鸡滑液囊支原体的分离与鉴定

某鸡场鸡群表现关节、爪垫肿胀、行走困难等症状，经血清平板凝集试验检测，鸡毒支原体呈阴性，鸡滑液囊支原体呈阳性。在此基础上，对关节囊内容物进行了病原体的分离和鉴定。分离菌落呈典型支原体菌落，能通过４５０ｎｍ滤膜，发酵葡萄糖，还原四氮唑，不利用精氨酸和尿素，菌落能吸附鸡红细胞，在固体培养基上的生长被鸡滑液囊支原体阳性血清所抑制。分离物在抑菌剂培养基上连续传代１０次，未见返祖Ｌ型细菌。用分离物对鸡做人工感染试验，出现与自然病例相同的症状，故认为分离物为鸡滑液囊支原体。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、鸡毒支原体、鸭源鸡杆菌混合感染病例的病原学诊断

为确诊贵州省六盘水市某养殖场蛋鸡群发病死亡的原因,采集病料进行新城疫病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、鸡毒支原体、滑液囊支原体核酸检测,以及细菌分离培养、鉴定和药敏试验。结果:(1)鸡传染性喉气管炎PCR试验扩增出大小为537 bp目的基因条带,鸡毒支原体PCR试验扩增出大小为636 bp目的基因条带,呈阳性;其余病毒核酸检测均呈阴性。(2)分离菌在血液琼脂培养基上生长呈白色半透明状、可溶血的小菌落,经革兰氏染色镜检为革兰氏阴性杆菌,分子生物学鉴定为鸭源鸡杆菌;对硫酸安普霉素、氟本尼考、延胡索酸泰妙菌素高度敏感,对硫酸粘菌素、盐酸多西环素、替米考星中度敏感,对酒石酸泰乐菌素低度敏感,对盐酸大观霉素、盐酸林可霉素、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、阿莫西林耐药。结论:确诊病例为鸡毒支原体、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、鸭源鸡杆菌混合感染。     

鸡滑液囊支原体的分离鉴定及病理组织学观察

为了解宁夏及其周边不同地区蛋鸡场中的鸡滑液囊支原体的种类及其致病力,采用改良Frey氏鸡滑液囊支原体培养基,从疑似感染鸡滑液囊支原体的不同蛋鸡群中分离出病原株,设计鸡滑液囊支原体vlhA基因特异性引物,对分离到的病原进行基因序列扩增并测序,使用MEGA6.0软件中的邻接法(Neighbor-joining,NJ)构建分离株系统发育树并进行遗传进化分析,采用从临床症状最明显的鸡体分离的菌株进行动物感染试验,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,病理组织学观察。结果表明,所分离到的病原菌均为鸡滑液囊支原体,部分菌株之间极其相似;鸡滑液囊支原体不仅可以使鸡只关节肿胀、生长缓慢,也可引起鸡只的肝脏轻微肿大,肝细胞部分坏死、间质增生;脾脏结缔组织增生,出血。     

鸡滑液囊支原体病继发大肠杆菌感染的诊断

2011年10月贵州省息烽县某养鸡场送检雏鸡病例,为确诊病因,进行了流行病学调查,剖检病变观察,细菌学、PCR检测和鸡胚接种试验。发病鸡多见于12日龄,一侧或双侧跗关节肿胀,患部背侧滑膜囊出现囊肿和跛行。肝脏病料大肠杆菌分离率12.5%(1/8),该菌对庆大霉素和氟苯尼考敏感,而对四环素、青霉素、氧氟沙星、链霉素、卡那霉素、恩诺沙星均已产生耐药。针对滑液囊支原体16S rRNA基因设计引物能扩增出653 bp的特异性条带,而病毒性关节炎病原S1基因引物未见扩增条带。病鸡关节滑液囊液接种鸡胚见出血水肿病变,死亡鸡胚卵黄囊和尿囊液染色镜检可见直径约为0.2μm多形态的球状体。由此确诊该病例为鸡滑液囊支原体病继发大肠杆菌感染。     

鸡败血支原体的分离鉴定

从山东地区疑似有慢性呼吸道疾病的鸡场采集病料,分离到４个支原体株。经菌落,菌体形态观察,生理化鉴定、血清学鉴定等一系列试验,证明分离的４株支原体为鸡败血支原体。     

鸡败血支原体的分离鉴定

从山东地区疑似有慢性呼吸道疾病(CRD)的鸡场采集病料 ,分离到4个支原体株。经菌落、菌体形态观察、生理生化鉴定、血清学鉴定等一系列试验 ,证明分离的4株支原体为鸡败血支原体(MG)     

河南许昌地区规模化肉鸡场滑液囊支原体的分离鉴定及耐药性检测

为了分析河南许昌地区规模化肉鸡场滑液囊支原体流行情况及耐药情况，本试验从许昌地区规模化肉鸡场采集疑似鸡滑液囊支原体感染的病料组织179份，采用细菌分离培养、形态观察及PCR等方法进行滑液囊支原体鉴定，采用K-B药敏纸片法对分离的滑液囊支原体进行耐药性检测。结果显示，分离得到87株鸡滑液囊支原体，其对金霉素、土霉素、吉他霉素、替米考星、多西环素、泰乐菌素和林可霉素耐药率分别为98.8%、94.3%、90.7%、78.2%、61.5%、58.8%和57.7%,对其他抗菌药的耐药率介于10.3%～17.9%;分离菌株呈现多重耐药性，以耐8、7、6种抗菌药分离菌株最多，分别占分离菌株的16.1%、17.2%和19.5%。结果表明许昌地区规模化肉鸡场滑液囊支原体流行严重，对临床中常用药物出现严重耐药性。本试验结果可为该地区的规模化肉鸡场滑液囊支原体防控提供指导。     

鸡毒支原体的分离鉴定

鸡毒支原体（Mycoplasma gallisepticum,MG）会引发鸡的慢性呼吸道疾病（chronic respiratory disease,CRD）。本研究从吉林经济技术开发区鸡场采集的疑似支原体感染病料中分离、培养获得一菌株,经菌落形态观察、菌落红细胞吸附试验、生化特性测定及血清学鉴定等试验,证明该分离株为鸡毒支原体（MG）,并命名为JL株。     

鸡滑液囊支原体病理模型的建立及感染途径探索

为了探究鸡滑液囊支原体感染途径及抗体产生情况,试验采用人工复制病理模型的方法,分别通过呼吸道、消化道和皮下途径将滑液囊支原体感染6周龄幼鸡,感染后每天记录鸡的肛温,观察鸡的临床症状,每隔3 d采血1次,检测滑液囊支原体抗体,感染后第18天剖检试验鸡,观察病变,同时进行菌落培养。结果表明:感染第12天时,呼吸道组和皮下组鸡出现抗体阳性血清;至第15天时,鸡体温普遍升高,呼吸道组感染的鸡出现典型的临床症状,并且剖检后脾脏肿大,关节液渗出较多,在关节液与脾脏中分离出菌株,感染滑液囊支原体鸡的血清抗体检测结果均为阳性。说明本试验成功建立病理模型,鸡滑液囊支原体主要通过呼吸道进行传播,感染后第12天鸡产生抗体,通过消化道和皮下感染的鸡也引起一定的感染反应,但无明显临床症状。     

肉鸡两种链球菌混合感染的诊断

1992年秋,武汉市汉南区某肉鸡场4000余只1月龄肉仔鸡发生急性败血性疫情,经病原分离、菌体及菌落形态观察、生化鉴定及动物回归试验,证明该场发生的疫情为鸡链球菌病,为鸡粪链球菌及兽疫链球菌的混合感染。鸡链球菌病混合感染的病原分离及诊断为我省首次报道.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.