应用HACCP体系控制动物源性食品的药物残留

1 HACCP体系在我国应用简介 HACCP体系是一种科学高效、简便合理而专业性很强的食品安全预防性管理体系。二十世纪六十年代起源于美国。我国最早对HACCP体系的报道见于1980年,从九十年代初以来HACCP体系理论逐步被引进。原国家商检局于1990年3月实施了“出口食品安全工程的研究和应用计划”,水产品、禽肉、肉类、低酸罐头等十种仪器被列入计划,250家企业参加了这项计划,从那时起,HACCP的要领就已被大部分企业所接受。经过数十年的研究和推广,出口食品加工企     

乳品企业实施HACCP认证趋势

HACCP是一种科学、高效、简便、合理而又专业性很强的食品安全质量保证体系,近年来被广泛应用于乳品企业.本文介绍了HACCP的有关内容,强调了乳品企业实施HACCP体系的意义,明确提出HACCP体系必将得到最广泛的应用,乳品企业建立HACCP质量管理体系是大势所趋.[编者按]     

HACCP体系与安全猪肉的生产

HACCP是一种保障食品安全的过程控制体系。加拿大、美国、日本等西方发达国家采用HACCP管理体系来生产安全食品,被证明是高度有效的。随着中国加入WTO,加上我国多起肉食品安全事件的接二连三的发生,食品安全已引起社会和政府的高度重视。我国的猪肉产量一直居世界产量的一半以上,但出口量却微乎其微,就其原因,主要还是食品安全存在严重问题。因此,在我国的养猪企业的生产过程中实施HACCP管理体系就显得尤为重要和必要,只有在养猪企业实施HACCP体系,才能从源头上控制危害猪肉食品安全的因素,强化猪肉食品安全生产的链条。养猪企业…     

HACCP助我"破壁"

去年是我国加入WTO后的第一年 ,一些国家启动“技术壁垒” ,屡屡封杀我国农牧产品。在这样的严峻形势下 ,农牧企业建立HACCP体系显得尤为重要。HACCP管理体系被世界各国认可为一个预防性的食品安全监控体系 ,它更新了传统的食品卫生管理观念 ,使食品安全的控制方法更科学、更有效、更经济、更可靠。近30多年来 ,HACCP已经成为国际社会普遍认可和接受的用于确保食品安全的体系。HACCP到底是什么法宝 ,具有如此“神力”?HACCP是英文HazardAnalysesandCriticalControlPoint的缩写 ,其中文全称是“危害分析和关键控制点”体系。它…     

运用HACCP原理控制对虾饲料的质量安全

文中运用HACCP原理对对虾饲料的生产过程进行了危害分析并确定了关键控制点,制定了HACCP计划,建立了监控程序和纠偏措施。文章通过企业的具体应用指出HACCP食品安全控制体系能够提高对虾饲料的安全性,也针对对虾饲料企业应用HACCP体系提出了应注意的问题。     

HACCP计划模式在动物疫病防治体系中的应用

为保证肉类食品安全必须提高动物疫病防治水平,采用世界上先进HACCP计划模式可以在动物的饲养和疫病防治等领域科学管理,有利于全面提高食品安全水平,HACCP在动物疫病防治体系中的应用是一个重要的研究方向,本文分析了HACCP计划模式在疫病防治方面取得的效果并且希望能够在该领域取得创新。     

HACCP管理体系在我国食品企业应用进展

HACCP管理系统被世界各国认可作为一个预防性的食品安全监控系统，文章较系统阐述了HACCP管理体系的内容及其特点，分析了食品企业建立HACCP食品安全管理体系的基础及其有效运行的条件，同时介绍现代食品企业常用的HACCP体系自动控制软件，特别强调现代食品企业建立HACCP管理体系的必要性和现实意义。     

HACCP体系在供港澳冰鲜猪肉生产中的应用

HACCP是一种预防性控制管理体系,通过运用HACCP原理对冰鲜猪肉的各个生产环节进行分析,确定了5个关键控制点:活猪验收、屠宰分割、宰后检验、金属探测、冷却排酸;并制定相应的控制和纠偏措施,最终确定并建立了行之有效的HACCP计划。主要探讨了HACCP体系在供港澳冰鲜猪肉生产过程中的应用,以期通过应用HACCP体系,能够更好地控制供港澳冰鲜猪肉的生产,确保食品安全。     

饲料企业建立和实施HACCP体系应注意的问题

HACCP中文名称为“危害分析与关键控制点”,英文是“HazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoint”,是目前被世界各国食品安全主管当局、科研机构和食品生产企业所公认的,用来控制食品安全危害的一种经济、有效的、科学的全过程预防控制管理体系。饲料作为动物的食品,饲料工业作为整个食物链中的一个重要环节,理所当然地应用HACCP这个先进的管理体系来预防控制潜在的危害,从而生产出卫生安全的动物食品——饲料。虽然HACCP管理体系在食品生产中的应用已十分广泛,但在饲料工业中的应用是近年的事,国内大部分饲料加工企业对HACCP体系了…     

乳制品生产企业HACCP体系的建立及运行

HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)是一种针对食品安全的质量管理体系，已被国际权威机构认可为控制由食品引起的疾病、确保食品安全最有效的方法。本文探讨了在乳品生产企业中HACCP体系的建立及有效运行措施。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。     

Efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in Iraq

Summary Parvaquone was tested in cattle infected withTheileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of Baghdad. Out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between July 1984 and July 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. Twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. Weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramuscular injection at a nominal dose of 20 mg/kg. A single treatment with parvaquone was used in 25 cases and 20 cases were treated twice but there was no correlation between severity of disease and the number of treatments given. Twelve cases (27%) also received antibacterial therapy. All cases were in exotic cattle or cattle born from exotic (imported) cattle and 64% of the cases were in cattle under six months of age. Temperatures dropped immediately after treatment and the majority were normal (below 39.5°C) by two to three days after the first treatment. Of the 45 cases treated 43 recovered. This compares very favourably with a previously reported mortality of 66% in untreated imported cattle in Iraq.

---

Eficacia Del Parvaquone En El Tratamiento De La Theilerosis Natural En Ganado En Iraq

Resumen Se trató ganado infectado conTheileria annulata en forma natural con parvaquone, en clínicas veterinarias localizadas en la vecindad de Baghdad. De 200 casos admitidos con sospecha de theileriosis, entre julio 1984 y julio 1985, la droga se usó en 45 casos confirmados mediante el examen microscópico de frotis de sangre y biopsias de ganglios linfáticos. Veintisiete de los casos se consideraron moderados y 18 casos severos. Se estimaron los pesos de los animales enfermos, suministrandoles parvaquone vía intramuscular en dosis nominales de 20 mg/kg (rango 16–35 mg/kg). Se utilizó un solo tratamiento con parvaquone en 25 casos clínicos, mediante la aplicación de una sola inyección y se aplicaron dos inyecciones en 20 casos (doble tratamiento), sin que se encontrara correlación alguna entre la severidad de la enfermedad, recuperación y número de tratamientos. Doce casos (27%) recibieron también algún tratamiento antibacteriano. Todos los casos de theileriosis se presentaron en ganado exótico o nacido de ganado exótico (importado) y 64% de los casos ocurrieron en ganado bajo los seis meses de edad. La temperatura bajó inmediatamente después del tratamiento, normalizándose dos o tres días después de tratamiento (bajo 39.5°C). De los 45 casos tratados 43 se recuperaron. Se informa una mortalidad previa de 60% en ganado importado no tratado contra theileriosis en Iraq.

---

Efficacite De La Parvaquone Pour Le Traitement De La Theileriose Naturelle Des Bovins En Irak

Résumé La parvaquone a été essayée pour le traitement de bovins infectés parTheileria annulata lorsqu'ils étaient présentés aux cliniques des environs de Bagdad. Sur plus de 200 cas présentés pour suspicion de theilériose entre juillet 1984 et juillet 1985, le médicament a été utilisé dans 45 cas où la theilériose était confirmée par l'examen microscopique du sang et de biopsies de ganglions lymphatiques, 27 cas étaient considérés comme des atteintes modérées et 18 comme des cas graves. Les poids des animaux étaient estimés à l'oeil et la parvaquone administrée par voie intra-musculaire à la dose normale de 20 mg/kg (soit 16 à 35 mg/kg). Un traitement unique à la parvaquone a été pratiqué dans 25 cas et il a du être renouvelé dans 20 cas mais il n'y avait pas corrélation entre la gravité des symptômes et le nombre de traitements requis. Dans 12 cas (27%) une thérapie antibactérienne a également été mise en oeuvre. Tous les malades étaient des animaux importés ou issus d'animaux importés et dans 64% des cas les animaux étaient âgés de moins de 6 mois. Les températures ont chuté immédiatement après le traitement et, pour la plupart, étaient normales (moins de 39°5) deux à trois jours après le traitement—sur 45 animaux traités, 43 ont guéri. Ces résultats apparaissent très favorables par rapport à la mortalité de 66% rapportée antérieurement et affectant les bovins non traités en Irak.