主要贸易国对贝类产品安全卫生控制的化学污染项目和限量规定

我国是世界贝类养殖生产第一大国,2008年我国海水贝类养殖面积达2096．7万公顷,海水贝类养殖产量1008万吨,占海水养殖总产量的75％。主要贝类品种为：牡蛎、扇贝、贻贝、缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤、巴非蛤、泥蚶等,这些品种占贝类总产量的80％以上。     

国内牡蛎养殖现状和今后发展的意见

<正> 牡蛎,又名蚝、海蛎子,是我国重要的海水养殖贝类,主要养殖品种有褶牡蛎、近江牡蛎两种.养殖业集中于福建、广东、台湾三省;浙江也有养殖,数量不多.养殖面积约40万亩,年产量约80万担.1973年发展贻贝养殖之前,其面积与产量在我国海水养殖贝类中始终占第一位,目前产量虽已低于贻贝(约500万担),但其养殖面积仍占首位.     

大力发展牡蛎养殖

牡蛎，南方称蚝，北方叫海蛎子，是我国重要的海水养殖贝类。1973年以前，全国牡蛎养殖面积约40万亩，产量约80万担，养殖面积和产量都占全国贝类养殖的第一位，1983年养殖面积减为37．33万亩，产量71万担，养殖面积仍居贝类养殖首位，产量次于贻贝和缢蛏，退居第三位。     

滩涂贝类池塘健康养殖技术

我国的海水养殖面积和产量均居世界首位。据统计，2002年我国海水养殖产量达1212．84万吨，海水养殖面积134．475万公顷。其中滩涂贝类产量约占我国海水养殖总产量的19％。本文所指滩涂贝类品种主要为缢蛏、菲律宾蛤仔、文蛤、青蛤、蚶类、牡蛎等。池塘养殖滩涂贝类，就是利用沿海滩涂的虾塘、围垦，或筑堤围塘，进行蓄水养殖。其优点是投资少，风险小，效益高，设施和操作简单，受不利环境的影响小。本文着重介绍利用池塘进行缢蛏、蛤类和蚶类的健康养殖技术。     

我国的海水养殖及其病害控制

我国的海水养殖始于20世纪50、60年代，近50年来，走过了藻类养殖、双壳贝类养殖、甲壳类养殖、鱼类养殖的发展过程，目前，海水养殖已成为我国渔业的一个重要组成部分。在称为“海洋世纪”的21世纪，展示在我们面前的将是一个以鱿类养殖为发展重点的海水养殖业，然而，随着海水养殖业的逐步发展，病害问题日益突出，制约着海水养殖业的进一步发展，能否有效地控制病害是关系到海水养殖健康发展的关键之一。本文就此提出了些看法和观点。     

江苏经济贝类养殖概况与对策研究

江苏沿海多为滩涂地带，拥有953.9公里的海岸线，总面积65.8万公顷。其中，潮上带面积26．6万多公顷，潮问带26．5万多公顷，岸外沙洲面积12万多公顷。海岸中部，仍在以每年1000多公顷的速度向海淤进，对于人多地少的江苏更具有特别重要的意义。全省已开发的近10万公顷海水养殖面积中，贝类养殖面积和养殖产量分别占海水养殖总面积和总产量的76.4％和91．4％，使沿海滩涂“变废为宝”，促进了江苏沿海经济的发展。本文就江苏经济贝类的养殖情况进行了归纳。     

我国的海水养殖业与可持续发展的对策

一、海水养殖业的现状我国海水养殖业在解放前几乎是空白的 ,５０年代主要是养殖海带和牡蛎、蛏等一些贝类 ,全国产量很少 ,到１９６０年全国海水养殖产量仅２１．１６万吨。但是 ,９０年代起海水养殖迅速发展 ,１９９０年全国海水养殖产量２８４．２２万吨 ,到１９９５年海水养殖产量达到７２１．９２万吨 ,五年间增长２．５４倍 ,以后逐年有所提高。到１９９８年海水养殖产量达到８６０．０４万吨 ,养殖面积达到１００４．４１公顷。在海水养殖产量中贝类的产量达到７００．２５万吨 ,占总产量的８１．４２ % ,藻类产量１０２．４２万吨 ,…     

我国海水贝类养殖生产区划型管理现状分析及对策研究

我国是贝类生产大国,2008年贝类产量占海水养殖总量的75．2％,达1008．09万吨。贝类增养殖在我国水产养殖业中占有非常重要的地位,贝类产品质量安全状况直接影响到水产品的整体安全水平。     

国内外养殖贝类质量安全管理比对及我国贝类质量安全管理探讨分析

贝类增养殖在我国水产养殖中占有非常重要的地位.2009年我国海水贝类养殖面积达到115.4万公顷,贝类产量1053.05万吨,占海水养殖总量的74.9％.然而,双壳贝类属于滤食性生物,在滤食饵料生物的同时,也会将水中的有害物质摄入体内.日益加剧的环境污染直接影响到养殖贝类的食用安全.近年来,食用贝类造成的中毒事件也时有发生.贝类出口贸易同样受到制约,1997年起欧盟禁止进口我国的贝类和贝类产品,我国的鲜活双壳贝类对美国出口也一直没有打开,十多年的封关对我国的贝类产业造成重大影响.     

贝类养殖三个问题

目前．我国海水养殖贝类多达40余种，产量占海水养殖总产量的83％，面积占海水养殖总面积的61％以上。但有三个突出的问题在困扰着贝类养殖的进一步发展：     

工厂化水产养殖中的水体参数监测和控制

在工厂化水产养殖中,有许多水体参数需要检测和控制。本文对使用物理手段准确控制的参数,即温度,溶解氧,pH值进行研究,说明控制的意义,提出控制方法,并建立组态工程,方便对重要参数进行在线监测和控制。     

调控应激的营养途径

本文分别从能量、蛋白质、氨基酸、矿物质、维生素和添加剂等方面对动物应激的影响进行了阐述,并综述了调控应激的营养途径。     

鱼类循环水养殖中的水质参数自动控制

鱼类循环水养殖是一种工业化的养殖方式,其主要特征是养殖水体的循环利用,这一过程要对养殖水体进行处理,对水质参数进行监测与控制,要涉及物理、化学、生物及控制理论等许多学科的理论与技术。本文列出了循环水养殖水体中影响鱼类生长的各种因子并总结了前人的研究成果,进而提出了一些水质参数的控制方式。其中着重分析了溶解氧、pH值和氨氮的监测与控制方式,为进一步实验研究奠定基础。     

Sex reversal in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) by androgen immersion

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of three androgens applied through immersion treatments on the sex ratio of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fry. In experiment 1, 14 days post‐hatching (DPH) larvae were exposed to a single immersion treatment in 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT), 17α‐methyldihydrotestosterone (MDHT) or 17α‐ethynyltestosterone (ET) at 200, 600 and 1800 μg L^?1 over 4 h (130 larvae per treatment). In experiment 2, Nile tilapia larvae were exposed to the higher androgen concentration (1800 μg L^?1) applied as either a single immersion (14 DPH) or double immersion (10 and 14 DPH) over 4 h (125 larvae per treatment). Change in sex proportion within each experiment as well as between experiments was analysed by the chi‐square test. In experiment 1, MT, MDHT and ET were equally effective in significantly increasing the proportion of males when applied at 1800 μg L^?1 (86.0%, 90.0% and 86.7% respectively). At 200 μg L^?1 none of the androgens altered sex ratio. At 600 μg L^?1, only MDHT slightly, but significantly skewed the sex ratio towards males (73.0%). In experiment 2, a single immersion treatment at 14 DPH (1800 μg L^?1) significantly increased the proportion of males, but at this time the response was significantly hormone dependent (MDHT, 100.0%; MT, 91.6%; ET, 76.9%). When compared with a single immersion, two‐immersion treatments significantly increased the proportion of males in the MT‐treated group (from 91.6% to 98.3%), decreased the proportion of males in the MDHT group (from 100.0% to 93.4%) and had no significant effect the ET‐treated group (change from 76.9% to 82.5%). The overall comparison of the sex ratio among same treatments from different experiments (a single immersion in 1800 μg L^?1) was not significantly different.     

微囊藻化学防治研究综述

综述了在淡水池塘及湖泊中控制蓝藻(主要是微囊藻)大量繁殖的化学方法及化学物质,主要包括工业合成的化学物质和天然化学物质;同时阐述了在室内实验中成功抑制微囊藻生长的例子,指出了目前微囊藻防治存在的问题并展望了该领域的研究发展前景.     

控制河蟹性早熟技术研究

本文通过对比试验的方法,定量地研究了影响河蟹早熟的5种因子,通过控制5种因子,使河蟹性早熟的比例控制在10％以内,取得了较理想的经济效益,同时,分析探讨了影响河蟹性早熟的内、外因子。     

Approaches for controlling sea lice infestation in global salmon farming: What is applicable in Canadian aquaculture industry

ABSTRACT

This article describes the sea lice control methods that are currently applicable to salmon farming in Canada. Three commercial chemical products are approved for use against sea lice in Canada: Slice®, Interox® Paramove® 50, and Calicide®. Physical control methods include photoperiod and cage-depth manipulations, desiccation of farm equipment, and the use of electric fences. Biological control measures include the polyculture of salmon with wrasse or mussel. Nutraceuticals and immunostimulants shown to reduce sea lice infestations in salmon include unmethylated DNA, yeast fermentation extract-Brewer’s yeast compound, AllBrew and NuPro, MacroGard®, and Optimûn®. Salmon farmers are recommended to use site-specific integrated approaches, by properly adapting a combination of chemical, physical, biological, and nutritional measures to the environmental and financial characteristics of their farm. In the future, development of vaccines against sea lice and of salmon lines resistant to sea lice will play a pivotal role in fighting against this parasite.     

Sea Lice Control II

ABSTRACT

Sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, mobile stages were caught using a light trap, in cages holding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and their abundance determined through calculation. Seasonal changes were shown with an increase in abundance as the temperature increased toward the end of the season. Analysis of manual lice-count data indicated variations in lice abundance between cages with and without deployed light traps. Analysis indicated that these variations were in larval presence (P = 0.006) and presence of gravid females (P = 0.015), but not in abundance of in pre-adults (P = 0.172). Cage net condition also affected the abundance and infection intensity of sea lice on Atlantic salmon within aquaculture cages. Abundance of larvae were affected by net condition (P = 0.01), as were abundance of pre-adults on salmon (P = 0.04). The infection intensity of gravid females, however, did not vary with net condition (P = 0.74). Other species of zooplankton such as, American lobster, Homarus americanus, larvae and various Brachi-pod larvae, were also collected with the light trap. The light trap, as presented in this research, could provide an alternate method of lice control in aquaculture cages.     

工厂化水产养殖中的自动控制技术

本文从工厂化水产养殖自动控制系统的组成、自动控制方法、自动控制技术在水质参数检测与调控中的应用等方面,论述了有关研究的技术成果和未来发展趋势。根据水产养殖工业化和自动化发展,以及自动控制技术在水产养殖中的广阔应用前景,指出了发展水产养殖自动化检测和调控精准技术的必要性,提出发展规范化、标准化的水产养殖自动化技术,以推动水产养殖工业化的发展。