高粱稻GLR与受体9311的遗传多态性比较

采用"穗茎注射法"将高粱BTx623基因组DNA导入超级杂交稻亲本9311,获得了高着粒密度的大穗变异系"高粱稻"GLR。用225对In Del分子标记对原始变异株及其自交3代株系与供体和受体进行多态性检测,发现两者与受体9311相比分别有20.4%和10.7%的多态位点,并在原始变异株及其自交3代株系中发现受体9311不存在而与供体高粱同源的片段,从分子水平证明了供体高粱DNA片段向受体水稻基因组的转移。比较分析5个已克隆的穗部性状相关基因在变异系与受体9311中的多态性,发现DEP3、D1和Gnla 3个基因共存在35个SNP和6个In Del,其中9个SNP和2个In Del位于外显子。     

利用外源DNA导入技术选育高粱早熟品系

自从周光宇提出染色体水平以下的DNA片段杂交的假设,并设计了外源DNA导入植物的技术以来,国内外将外源DNA导入到水稻、棉花、小麦等植物中,获得了性状变异的子代。这种分子杂交育种法,提供了克服远缘杂交障碍、缩短育种时间、快速引起变异的新途径。近年来,我们通过花粉管途径,将外源DNA导入到高粱中,并获得了性状变异材料。1　材料与方法1 1　材料受体材料:ICSB12从印度ICRISAT(国际热带半干旱地区作物研究所)引进ICSA12和ICSB12一对雄性不育系及保持系。IC SA12在籽粒产量上具有相当高的一般配合力,而且由其组配的杂交…     

总DNA导入水稻后变异系及供体特异带DNA片段的核苷酸序列比较

将小粒野生稻（Oryza minuta)总DNA导入杂交水稻保持系V20B获得变异系，经RAPD分析找到了受体中不存在而变异系及供体中存在的特异常。将自变异系与供体扩增出的长均为975bp的特异DNA片段分别回收、克隆、测序，发现两者核苷酸序列极为相似，从而进一步证明了远缘资源特异DNA片段向水稻的转移；同时发现两者间存在29个碱在差异（包括转换、颠换、插入及缺失4种类型），表明供体特异DNA片段的导入不仅可能使供体特异性状在变异系中表达，也可能由于个别碱基的突变而使受体产生新性状。     

利用分子标记辅助选择改良两系不育系SE21S的香味

以IR58025B的改良系福香25B为供体亲本,以福建省农业科学院水稻研究所育成的两系光温敏核不育系SE21S为受体亲本,利用回交转育、香味基因特异性分子标记GRFM04~([1])与DNA指纹分析方法辅助选育并结合田间农艺性状,将香味基因导入SE21S,结果获得了5份遗传背景与轮回亲本基本相同但具有香味基因的SE21S改良株系。     

向日葵导入禾本科作物DNA研究初报

试验选取向日葵保持系HA89B、恢复系4433-2-1、4433-2-3和72-2-10各10株,于开花期罩上隔离网袋,当花盘上的众多小花有3/5开花时,从保持系HA89B中选2株,3个恢复系各选取1株,用各自品种的姊妹株花粉为它们授粉,5 h后,割除已授粉的柱头,分别涂抹制备好的玉米、高粱、小麦DNA溶液.3个恢复系产生的种子在下一代与原品种没有明显差别,而导入高粱、玉米DNA的2株HA89B分离出了不育株,用有正常花粉的姊妹株回交4代后,育成了比原品种含油率高3.79%的新的不育株.     

高粱不育系124A的选育

应用花粉管运载法将含目的性状的高粱种质DNA导入高粱保持系ICS12B选育出新不育系124A并组配出杂交种辽杂17号。     

低直链淀粉含量水稻三系不育系百香A的选育与应用

百香A是以中浙A为母本，三交保持系材料中浙B/巴西陆稻//IR58025B为父本，经过多代回交转育而成的低直链淀粉含量软米型水稻三系不育系，2015年通过了广西水稻不育系田间技术鉴定。用其所配制的杂交稻组合稻米品质优，外观商品性好，具有良好的开发应用价值。     

籼型三系不育系万53A的选育与应用

万53A是重庆三峡农业科学院以D62B与中9B杂交F1代为父本,以优质保持系IR58025B为母本复交后,在F4代选出优良单株再与中9A测交并连续回交多代后转育而成的籼型三系不育系.该不育系具有生育期适中、配合力好等优点,于2020年通过重庆市农作物品种审定委员会技术鉴定.万53A与万恢16所配组合万53优16于202...     

糯性三系不育系信1191Awx的选育及利用

信1191Awx是信阳市农业科学院利用金23B/IR58025B//特糯2072选育糯性保持系,再与D62A测交并连续回交转育而成的糯性三系不育系,于2019年通过河南省农作物品种审定委员会鉴定。介绍了信1191Awx的选育过程、特征特性及其繁殖技术。     

爪哇稻Wanilava细胞质雄性不育系的创建及AFLP指纹图谱分析

初步鉴定了爪哇稻Wanilava细胞质雄性不育系的特征特性,并以2套水稻（Oryza sativa）同核异质材料273JW（爪哇型胞质不育系）、273D（D型胞质不育系）及其对应的保持系273B, 803JW（爪哇型胞质不育系）、803WA（野败型胞质不育系）及其对应的保持系803B为研究对象,利用AFLP 分子标记技术构建了JW型不育胞质的指纹图谱,分离了JW型胞质与野败型胞质及保持系的差异片段。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.