2000—2009年中国冬油菜区试品种品质及产量性状的演变

对2000—2009年10个年度国家冬油菜区域试验参试品种的品质及产量性状分析表明,2002年是中国油菜品种品质(低芥酸、低硫苷)和产量的转折点,双低油菜品种比例急剧上升、产量逐步提高,至2007年油菜品种品质基本达到双低标准,产量恢复到双高品种的水平。进一步分析表明双低油菜产量的提高,主要归因于单株结角数和千粒重的增加;此外,双低油菜品种含油量有了较大的突破,尤其是近3年含油量有了显著提高。这表明在中国油菜品种双低化过程中,品质和产量得到了协同发展。目前在双低品质达标的情况下,提高产量和含油量仍是中国油菜育种的主攻目标。     

优质双低油菜新品种"A35"的选育及高产栽培技术

油菜是我国重要的油料作物,种植面积和总产量均居世界首位。长期以来,由于推广高芥酸和高硫甙品种,商品品质差,在国际市场上无竞争力,从而影响了我国油菜生产的发展,改革开放以来,随着人民生活水平的提高,在食用油脂方面也有了较大转变,由原来(20世纪80年代前)食用动物油脂为主,改为食用植物油脂为主,而且对油脂的品质要求越来越高。菜油占我国食用植物油的55%~60%,是最主要的食用植物油,它的品质好坏直接影响着人们的生活质量和健康。在我国,培育优质双低油菜品种,实现双低油菜产业化是油菜生产发展的必然趋势。开展优质双低油菜品种选育,…     

近10年我国冬油菜区试品种品质及产量性状的演变分析

油菜是我国最重要的食用油料作物。本文综合分析了2000年～2009年10个年度国家冬油菜区域试验参试品种的品质及产量性状。分析表明：2002年是我国油菜品种品质（低芥酸、低硫苷）和产量的转折点,此后双低油菜品种比例在80%以上,产量也逐步提高,到目前基本达到双高品种的产量水平。分析表明双低油菜产量的提高,主要归因于单株结角数和千粒重的增加;此外,双低油菜品种含油量有了较大的突破,尤其是近3年含油量有了显著提高。这表明在我国油菜品种双低化过程中,品质和产量得到了协同发展。目前在双低品质达标的情况下,提高产量和含油量仍是我国油菜育种的主攻目标。     

双低油菜新品种川油20的选育

发展双低 (低芥酸、低硫甙 )油菜已成为世界各油菜主产国科研和生产发展的主攻方向。我所多年参加全国和四川省优质油菜育种攻关,1999年又选育出一个产量较高、品质优良、熟期适宜、抗性较强、适应性较广的双低油菜新品种ＳC9504,该品种2000年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会审定,命名为川油20,并获2000年四川省育种攻关后补助。选育经过　1993年四川省农科院作物所从中油所引进品系中油220,经测试、试种,其产量、品质及综合农艺性状均未达到双低油菜品种标准,不能直接用于生产。因此,从1993年起,在对中油220进行试验的同时,又从中选……     

硼肥对双低春油菜养分吸收及产质量的影响

于2016—2017年以双低油菜‘青杂5号’为供试材料，设置5个施硼处理，采用完全随机区组设计，研究不同施硼量对双低春油菜干物质积累、氮磷钾养分吸收、产量、品质的影响，以期阐明硼对双低春油菜产量、品质形成的影响机理，提出适宜的硼肥施用量，为双低春油菜生产提供理论依据和技术指导。试验结果表明：2016年在施硼量较小的情况下，油菜植株各器官的干物质积累、养分吸收、籽粒产量及品质均随施硼量增加呈逐渐升高趋势，2017年在增大施硼量的情况下，各指标均随施硼量增加呈先升后降趋势，都以施硼量为22.5 kg/hm2时最高，此处理下籽粒产量较不施硼增产28.68%，脂肪含量提高8.06个百分点，蛋白质及芥酸含量均较其他处理有不同程度降低。回归分析表明内蒙古中部旱作地区双低春油菜生产中获得较高产量和产油量的适宜施硼量（纯硼≥15%）为19.96~21.34 kg/hm2。     

双低油菜加工产品的综合开发利用

从双低油菜的品质特点出发,探讨了双低油菜籽的综合开发途径,主要副产品的生产工艺和方法,提出了双低油菜籽的加工工艺流程。     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口的早熟矮秆双低油菜的影响

随着农村劳动力的转移以及天气变化等原因，农户对早熟矮秆双低油菜的需求越来越多，尤其是南部的旱茬地区。而目前大面积针对晚熟优质油菜品种的氮肥运筹并不适合早熟矮秆双低油菜。本试验根据南通市油菜生产实际情况，通过氮肥运筹对不同茬口的早熟矮秆双低油菜的影响研究，初步明确不同茬口条件下早熟矮秆双低油菜氮肥运筹方式，以适应油菜生产的需要。     

未来油菜品质改良趋势

自加拿大的Steefansson和波兰的Krzymanski分别发现低芥酸基因资源Lioh和低硫甙基因资源Bronowski以后,加拿大首先利用这两个种质资源与常规品种杂交,于1964年育成世界上第一个低芥酸油菜新品种"Oro",1974年育成了第一个双低油菜新品种"Tower",并将具有双低品质的油菜定名为"Canola".自此,全世界的油菜育种家开始了双低油菜育种,并育成了一大批优质高产的油菜新品种.随着人们生活水平的提高,对菜籽油的营养品质、加工特性以及工业用途等方面提出了不同的要求.我国在双低育种、高油酸育种等方面已取得了较大的成绩,育成了一批优质、高产的品种.但在营养品质的进一步改良、不同加工特性品种的选育、工业用途品种的选育方面还处在初步阶段.菜籽油是世界五大植物油之一,位于棕榈、大豆和向日葵之后.随着WTO的加入,我国油菜要跻身于国际市场之中,改良品质是必由之路.     

高产优质双低杂交油菜8063的选育

摘要：8063属半冬性甘蓝型油菜杂交种。具有高产、优质、抗逆性强等优点。其粗脂肪含量42.98%,芥酸含量0.31%,硫甙含量16.10µmol/g饼,品质达到国家对双低杂交油菜攻关的品质要求;产量与秦油2号持平略高,比常规双低优质油菜豫油2号增产5%以上,达极显著水平     

秦州区双低油菜品种比较试验

双低油菜的推广是今后油菜发展的趋势，我区的双低油菜种植尚在试验阶段，对引入的7个双低油菜品种进行观察比较，结果表明，引进的品种在抗逆性、丰产性、品质等方面都优于当地种植的甘蓝型品种天3276，其增产幅度在46．50％～165．34％之间。综合性状分析，以美国油王为最好。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.