糯玉米新品种酒糯4103选育报告

随着鲜食玉米产业的不断发展，甘肃鲜食玉米品种选育相对滞后，为此酒泉市农业科学研究院以自交系Pg-B为母本、自交系15N2为父本组配选育出了鲜食糯玉米一代杂交种酒糯4103。该品种在2017 — 2018年进行的甘肃省鲜食玉米糯玉米组区域试验中，2017年鲜穗平均折合产量为18 166.5 kg/hm2，比对照品种京科糯569增产15.15%；2018年鲜穗平均折合产量19 720.5 kg/hm2，比对照品种白玉糯909增产15.90%。苗期生长势强，成株茎秆粗壮，株型紧凑。株高265 cm，果穗锥型，籽粒白紫色、糯质型。籽粒含粗淀粉(干基)608.3 g/kg、粗蛋白121.4 g/kg，支链淀粉含量为100%，直链淀粉含量为0。鲜穗采收期为101 d，鲜穗采收最佳时期一般在吐丝后26～28 d。品质综合评价评分为85.5分，达到农业农村部颁布的糯玉米二级标准。高抗丝黑穗病和瘤黑粉病。适宜在甘肃省酒泉、张掖、武威、兰州、白银、天水、庆阳、平凉、陇西等地及相似生态区域种植。     

高产高淀粉粮饲兼用型玉米新品种丰玉3号选育报告

为解决甘肃自育优良玉米新品种较匮乏、外引玉米新品种对甘肃的生态条件较难适应且退化严重的问题，张掖市博丰农业科技有限责任公司采用重离子辐照结合分子标记辅助选择等现代育种方法，以自育自交系BT0521为母本、自育自交系0571为父本杂交选育出了高产高淀粉粮饲兼用型玉米新品种丰玉3号。2012 — 2013年参加甘肃省玉米中晚熟高密组新品种区域试验，2 a 10点(次)平均折合产量15 621.0 kg/hm2，较对照品种增产2.7%。其中2012年平均折合产量16 536.0 kg/hm2，较对照品种郑单958增产5.4%；2013年平均折合产量14 706.0 kg/hm2，较对照品种先玉335增产2.3%。2014年参加甘肃省玉米中晚熟高密组新品种生产试验，平均产量为16 122.0 kg/hm2，比对照品种先玉335增产7.8%。丰玉3号在甘肃省张掖市春播生育期132 d，株高273 cm，穗长21.0 cm，穗粗5.2 cm，出籽率88.8%，千粒重347.7 g。容重734.2 g/L。丰玉3号籽粒(干基)含粗淀粉766.0 g/kg、粗蛋白89.7 g/kg、赖氨酸3.1 g/kg、粗脂肪36.9 g/kg，属高淀粉玉米品种。该品种高抗茎基腐病和瘤黑粉病，抗大斑病，中抗丝黑穗病，感矮花叶病和红叶病。适宜在甘肃、新疆及同类生态区种植。     

10个鲜食糯玉米品种比较试验研究

【目的】筛选适合广西南宁地区种植的鲜食糯玉米品种。【方法】对10个糯玉米品种进行比较试验,以“苏玉糯5号”为对照,从生育期、抗病性、田间植株性状、果穗性状及产量等方面进行分析。【结果】密甜糯2号和京科糯768产量分别为1039.5 kg/667 m~2和1029.0 kg/667 m~2,分别比对照增产40.8%和39.3%。同时这2个参试品种在生育期、抗病性、植株性状和果穗性状等方面大部分指标优于对照品种。【结论】密甜糯2号和京科糯768综合性状表现突出,适宜在南宁地区进行推广种植。     

玉米新品种甘玉早803选育报告

甘玉早803玉米新品种是以自选系GZ89为母本、GZ70为父本育成的极早熟玉米杂交种。2016 — 2017年参加甘肃省旱作玉米极早熟品种区域试验,平均折合产量9 093.0 kg/hm2,比对照品种德美亚2号 增产 5.6%。籽粒含粗蛋白99.9 g/kg、粗脂肪52 g/kg、粗淀粉713.3 g/kg、赖氨酸2.6 g/kg、容重794 g/L。属优质玉米,高抗丝黑穗病。可在甘肃极早熟春玉米区推广种植。     

早熟玉米新品种酒166选育报告

酒166是以自选系酒071为母本,以外引系701为父本组配而成的玉米新品种。2014 — 2015年在甘肃省玉米新品种早熟组区域试验中,酒166有9点(次)增产,2点(次)减产;2 a 11点(次)平均折合产量 10 440.0 kg/hm2,较对照品种金穗3号增产10.13%。2016年在甘肃省玉米新品种早熟组生产试验中,酒166平均折合产量9 367.5 kg/hm2,比对照品种金穗3号增产11.4%。酒166籽粒含粗蛋白93.3 g/kg、粗脂肪42.5 g/kg、粗淀粉736.2 g/kg、赖氨酸2.9 g/kg。抗轮枝镰孢穗腐病,中抗禾谷镰孢茎腐病,中抗红叶病。适宜在甘肃省高海拔早熟春玉米区种植。     

玉米品种“连玉糯1号”的选育过程及栽培制种要点

连玉糯1号是连云港市农业科学院以自选自交系LN12为母本、LN22为父本育成的鲜食糯玉米杂交种。2014年上海市糯玉米区域试验平均产量为12 991.5 kg·hm~(-2),比对照申糯2号增产12.2%;2018年江苏省引种备案试验平均产量14 942.33 kg·hm~(-2),比对照苏玉糯5号增产10.9%。该品种为中熟紧凑型鲜食白糯玉米,抗病抗倒强,丰产性好,商品外观性好,鲜食糯性品质好,适宜在上海市、江苏省及周边相同生态区种植。     

中晚熟玉米新品种酒623选育报告

酒623是以外引系6H为母本、自育系酒23为父本选育而成的中晚熟玉米新品种。在2014 — 2015年甘肃省中晚熟高密A组玉米区域试验中,2 a10点(次)平均折合产量16 402.5 kg/hm2,比对照品种先玉335增产6.6%。在2016年甘肃省中晚熟高密A组玉米生产试验中,5点平均折合产量15 406.5 kg/hm2,比对照品种先玉335增产4.6%。酒623抗穗腐病、丝黑穗病和瘤黑粉病,中抗茎基腐病和矮花叶病。籽粒含粗蛋白8.26%、粗脂肪3.61%、粗淀粉74.51%、赖氨酸0.21%。适宜在甘肃省中晚熟水地春玉米区种植。     

中早熟玉米新品种金穗306选育报告

为了给生产上提供早熟玉米品种,促进甘肃玉米产业的可持续发展。白银金穗种业有限公司于2015年以自交系GE247-6205为母本、GEA10-DE4为父本配制杂交组合,经2 a的品比试验、2 a的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体区域试验、1 a的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体生产试验、1 a的生产示范,选育出了抗旱高产中早熟玉米杂交种金穗306。在2018 — 2019年的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体区域试验中,金穗306平均折合产量为11 741.3 kg/hm2,其中2018年平均折合产量为12 666.0 kg/hm2,较对照品种金穗3号增产3.46%;2019年平均折合产量为10 816.50 kg/hm2,较对照品种德美亚3号增产4.02%。在2019年的甘肃省旱作玉米联合体生产试验中,金穗306平均折合产量为11 232.0 kg/hm2,较对照品种德美亚3号增产4.83%。金穗306出苗至成熟118 d,株高295 cm。果穗筒型,籽粒黄色,马齿型,千粒重318 g。籽粒含粗蛋白93.2 g/kg、粗脂肪47.1 g/kg、粗淀粉722.4 g/kg、赖氨酸2.8 g/kg,容重776 g/L。抗禾谷镰孢茎腐病,中抗禾谷镰孢穗腐病,感丝黑穗病,高感大斑病。适宜在甘肃省春玉米区种植。     

“中鲜玉联合体”鲜食玉米品种在遵义市的种植表现分析

在2018年度中鲜玉联合体(中国鲜食玉米联合体)鲜食玉米品种鉴定试验中,鲜穗产量在797.96～1154.22kg/667m2,以斯达糯31产量最低,比渝糯7号(CK)减产10.30%,密花甜糯12号产量最高,比CK增产29.74%;鲜籽粒产量在512.53～739.20 kg/667 m2,京科糯656最高,鲜出籽率在57.89%～72.24%;HS1601、密花甜糯12号、京科糯656、农科糯336、华糯680、黑糯690、斯达糯41等7个续试品种具有株型好、熟期适中、抗病抗倒,品质好,口感适中等特点,适合遵义市及相近生态区种植,建议审定;农科玉368、密甜糯2号、天紫23、京科糯2000H等4个品种,建议进一步试验;斯达糯31鲜穗比对照减产12.89%,果穗小、鲜籽百粒重低,建议终止试验。     

18个适宜甘肃种植的鲜食玉米新品种

介绍了适宜在甘肃省范围内种植的鲜食玉米新品种18个,其中甜玉米品种有SBS903、超甜88、超甜白+黄、先农甜珍、超甜603,糯玉米品种有源糯1号、香甜糯868、天润糯1号、香甜糯9号、富友FNL80、垦白糯2号、紫玉糯839、瑞糯260、金玉糯856、航玉糯8号、甘甜糯3号、甘甜糯1号、白玉糯909。介绍了适宜甘肃应用的鲜食玉米栽培技术。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.