Effect of various dietary vitamin A levels on growth performance and immune response of tilapia (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oreochromis niloticus</Emphasis>)

Six purified vitamin-free casein-based diets were formulated to contain six levels vitamin A at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 IU·kg⁻¹, respectively. Tilapias (initial mean weight: 7.73±0.03 g) were fed the diets in quadruplicate aquaria to apparent satiation twice daily for 10 weeks. No differences in mortality, weight gain, or feed efficiency ratio (FER) were observed among the groups. Liver vitamin A levels reflected dietary vitamin A levels. Immune parameters, such as hemoglobin levels, total cell count, red blood cell count, total serum protein, and serum lysozyme activity, did not vary with the dietary vitamin A levels. White blood cell counts of fish in 2000 IU·kg⁻¹ diet groups were significantly higher than that in other diets groups. Serum complement activities of fish in 2000 and 4000 IU·kg⁻¹ vitamin A diet groups were also higher than those in other diet groups. After the 14-d challenge test, the mortality and antibody titer were similar among the treatments. The results indicated that dietary vitamin A inclusions did not affect the immune response of Oreochromis niloticus.     

Research on Yucca schidigera extract feeding on the rumen ecology, protozoal populations and serum chemistries of sheep

In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16 ruminally cannulated male sheep with body weights of (40 ± 2.1) kg were fed twice daily (8:00 and 16:00) with concentrate and forage (50:50 on dry matter (DM) basis). Dietary treatments were supplemented with intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) at the levels of 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg · kg⁻¹. On days of 15, 16 and 17 after feeding, ruminal content was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing (8:00), and blood samples were collected at the end of experiment (the days 18 and 19 after feeding). Results showed that the treatment groups’ acidity was not affected (P = 0.13) by YSE. Comparing to the control, the ruminal propionate concentration was increased by YSE addition in a dose-dependent manner by up to 29.8% (P < 0.05), and the acetic concentration was decreased by up to 17.5% (P < 0.05). The ruminal ammonia concentration 2 hours after feeding was higher (P < 0.05) in sheep fed without YSE (increased by 17.57 mg· 100 mL⁻¹) than those fed with YSE at 200 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.77 mg · 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃) and at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.50 mg· 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃). Protozoal populations in the rumen were lower (P < 0.05) with the YSE feeding dose at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ than the control. The serum chemistries were not different among treatments (P > 0.05) and were within the normal physiological ranges for sheep 19 days after feeding. The study indicated that 200 mg· kg⁻¹ and 300 mg· kg⁻¹ YSE groups had particular suppressing effects on ruminal ammonia concentration, ammonia-N concentrations and protozoal populations. The effect of YSE on ruminal fermentation could be attributed to the selective inhibitory effect on rumen microbial species. High level (300 mg · kg⁻¹) YSE as feed additives resulted no negative impact on sheep in our tests.     

Effects of folic acid supplementation on growth performance and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different folic acid supplemental levels on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets. There were 160 piglets with initially average bodyweight of 7.33 kg randomly assigned to diets containing five levels of folic acid: basal diets (C), 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 0.5), 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 2.5), 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 5.0), or 10.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 10.0). Blood samples were collected from a subset (n = 20; 4 pigs per treatment) of the piglets on day 0, 14, and 28. Liver samples were collected from the blood-taken piglets on day 28 of the experiment. Pigs fed basal diet supplemented with 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid grew faster (P<0.05) and consumed more feed (P<0.01) than groups of C, FS 5.0, and FS 10.0 during the last two weeks. Dietary treatment had no effect on F/G throughout the experiment. Pigs in the FS 2.5 group showed greater concentrations of Growth Hormone (GH) (P<0.05) and Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-1) (P<0.01) in serum than C and FS 10.0 on day 28. RT-PCR analysis revealed that FS 0.5, FS 2.5, and FS 5.0 had a greater abundance of the mRNA encoding 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase than C and FS 10.0 (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions of folate binding protein in FS 0.5 and FS 2.5 were upregulated compared with pigs fed with basal diet (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that folate supplemental level of 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ significantly enhanced the growth performance of piglets. Folic acid had an impact on folate metabolism and the homocysteine concentrations. No folate supplementation or folate supplemental level of 10 mg·kg⁻¹ could not increase the growth performance to the greatest degree.     

吉富罗非鱼成鱼对烟酸的需要量

选用初始体质量为(220.16±7.66)g的吉富罗非鱼Oreochromis niloticus 360尾,随机分成6组(每组3个重复,每重复20尾),分别饲喂烟酸质量分数为11.84(对照组)、37.78、64.70、89.44、157.15、335.36 mg.kg-1的半纯化饲料10周.研究烟酸对吉富罗非鱼成鱼生长、饲料利用、鱼体营养组成、部分血清指标及肝脏烟酸累积的影响,以确定其对烟酸的需要量.结果表明,经过10周的生长,饲料中添加烟酸显著提高了试验鱼的增质量率和饲料效率(P<0.05).157.15和335.36 mg.kg-1组全鱼粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05);粗脂肪含量在64.70mg.kg-1组最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05);水分与粗灰分含量各组间无显著差异(P>0.05);试验鱼血清总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和总蛋白含量先升后降,在烟酸质量分数为157.15 mg.kg-1组达到最高;三酰甘油含量显著降低(P<0.05);试验鱼肝脏烟酸含量先上升后稳定,各烟酸添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05).对增质量率、肝脏烟酸和血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量回归分析,确定吉富罗非鱼成鱼获得最大生长时对饲料中烟酸的最低需要量为63.62 mg.kg-1,维持正常生理功能的需要量为158.52～172.41 mg.kg-1.     

巨大芽孢杆菌与柠檬酸联合强化青葙修复镉污染土壤研究

为研究柠檬酸和巨大芽孢杆菌对青葙修复Cd污染土壤的影响,筛选最佳添加量以提高修复效率,采用盆栽试验,以正交方式研究了添加不同浓度的柠檬酸(Citric acid)(0、2.5、5、7.5 mmol·kg~(-1)和10 mmol·kg~(-1))和巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)(0、108、109cfu·kg~(-1)和1010cfu·kg~(-1))对青葙(Celosia argentea Linn)修复Cd污染土壤的强化作用。结果表明:与对照处理(无柠檬酸和巨大芽孢杆菌添加)相比,柠檬酸和巨大芽孢处理使青葙各部分生物量、Cd含量及Cd积累量均增加。其中,109cfu·kg~(-1)的巨大芽孢杆菌+5 mmol·kg~(-1)柠檬酸处理增加效果最显著,使青葙叶、茎、根及地上部的生物量分别比对照处理增加48.7%、43.3%、78.8%和45.6%;叶、茎及根中的Cd含量较对照处理分别增加75.8%、76.3%和74.6%;地上部Cd积累量增加159%。该处理的青葙地上部Cd积累量为1.03 mg·pot-1,Cd去除率高达21.0%。因此,添加柠檬酸和巨大芽孢杆菌浓度为5 mmol·kg~(-1)和109cfu·kg~(-1)的处理最有利于提高青葙对Cd污染土壤的修复效率。     

两种AMF对巨菌草根际土壤Cd生物可利用性以及Cd积累的影响

利用盆栽巨菌草(Pennisetum sp.)实验,研究了不同土壤镉(Cd)浓度(T0:空白;T1:5 mg·kg~(-1);T2:10 mg·kg~(-1);T3:15 mg·kg~(-1))条件下,接种两种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)[摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,Fm)和根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Ri)]后土壤中Cd的生物有效性、巨菌草生物量、巨菌草Cd积累量等的变化。结果表明:与不施加菌剂(CK)相比,接种AMF显著降低了土壤中Cd的生物可利用性,在5、10、15 mg·kg~(-1)处理下,接种Fm和Ri后可交换态Cd分别降低了18.65%、20.51%、6.53%和12.54%、16.64%、6.66%;在10、15 mg·kg~(-1)处理下,接种Fm和Ri,植物地上部分生物量分别增加了20.98%、36.94%和36.54%、43.88%,地下部分生物量增加了14.31%、21.79%和25.78%、12.83%。接种AMF显著提高了巨菌草对Cd的吸收能力,其中在5 mg·kg~(-1)处理下接种Ri,巨菌草的重金属富集系数(BCF)最高,达到0.77,由于植物地上、地下部分Cd的含量均增加,巨菌草的Cd转移系数(TF)并没有显著变化。     

蜀葵-胶质芽孢杆菌联合修复土壤镉污染

为探究胶质芽孢杆菌对蜀葵修复土壤Cd污染能力的影响,采用盆栽试验,以蜀葵为供试植物,研究了25 mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下施用3、6、9 g·kg^-1的胶质芽孢杆菌对蜀葵生物量、Cd积累量、根际土壤有效态Cd含量和根际土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:25mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下,施用6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌可显著提高蜀葵根、茎生物量(P<0.05),总生物量相比单一Cd处理提高了33.6%~73.2%;施用3、6、9 g·kg^-1的胶质芽孢杆菌,蜀葵整株Cd积累量是单一Cd处理的1.64、2.89、1.69倍,蜀葵根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别上升4.8%、13.1%和8.5%。25 mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下施用胶质芽孢杆菌后,蜀葵根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随施用浓度增加而升高,且处理间差异显著(P<0.05);脱氢酶活性在施用3 g·kg^-1和6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌下活性显著增强(P<0.05);多酚氧化酶活性随施用胶质芽孢杆菌浓度上升而持续减弱且变化显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,25 mg·kg^-1Cd处理下施用6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌可有效提高蜀葵修复土壤Cd污染的能力,蜀葵-胶质芽孢杆菌联合修复土壤Cd污染具有一定应用潜力。     

三种螯合剂对芥菜修复铀镉复合污染土壤的影响

为探讨螯合剂对植物修复的影响,采用模拟土壤铀镉复合污染的盆栽试验,研究3种可降解螯合剂乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)、草酸(OA)和柠檬酸(CA)在不同浓度(0、2.5、5.0、7.5 mmol·kg~(-1))下对芥菜吸收、转运、富集铀和镉的影响。结果表明:芥菜生长受螯合剂种类及浓度的影响,其中EDDS对芥菜有较强的毒害效用,且与浓度呈正效应,而低浓度的(2.5 mmol·kg~(-1))CA、OA均促进芥菜的生长,高浓度(7.5 mmol·kg~(-1))出现抑制;螯合剂促进芥菜对铀和镉的吸收、转运,其中,在7.5 mmol·kg~(-1)CA处理时,芥菜地上部、单株铀含量均达到峰值,分别为9.71、20.63 mg·kg~(-1)DW,是对照的6.03、2.84倍。在5.0 mmol·kg~(-1)EDDS处理时,芥菜地上部、单株镉含量达到峰值,分别为382.2、328.2 mg·kg~(-1)DW,是对照的4.67、2.35倍。在7.5 mmol·kg~(-1)CA处理下,芥菜的铀转运系数最高为0.118,是对照组的2.93倍,而EDDS处理下镉的转运效果较佳。从单株铀、镉富集量来看,CA促进芥菜富集铀的效果最佳,而EDDS促进芥菜富集镉的效果最佳,同时,对铀也有一定效用;此外,CA、EDDS的添加分别增强了土壤中铀镉的有效态含量。综合而言,施加适宜浓度的螯合剂能够提升芥菜对铀镉复合污染土壤的修复效率。     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves of some pear varieties (Pyrus spp.) grown in vitro

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops. A complete protocol for adventitious shoot regeneration was developed from the leaves of four pear varieties grown in vitro: Abbe Fetel, Yali, Packham’s Triumph and Aikansui, and the Chinese rootstock variety Duli. Shoot explants were collected from the field and cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After four weeks, leaf explants of all 5 varieties grown in vitro were excised and cultured in MS media supplemented with 0.0 mg·L⁻¹, 0.2mg·L⁻¹, 0.5 mg·L⁻¹, 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA or with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ). The cultures were maintained in darkness for 21 days for shoot induction in the shoot induction medium (IM), then transferred to the shoot expression medium (EM) in 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ without any auxins and kept in a growth room at (25±2)°C under a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod regime for 8 weeks. Finally, the shoots were transferred to the MS shoot elongation medium (SEM) supplemented with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). A combination of TDZ and NAA had a significant effect on the number of shoot regenerations in all 5 tested varieties. The maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf obtained from Yali variety were 11.8 (P⩽0.001) and 22, followed by Aikansui with 6.6 (P⩽0.001) and 4.6, and Duli with 8 (P⩽0.001) and 12, all arising from the combination of 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ NAA with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ. For Packham’s Triumph and Abbe Fetel, the maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf were 5.6 (P⩽0.001), 4.8 and 8 (P⩽0.001), and 11, respectively, from the combination of NAA (1.0 mg·L⁻¹) and TDZ (2.0 mg·L⁻¹). Abbe Fetel was the only variety which produced significantly higher adventitious shoots from the two different combinations of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.05), and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.01). Some of the most prominent problems associated with shoot proliferation and regeneration were also observed and discussed in this paper.     

镉、铅、锌复合胁迫对滇杨幼苗富集及转运镉的影响

为探究Cd-Pb、Cd-Zn和Cd-Pb-Zn复合污染的交互效应,以滇杨幼苗为研究对象,通过土培盆栽试验对Cd(50 mg·kg^-1)、Pb(500 mg·kg^-1)、Zn(500 mg·kg^-1)单一及复合胁迫下滇杨富集、转运Cd的特征进行深入分析,旨在为滇杨的矿区修复利用提供依据。结果表明：单一及复合胁迫可降低滇杨幼苗株高增长率,提高其地径增长率,其中Cd-Pb-Zn复合胁迫株高增长率降幅最大(24.45%),Cd-Zn复合胁迫地径增长率增幅最高(317.04%),而滇杨生物量仅在Cd-Pb-Zn复合胁迫时显著下降,降幅为30.28%。与单一Cd胁迫相比,Cd-Pb复合胁迫显著增加滇杨茎中Cd含量,Cd-Zn和Cd-Pb-Zn复合胁迫显著降低滇杨各器官Cd含量;单一Cd胁迫下滇杨Cd积累量为0.32 mg·pot^-1,Cd-Pb胁迫未显著改变Cd积累量(0.34 mg·pot^-1),而Cd-Zn(0.14 mg·pot^-1)和Cd-Pb-Zn胁迫(0....     

锰对超富集植物青葙镉积累的影响

为探讨锰对青葙吸收和积累镉的影响,通过水培试验和土培试验两种方式,分别在镉处理为0(对照)、0.6、1、2 mg·L~(-1)和0(对照)、3、5、10 mg·kg~(-1)的条件下,施加100 mg·L~(-1)和500 mg·kg~(-1)的锰研究了锰对青葙吸收和积累镉的影响,并且在土培试验进行的同时监测土壤溶液中的镉含量。结果表明,在水培和土培条件下施加锰对青葙吸收和积累镉的作用不同。在水培条件下,向镉处理组中施加锰可显著抑制青葙对镉的吸收和积累。当镉处理浓度为0.6 mg·L~(-1)时,施加锰使青葙叶片镉含量降低了35.9%。然而,在土培条件下,施加锰显著促进了青葙对镉的吸收和积累。在镉处理浓度为3 mg·kg~(-1)时,锰对青葙镉积累促进作用最强,与未施加锰处理组相比青葙叶片中镉含量增加了352%。土壤溶液中镉含量较低,但锰的施加可显著提高土壤溶液中的镉含量(P0.05)。上述结果表明,尽管镉和锰在青葙中可能存在部分相同的转运和吸收途径,但由于两者在土壤固相与液相之间存在的离子交换作用使得土培和水培实验表现出相反的趋势。     

螯合剂对龙葵修复成都平原Cd污染土壤的影响

在成都平原绵竹地区选取两种污染程度和酸碱性程度不同的土壤,采用盆栽试验研究了两种螯合剂(柠檬酸和EDTA)对龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)修复Cd污染土壤和改变土壤pH的影响。结果表明:随着柠檬酸浓度的增加,Cd含量为1.29 mg·kg~(-1)的高污染土壤(MZT-01)上的植株的生物量均有下降趋势;Cd含量为0.89 mg·kg~(-1)的低污染土壤(MZT-02)上的植株的生物量则有明显的上升趋势,并在5 mmol·kg~(-1)时达到最大。在柠檬酸为5 mmol·kg~(-1)时,龙葵在两种土壤中Cd胁迫下的含量、吸收总量和富集系数均达到最大,植物修复效果最好;浓度为1 mmol·kg~(-1)的EDTA对龙葵产生了毒害作用,吸收效果低于对照组。螯合剂对中性土壤pH影响较大,pH值从6.35降到5.57,而对酸性土壤基本没有影响。     

不同玉米品种对土壤镉富集和转运的差异性

为进一步验证前期筛选出的6个镉(Cadmium, Cd)高、低积累玉米品种对土壤Cd富集和转运的差异性,通过田间试验,研究了6个不同玉米(Zea mays)品种对重金属Cd富集系数(Bio-concentration coefficient, BCF)和转运系数(Transfer coefficient, TF)的差异。结果表明:6个玉米品种在抽丝期和成熟期的根部及地上部生物量、根部、茎叶及籽粒Cd含量、富集系数、积累量和总富集量均存在显著的种间差异(P0.05)。华彩糯3号和广红糯8号的成熟期茎叶Cd含量分别为16.38 mg·kg~(-1)和13.64 mg·kg~(-1),茎叶Cd富集系数分别为7.45和6.20,Cd转运系数分别为1.88和3.02;籽粒Cd含量分别为0.65 mg·kg~(-1)和0.63 mg·kg~(-1),超过了食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2017)和饲料卫生标准(GB 13078—2017)限值。粤彩糯2号、华玉8号和广紫糯6号茎叶富集系数分别为2.07、1.39和1.85,籽粒Cd含量分别为0.19、0.17 mg·kg~(-1)和0.15 mg·kg~(-1),高于GB 2762—2017但低于GB 13078—2017限值。仲糯1号茎叶和籽粒富集系数分别为1.85和0.032,玉米籽粒Cd含量为0.07 mg·kg~(-1),符合GB 2762—2017。华彩糯3号和广红糯8号可作为Cd高富集玉米品种,不可用作粮食或饲料;仲糯1号可作为Cd低累积玉米品种,可用作粮食或饲料。     

EDDS对Cd胁迫下三叶鬼针草生长和抗氧化酶系统及Cd积累的影响

为探讨乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)对镉(Cd)胁迫下三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)生长和抗氧化酶系统及Cd积累的影响,采用盆栽实验,研究了40 mg·kg~(-1)Cd胁迫下,施加0(CK)、0.5、1.5、2.5 mmol·L~(-1)和5.0 mmol·L~(-1)EDDS后三叶鬼针草生长和抗氧化酶活性及Cd积累的变化。结果表明:施加0.5 mmol·L~(-1)和1.5 mmol·L~(-1)的EDDS利于三叶鬼针草幼苗的生长,株高、根长、地上部鲜干重和地下部鲜干重均显著增加;施加0.5、1.5 mmol·L~(-1)和2.5 mmol·L~(-1)EDDS使地下部(根)和地上部(茎和叶混合)组织中Cd含量均显著大于CK,且在1.5 mmol·L~(-1)时Cd积累量达到最大(分别为31.954 mg·kg~(-1)和109.454 mg·kg~(-1)),富集系数和转运系数也达到最大(分别为3.521和3.426);随施加EDDS浓度的升高,植物地下部和地上部组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先增强后降低或持续增强的趋势,说明抗氧化酶系统被启动,以清除胁迫过程中积累的活性氧(ROS),缓解胁迫对植物造成的膜脂过氧化损伤。因此,施加适宜浓度的EDDS可促进三叶鬼针草幼苗的生长,增加三叶鬼针草对Cd的吸收和富集能力,有利于Cd污染土壤的修复,综合考虑螯合剂的成本以及对土壤造成的二次污染,宜选用EDDS的浓度为1.5 mmol·L~(-1)。     

一株溶磷菌对盐地碱蓬修复盐渍土Cd污染的促进效应

为提高盐渍土Cd污染植物修复效率,探讨溶磷菌对盐地碱蓬生长和镉提取效果的影响,采用浸根法收集水培(含2%NaCl)盐地碱蓬的根系分泌物,将其作为唯一碳源培养5株具有Cd活化能力的溶磷菌并依据细菌OD值绘制生长曲线。挑选繁殖速度较快且溶磷和活化Cd能力显著性强(P0.05)的大肠埃希菌(Escherichia)在3个NaCl浓度(0.3、6、12 g·L~(-1))处理下,采用摇瓶实验研究该条件下大肠埃希菌对Ca_3(PO_4)_2和CdCO_3的溶解效应及代谢产物变化。进一步采用Cd平均含量为1.37 mg·kg~(-1)的污灌菜园土,在3个外源NaCl浓度(0、4、8 g·kg~(-1))处理下,利用盆栽实验研究大肠埃希菌对盐地碱蓬修复盐渍土Cd污染的促进效应。结果显示:随盐分增加(0.3、6、12 g·L~(-1)),菌株平均绝对溶磷量(扣除不接菌对照值)分别为80.19、78.79、77.54 mg·L~(-1),平均绝对活化Cd量依次为17.84、17.30、19.73 mg·L~(-1),说明盐分的增加没有阻碍菌株的溶磷功能,且随盐分的增强,可促进Cd的活化。不同盐分下菌株的代谢物组成有明显变化,0.3、6、12 g·L~(-1)盐分处理下菌株分泌的有机酸分别为5、10、13种,分泌的氨基酸分别为4、8、8种。其中缬氨酸的量随盐分增加显著增加(P0.05)。盆栽实验中,4 g·kg~(-1)盐分胁迫下,接菌处理的生物量和根际土壤溶液Cd含量较不接菌对照显著增加(P0.05),Cd总活化量平均增加3.17倍,全量和DTPA提取态Cd富集系数平均提高260%。综上,盐分胁迫下大肠埃希菌可正常生长并促进盐地碱蓬Cd富集。     

珠江河网淡水鱼、虾和河蚬重金属污染特性及安全性评价

为了全面评价珠江河网水产品重金属残留及食用安全风险,对鱼、虾和河蚬重金属的含量进行了检测分析,同时采用单因子污染指数（P_i）、综合污染指数（MPI）和健康风险评价模型对其污染程度、食用致癌和非致癌风险进行了评价。结果表明,水产品中重金属的含量（以鲜质量计）范围（均值）分别为Cr 0.031~0.264（0.131）mg·kg^-1、Ni 0.077~0.742（0.170）mg·kg^-1、Cu 0.199~22.575（2.318）mg·kg^-1、Zn 3.422~36.764（7.939）mg·kg^-1、As 0.112~4.192（0.339）mg·kg^-1、Cd 0.004~1.269（0.095）mg·kg^-1、Hg 0.012~0.048（0.026）mg·kg^-1、Pb 0.028~0.253（0.096）mg·kg^-1。鱼类和虾样品重金属残留均在安全值以内,但河蚬As和Cd残留略超标准值。水产品重金属污染程度评价结果表明,单因子污染指数排序为Cd > As > Pb > Hg > Cr > Zn > Cu。MPI值表明,不同水产品的污染程度依次为贝类（1.038） > 虾类（0.353） > 鱼类（0.101~0.292）。不同水产品重金属残留量的差异主要与它们不同的摄食习性、生活环境和对特定重金属的富集能力有关。健康风险评价结果表明,水产品复合重金属总目标危害系数（TTHQ）的高低顺序依次为河蚬 > 虾 > 鳢 > 鲶鱼 > 鲫鱼 > 翘嘴红鲌 > 鲈鱼 > 麦鲮 > 鲤鱼 > 餐条 > 罗非鱼 > 鲢鱼 > 广东鲂 > 鲮鱼 > 草鱼 > 赤眼鳟 > 鳙鱼。复合重金属TTHQ大于1,其中As的贡献比例最高,平均贡献率为51.7%。研究表明,当地居民若长期食用河蚬存在一定致癌风险。     

铁冬青幼苗对污染土壤中铅、镉的耐受、吸收和累积

【目的】研究铁冬青Ilex rotunda在铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）污染土壤上生长的耐受性及其对Pb、Cd的吸收累积能力,为Pb、Cd污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据。【方法】通过盆栽试验探究单一Pb污染(500、1 000和1 500 mg·kg^-1)和单一Cd污染(10、25和50 mg·kg^-1)对铁冬青幼苗生长、根系形态、养分及Pb或Cd吸收累积的影响。【结果】与对照（无污染土壤）相比,500 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理显著增加铁冬青根生物量和根表面积,500和1 000 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理均显著增加地径和质量指数;1 500 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理显著降低铁冬青生物量、质量指数和全株N累积量,抑制根系生长,但显著提高根、地上部P含量和地上部K含量;Pb污染处理均显著增加铁冬青全株Pb含量以及根、全株Pb累积量,1 500 mg·kg^-1的Pb处理的铁冬青各部位及全株的Pb含量和累积量最大。与对照相比,单一Cd污染对铁冬青生长、根系形态、养分累积...     

木炭施用对镉污染土壤小白菜生长及镉吸收的影响

以镉污染土壤和小白菜为供试对象,采用盆栽试验,研究了木炭在用量分别为5、10、25、50 g·kg~(-1)水平时对土壤理化性质、小白菜生长及吸收镉的影响。结果表明,木炭的施入可改善土壤理化性质,当施用量≥25 g·kg~(-1)时能显著提高土壤pH值;与对照相比,添加木炭的各处理土壤有机质含量、碱解氮含量和有效磷含量等指标均显著增加,土壤速效钾含量在木炭用量为25 g·kg~(-1)时达最大,达显著水平(P0.05)。木炭的施用还促进了小白菜生长,使其地上部生物量、叶绿素含量和根部生物量均呈增加趋势。同时,木炭的添加降低了土壤镉有效性,减少了小白菜对镉的吸收。与对照相比,在木炭用量为5~50 g·kg~(-1)范围内,土壤Ca Cl2提取态镉含量、小白菜地上部镉含量和小白菜根部镉含量的降幅分别为5.05%~20.57%、6.08%~35.98%和5.13%~31.50%,小白菜各部位对镉的富集随处理水平呈递减趋势。研究表明添加适当比例的木炭可以抑制蔬菜对镉的吸收,并改良土壤。     

Mechanism of herbicidal action of the component I from Pythium aphanidermatum

The herbicidal mechanism of the components extracted from Pythium aphanidermatum was examined in this study. Component I was isolated using the HPD500 macroporous adsorption resin and HPLC. Its impact on seed germination and plant growth of weeds was determined and the contents of MDA, superoxide anion radical, and the activities of hills and roots were examined. The root length of weed plants was inhibited under illumination while the stem height was inhibited evidently under darkness. The relative electric conductivity of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus retroflexus under illumination was 94.55 μS·cm⁻¹ and 58.75 μS·cm⁻¹, respectively, whereas that under darkness was 85.25 μS·cm⁻¹ and 36.25 μS·cm⁻¹, respectively. The MDA contents of Digitaria sanguinalis and Chlorella pyrenoidosa were 0.08385 μmol·L⁻¹ and 0.1742 μmol·L⁻¹ under illumination, respectively, while those were 0.0129 μmol·L⁻¹ and 0.01935 μmol·L⁻¹ under darkness, respectively. Simultaneously, superoxide anion radical content was higher under illumination than under darkness. These results showed the photosynthesis was affected by component I extracted from Pythium aphanidermatum.     

香菇中重金属含量风险分析及栽培基质对重金属累积的作用

为探究北京市市场流通中食用香菇重金属含量情况及对人体的健康影响,采集北京市流通领域中107份香菇样品,测定了镉(Cd)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)的含量水平,依据靶标危害系数方法(THQ)评价了香菇通过膳食途径摄入4种重金属的人体健康风险;同时通过栽培基地采样,研究了栽培基质与香菇中重金属含量的相关性。结果显示:采集的香菇样品中重金属Cd、As、Hg、Pb的含量范围分别为ND～0.76、0.01～0.30、ND～0.03、ND～1.79 mg·kg~(-1),Cd和Pb的超标率均为5.6%,而Hg和As未出现超标情况;鲜食与干食香菇的重金属含量没有显著性差异;香菇子实体中Cd、As、Pb含量与基质重金属含量呈现极显著相关,香菇中Cd的富集系数最高,分别是As、Hg、Pb的3.70、5.67、1.63倍;香菇4种重金属的THQ均未超过安全阈值,儿童经香菇途径摄入As的THQ值相对较高,需引起注意。北京市流通领域香菇的主要污染因子是Cd和Pb,栽培基质中的Cd更易被香菇子实体吸收并累积。