographic populations. Although molecular variation was greatest between strains of different virulence phenotypes, some variation was observed among strains with identical virulence. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.52) between molecular haplotypes and virulence phenotypes. There are two major groups of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal. One group consists of strains with high molecular polymorphism and many pathotypes that are either virulent to the 11 major resistance genes or avirulent only to Xa21. Strains in the second group have low molecular polymorphism and are avirulent to Xa4, xa5, Xa7, and Xa21.     

Small molecules cause virulence attenuation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xanthomonas oryzae</Emphasis> pv. oryzae,the pathogen causing bacterial blight of rice

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight in rice, has developed resistant strains due to rampant usage of chemical pesticides and disease resistant rice cultivars. Virulence attenuating agents could be an alternative strategy to combat this pathogen; therefore, the main objective of the present study was to screen phenolic compounds of plant origin as well as a thiadiazole derivative, acibenzolar S methyl for their effect on various virulence determinants of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae such as the type three secretion system, motility, extracellular polysaccharide production and secretion of exoenzymes through the type two secretion system. From the compounds screened, cinnamic acid and its derivatives like ferulic acid, caffiec acid and p-coumaric acid showed significant reduction in promoter activity of xopQ, an effector secreted through type three secretion system. None of the compounds used in this study showed substantial inhibitory effect on other virulence determinants indicating that their effect was specific on the type three secretion system except acibenzolar S methyl which, along with inhibitory effects on promoter activity of xopQ, also showed reduction in motility of bacteria. Wheat-bran-derived natural medium was effective for induction of type three and type two secretion systems at detectable levels. We also performed virulence assay that showed significant reduction in disease symptoms confirming cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid as effective virulence attenuating agents of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae BXO43. These studies demonstrate the potential of selected small molecules for development of new alternative strategies to control the bacterial blight of rice.     

磷酸甘油转移酶基因在水稻白叶枯病菌致病力中的作用研究

 稻黄单胞菌稻致病变种(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae,Xoo)引起的水稻白叶枯病,是水稻上的重要致灾病害之一。前期基因组学分析发现,Xoo菌株PXO99^A的PXO_04062基因可能编码一个磷酸甘油转移酶,推测与病原菌的致病力有关。本研究采用自杀质粒pK18mobsacB介导的方法,构建了该基因的缺失突变体,并对突变体进行了反式互补。水稻上致病性测定发现,与野生型菌株相比,PXO_04062基因的缺失突变体DM04062在寄主水稻日本晴上的致病力显著下降,并且其胞外多糖产量、运动性、生物膜形成等均明显降低。进一步采用RNA-seq方法比较突变体转录组的变化,发现突变体中的差异表达基因共有533个,其中包括多个致病相关基因,如胞外多糖合成和细胞运动性等相关基因。与野生型相比,这些基因在突变体中的表达均显著下调。这些结果说明,白叶枯病菌的磷酸甘油转移酶基因是通过影响多种致病力相关因子的合成,来影响病菌在水稻上的致病力。     

hrp基因关键调控因子HrpG在水稻白叶枯病菌和条斑病菌中的交叉互补性研究

 水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)和条斑病菌(X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Xoc)在非寄主烟草上产生过敏反应(HR)和在寄主水稻上具有致病性,是由hrp致病岛决定的,其中HrpG为关键调控因子。Xoo和Xoc侵染水稻途径和在水稻上产生病害症状的不同,是否与hrpG基因有关,还不清楚。本研究利用反向遗传学方法获得了Xoo和Xoc的hrpG突变体PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG,并用hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因分别互补上述2个突变体,获得了相应的互补菌株。致病性测定结果显示,PΔhrpG和RΔhrpG突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在非寄主烟草上产生HR的能力,而hrpG_Xoo基因和hrpG_Xoc基因可分别互补上述突变体至野生型水平。利用GUS报告基因检测基因启动子活性发现,hrpG_Xoo和hrpG_Xoc的启动子活性没有显著差别;RT-PCR和Western杂交结果显示,hrpG基因交叉互补菌株中HrpG调控的下游基因hrpX、hpaR、hrcT、hpa2和hrpD6的表达没有差异,且III型分泌系统分泌蛋白Hpa2的分泌性没有受到影响。这些结果表明,稻黄单胞菌hrpG基因可在Xoo和Xoc中交叉互置,位于其上游和下游的调控途径可能相似,而决定Xoo和Xoc在水稻上的侵染途径以及所致病害症状差异可能与hrpG基因位点无关。