氮肥运筹对不同小麦品种籽粒微量元素含量和产量的影响

为了明确氮肥运筹对小麦籽粒微量元素含量和产量的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同施氮水平、不同氮肥施用时期和比例下川麦39、川育12和川农麦1号小麦品种籽粒中微量元素的含量和产量。结果表明,不同小麦品种铁、锰、铜和锌的含量差异较大,其中川育12籽粒铁含量显著高于川麦39和川农麦1号,川麦39籽粒铜含量显著高于川育12和川农麦1号。氮肥水平对不同小麦品种微量元素影响不同,随着施氮量的增加,川麦39锰含量及川农麦1号锌、铁、锰含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中川农麦1号籽粒铁含量与氮肥用量间呈显著的二次曲线关系;川育12籽粒铜、铁、锰含量与氮肥用量呈显著线性关系;3个小麦品种籽粒各微量元素产量与氮肥用量均呈显著的二次曲线关系。适当推迟施氮时期,川麦39和川育12小麦籽粒各微量元素含量和产量均有所提高,而川农麦1号则表现为微量元素含量提高、产量降低的趋势。综合而言,川麦39、川育12和川农麦1号适宜的氮肥运筹模式分别为：底肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥为6∶ 2∶2∶0,6∶3∶1∶0和6∶4∶0∶0。     

节水栽培条件下冬小麦籽粒微量元素和蛋白质含量对施氮的反应

为明确节水栽培下冬小麦籽粒微量元素、蛋白质含量对施氮的响应及其调控效应,在大田限水灌溉条件下研究了施氮对高产冬小麦品种石家庄8号籽粒铁、锌、锰、铜含量、蛋白质及其组分含量的影响.结果表明,冬小麦一次性基施157.5 kg N/ha处理的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和铁、锌、锰、铜含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,在基施157.5 kg N/ha基础上追施氮肥,上述各指标的变化均不显著,过量施氮籽粒铁、锌、锰含量反而呈降低趋势.在本试验条件下,冬小麦一次性基施157.5 kg N/ha可以使产量、品质和资源效率得到最佳统一.     

节水栽培条件下冬小麦籽粒微量元素和蛋白质含量对施氮的反应

为明确节水栽培下冬小麦籽粒微量元素、蛋白质含量对施氮的响应及其调控效应,在大田限水灌溉条件下研究了施氯对高产冬小麦品种石家庄8号籽粒铁、锌、锰、铜含量、蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦一次性基施157．5kg N／ha处理的籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和铁、锌、锰、铜含量均显著高于不施氮肥处理,在基施157．5kg N／ha基础上追施氮肥,上述各指标的变化均不显著,过量施氮籽粒铁、锌、锰含量反而呈降低趋势。在本试验奢件下,冬小麦一次性基施157．5kg N／ha可以使产量、品质和资源效率得到最佳统一。     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

汉中地区籼稻锌、铁、锰营养基因型差异及叶面喷锌对籽粒锌含量的影响

分析了参加汉中地区水稻新品种展示的45个籼稻糙米、精米中锌、铁、锰含量的基因型差异。同时进行田间喷施试验,设置喷蒸馏水(CK)、喷Zn、喷Zn+井酮三环唑3个处理,探讨了锌肥与井酮三环唑配施对水稻锌营养品质的影响。结果表明,45个水稻品种糙米中锌、铁、锰的平均含量分别为17.44mg/kg、10.99mg/kg和25.09mg/kg,精米中锌、铁、锰的平均含量分别为11.39mg/kg、4.14mg/kg和7.38mg/kg;糙米中锌、铁、锰含量分别是精米中的1.53倍、2.56倍和3.40倍,即在去糙过程中锌、铁、锰的损失率分别为34.69%、62.33%和70.59%;喷施锌肥有利于水稻产量的提高,同时增加籽粒锌含量。喷Zn、喷Zn+井酮三环唑处理使糙米Zn含量由CK的17.63mg/kg分别提高到22.14mg/kg和21.50mg/kg,增幅分别为25.6%和22.0%,精米Zn含量由CK的10.57mg/kg分别提高到14.08mg/kg和14.79mg/kg,增幅分别为33.2%和40.0%。水稻喷施叶面锌肥与农药后不仅能显著增加稻米锌含量,而且有效预防病虫害。因此,喷施锌肥与喷施农药有机结合有望成为缺锌土壤同时满足籽粒富锌和病虫害防治需求的高效农艺措施。     

矿质营养对玉米籽粒营养品质的影响

本文介绍了氮、磷、钾、锌、锰、铜、硒及稀土对普通玉米、高赖玉米和甜玉米籽粒营养品质的影响，适量施肥可明显提高籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸等成分的含量。单独施氮肥虽然能显著提高蛋白质含量，却降低了蛋白质的营养价值．氮、磷、钾配合使籽粒品质明县改善、普通玉米和高赖玉米籽粒品质对矿质养分的反应有差别．     

不同施氮量对盐碱地水稻产量及品质的影响

以南粳9108为试验材料,研究了施氮量对盐碱地水稻产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内,水稻产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,在施氮量为20 kg/667 m~2时产量最高;盐碱地条件下,增施氮肥会增加稻米的垩白粒率、垩白度和蛋白质含量,降低直链淀粉含量;此外,施氮量的增加还会显著降低稻米的蒸煮品质与食味品质。     

氮肥用量对苏中冬小麦地上部主要矿质元素含量的影响

为了明确施氮量对苏中地区冬小麦主要矿质元素含量的影响,以扬麦11和扬麦13为材料,在江苏丹阳设置3个氮素水平(0、150、300kg.hm-2),研究不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒、茎鞘和叶片中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Ca、Mg和P等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,增施氮肥能显著提高冬小麦籽粒、茎鞘、叶片、面粉和麸皮中的Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和Ca含量,但P含量明显下降。与对照(N0)相比,施氮量达300kg.hm-2时,扬麦11籽粒中的Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu和Ca含量分别增加了11.74%、32.20%、31.78%、66.87%和53.75%,P含量降低23.06%,茎鞘中Zn、Cu和Ca含量增加106.34%、136.97%和51.15%,P含量降低46.46%;扬麦13籽粒中Zn、Cu和Ca含量分别比对照(N0)增加33.03%、59.67%和56.63%,Mg和P含量分别降低14.10%和25.41%,叶片中Mn、Cu、Ca和Mg分别增加174.54%、27.15%、41.66%和29.95%。随着氮肥用量增加,籽粒中Mg含量呈下降趋势,但茎鞘和叶片中Mg含量呈递增趋势。籽粒、茎鞘和叶片中不同矿质元素含量对氮肥的响应存在品种间差异。在本试验条件下,适量施氮可以提高冬小麦籽粒中微量元素的含量。但是,氮肥用量过高可能降低籽粒中P和Mg的含量,不利于籽粒矿质营养品质的提高。     

播期、密度和氮肥运筹对瑞华麦520产量和品质的影响

为确立抗病小麦品种瑞华麦520高产优质高效栽培管理措施,在大田研究了播期、密度、施氮量及氮肥基追比对瑞华麦520籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,播期和密度对籽粒产量和品质均有明显影响,不同施肥量间差异显著,且播期效应大于密度和施肥效应。播期与密度试验中,10月10日播种、基本苗225万株·hm~(-2)时产量最高,10月10日后随着播期的推迟籽粒产量下降;籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间均随播期的推迟而增加;籽粒蛋白质含量随密度增加而降低,湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间受密度影响不大。氮肥运筹试验中,施氮量180～270kg·hm~(-2)范围内,籽粒产量随施氮量的增加而快速增加,施氮量超过270kg·hm~(-2)后产量增长缓慢;氮肥基追比7∶3时产量最高;籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间随着施氮量的增加而上升。综合分析,在本试验条件下,10月10日播种、基本苗225万·hm~(-2)、施氮量270kg·hm~(-2)、基追比7∶3时瑞华麦520可以获得更高的产量和品质。     

氮锌肥配施对小麦籽粒不同类型混合粉锌营养品质的影响

为明确氮、锌肥配施对小麦籽粒不同类型混合粉锌营养品质的影响规律，采用田间试验，研究了氮、锌肥配施对小麦籽粒产量、不同类型混合粉中氮、锌含量及其累积量的影响及混合粉中植酸含量、植酸与锌的摩尔比（PA/Zn）和锌日吸收量的变化规律。结果表明，锌肥处理对小麦籽粒产量、各类型混合粉中的氮含量及其累积量无显著影响；与不施氮对照比较，施氮处理小麦籽粒产量提高93.7%，各类型混合粉中氮含量及其累积量显著提高，以施氮量240 kg·hm^-2处理最高。喷锌处理下，各类型混合粉中锌含量显著增加，精制粉、标准粉、通粉和全粉中锌累积量较对照依次提高了63.3%、58.0%、48.6%和50.9%；施氮后，各类型混合粉的锌含量及其累积量显著增加，以喷施锌肥处理更为明显。全粉和通粉中的植酸含量显著高于精制粉和标准粉，但PA/Zn低于精制粉和标准粉。喷锌后，精制粉、标准粉和全粉中植酸含量增加13.0%~ 15.4%，但PA/Zn下降23.8%~34.7%；施氮降低了精制粉、通粉和全粉中的植酸含量和PA/Zn。全粉中锌日吸收量为0.98 mg·d^-1，显著高于其他各混合粉；喷施锌肥后，各类型混合粉的锌日吸收量提高了 35.9%~61.0%；施氮显著提高了各类型混合粉的锌日吸收量。     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn Concentrations in Shoot and Grain Quality in Rice （Oryza sativa）

In a pot experiment, effects of N fertilizer application on the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in shoot of rice and the quality of brown rice were studied. In the treatments with N fertilizer application, the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in most parts of rice shoot increased compared with control (no N fertilizer application). This indicated that the transportation ability of microelements from root to shoot in rice was improved with N fertilizer application. Effect of N fertilizer on IR68144 was similar to that of on IR64, but the concentrations of the microelements in plant differed, suggesting that the characteristic expression of the two rice genotypes was not controlled by the amount of N fertilizer supplied. The concentrations of those microelements in brown rice increased at first and then decreased with increasing N fertilizer application, reaching the highest at 160 kg/ha, at which the Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in brown rice increased by 28.96%, 41.34%, 58.31% and 16.0% for IR64, and by 22.16%, 13.75%, 8.75% and 20.21% for IR68144 compared with control, respectively. Moreover, N fertilizer promoted the accumulation of protein, decreased the accumulation of amylose in grain, and enhanced gel consistency of brown rice. These results indicate that appropriate N fertilizer management could increase micronutrient contents in grain and improve nutrition quality of rice.     

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Genotype on Rice Grain Macronutrients and Micronutrients

High nitrogen(N)input features China’s intensive rice production system.To elucidate N and genotype effects on accumulation of macronutrients and micronutrients in grains of japonica rice,and to discuss its significance in rice production,a three-year field experiment involving six japonica rice varieties and seven N treatments were performed.Macronutrients(Ca,Mg,K,and Na)and micronutrients(Cu,Fe,Mn,and Zn)concentrations in brown and milled rice were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.For macronutrients,no consistently significant effect of N was detected in both brown and milled rice.For micronutrients,N showed significant effect,especially in lowering Zn accumulation in brown and milled rice.In addition,N tended to increase Fe concentration in milled rice.Genotype showed larger effect on distribution of minerals in milled rice than N.The high-yielding variety,Wuyunjing 7,accumulated larger proportion of Mg,K,and Zn in the milled rice as compared with the other five varieties,and could be of value for rice breeding programs aiming at high nutritional quality.The results demonstrated differences in response to N between macronutrients and micronutrients,and are of significance for coping with‘hidden hunger’both in humans and crops through agronomical practices.     

氮肥对不同玉米品种子粒微量元素含量和生物有效性的影响

研究田间施用氮肥对吉林省4个玉米品种子粒中Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu含量以及Zn与Fe生物有效性的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可增加玉米子粒中Zn、Fe含量,过量施氮玉米子粒中Zn和Fe含量不再增加甚至呈下降趋势;子粒中Mn含量随氮肥增加而提高,Cu含量随氮肥增加而降低,4个品种中只有吉四单19在过量施氮时子粒Mn含量呈下降趋势。随氮肥水平提高,玉米子粒中Zn、Fe和Mn累积量呈递增趋势,Cu累积量变化不显著。全磷与这些矿物质元素的比值(P/Zn、P/Fe)表明,氮肥施用将显著降低玉米子粒中Zn和Fe的生物有效性。     

粳稻“龙锦1号/香软米1578” F3家系群糙米矿质元素含量变异及相关性分析

 利用粳稻品种间杂交组合“龙锦1号/香软米1578”的196份F3家系,对糙米中Fe、Se、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na和P等10种矿质元素含量的变异及其相关性进行了分析。 10种矿质元素在F3家系间均有较大的变异,其中Na含量变异最大,Zn含量变异最小,变异系数分别为77.69％和12.04％。各矿质元素含量的变异系数大小顺序为Na>Se>Cu>Fe>Mg>Mn>Ca>P>K>Zn。不同矿质元素含量也有较大的差异,F3家系群各矿质元素含量平均值高低排序为P>K>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Na>Cu>Se。糙米中10种矿质元素含量在F3家系群中均表现为正态分布,为由多基因控制的数量性状。Zn与Fe、Cu,Mn与Mg、Ca、K、P,Ca与Mg、K、Na、P,Mg与K、P,P与K、Na含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而Fe与Se、Mn与Na、Mg与Na含量呈显著或极显著负相关。Mn、Ca、Mg、K、P含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系较Fe、Se、Cu、Zn含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系更为密切。     

Influences of Cadmium on Grain Mineral Nutrient Contents of Two Rice Genotypes Differing in Grain Cadmium Accumulation

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of Cd on grain Cd, K, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn accumulation in two rice genotypes (Xiushui 63 and Xiushui 217) differing in grain Cd accumulation under four Cd levels, i.e. 0, 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg. Rice genotype greatly affected the grain K content, but not significantly for P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents. There were remarkable effects of additional Cd on the contents of P, Mg and Zn in grains, while not significant for K, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents. No significant differences were found in the interaction of genotype by additional Cd on these nine element contents. The low grain Cd accumulation genotype Xiushui 217 had significantly higher grain K, Mg, Cu and Mn contents than the high grain Cd accumulation genotype Xiushui 63, but the case was opposite for Zn, Pb and Fe contents. It also showed that Cd addition levels significantly influenced the K, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe and Mn contents in rice grains. Grain K, P, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn contents reduced with the increasing rate of Cd addition.     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Native Soil Properties on Rice Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents

Deposition of protein and metal ions (Fe, Zn) in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on rice grain protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents, 32 rice genotypes were grown at three different locations each under 80 and 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer applications. In treatments with nitrogen fertilizer application, the brown rice grain protein content (GPC) increased significantly (1.1% to 7.0%) under higher nitrogen fertilizer application (120 kg/hm2) whereas grain Fe/Zn contents showed non-significant effect of nitrogen application level, thus suggesting that the rate of uptake and translocation of macro-elements does not influence the uptake and translocation of micro-elements. The pH, organic matter content and inherent Fe/Zn levels of native soil showed significant effects on grain Fe and Zn contents of all the rice genotypes. Grain Zn content of almost all the tested rice genotypes was found to increase at Location III having loamy soil texture, neutral pH value (pH 6.83) and higher organic matter content than the other two locations (Locations I and II), indicating significant influence of native soil properties on brown rice grain Zn content while grain Fe content showed significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Genotypic difference was found to be the most significant factor to affect grain Fe/Zn contents in all the tested rice genotypes, indicating that although native soil properties influence phyto-availability of micronutrients and consequently influencing absorption, translocation and grain deposition of Fe/Zn ions, yet genetic makeup of a plant determines its response to varied soil conditions and other external factors. Two indica rice genotypes R-RF-31 (27.62 μg/g grain Zn content and 7.80% GPC) and R1033-968-2-1 (30.05 μg/g grain Zn content and 8.47% GPC) were identified as high grain Zn and moderate GPC rice genotypes. These results indicate that soil property and organic matter content increase the availability of Fe and Zn in rhizosphere, which in turn enhances the uptake, translocation and redistribution of Fe/Zn into rice grains.     

Grain quality changes and responses to nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice cultivars released in the Yangtze River Basin from the 1950s to 2000s

While the yield potential of rice has increased but little is known about the impact of breeding on grain quality, especially under different levels of N availability. In order to investigate the integrated effects of breeding and N levels on rice quality 12 japonica rice cultivars bred in the past60 years in the Yangtze River Basin were used with three levels of N: 0 kg N ha-1, 240 kg N ha-1,and 360 kg N ha-1. During the period, milling quality(brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage, and head rice percentage), appearance quality(chalky kernels percentage, chalky size, and chalkiness), and eating and cooking quality(amylose content, gel consistency, peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback) were significantly improved, but the nutritive value of the grain has declined due to a reduction in protein content. Micronutrients, such as Cu, Mg, and S contents, were decreased, and Fe, Mn, Zn, Na, Ca, K, P, B contents were increased. These changes in grain quality imply that simultaneous improvements in grain yield and grain quality are possible through selection. Overall, application of N fertilizer decreased grain quality, especially in terms of eating and cooking quality. Under higher N levels, higher protein content was the main reason for deterioration of grain quality, although lower amylose content might contribute to improving starch pasting properties. These results suggest that further improvement in grain quality will depend on both breeding and cultivation practices, especially in regard to nitrogen and water management.     

锌、硒种肥配施对裸燕麦产量及矿质元素含量的影响

为了明确锌、硒种肥配施对裸燕麦产量及矿质元素含量的影响,以裸燕麦品种燕科1号为材料,田间试验设置锌肥、硒肥、锌肥和硒肥配施及对照4个处理,分析了燕麦籽粒产量及其构成因素、籽粒中矿质元素Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Se的含量以及Zn、Se的累积量。结果表明,与对照相比,种施锌肥、硒肥以及锌肥和硒肥配施可以显著提高燕麦生物学产量。锌肥和硒肥配施时,燕麦籽粒比对照增产2.8%,但不同处理间差异不显著。随着生育进程的推进,不同处理Zn、Se累积量均呈现逐渐增加的变化趋势。与对照相比,单独施用锌肥、锌硒肥配施可以显著提高燕麦全株Zn的积累量,分别提高了30.2%和37.1%;单独施用硒肥、锌硒肥配施可以显著提高全株Se的积累量,分别提高了95.3%和110.6%。不同施肥处理均可提高成熟期籽粒中Zn、Se含量,锌肥、硒肥、锌肥和硒肥配施时籽粒中Zn含量分别比对照提高了30.5%、13.9%和31.5%,Se含量分别提高了41.7%、175.6%和239.4%。不同处理间成熟期籽粒中Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu含量的差异不显著。说明通过种施锌肥、硒肥、以及锌肥和硒配施在不影响产量的条件下可以达到提高燕麦籽粒中Zn、Se含量的目的。