吡啶羧酸铬对高密度应激下肉仔鸡血清脂类的影响

在144只试验肉仔鸡日粮中添加5种水平的吡啶羧酸铬,另设一组对照组,研究吡啶羧酸铬对高密度应激下肉仔鸡血清脂类的影响。结果表明:高密度应激显著提高了血清中总脂、游离脂肪酸和胆固醇含量(P<0.05),而吡啶羧酸铬能有效地提高肉仔鸡的抗应激能力。与对照组相比,添加0.5～1mg/kg吡啶羧酸铬明显缓解由于应激而造成的血清脂类显著变化,其血总脂、游离脂肪酸和胆固醇含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。     

高温时日粮铬水平对肉鸡血液生理生化指标和脂肪代谢的影响

本试验采用５００只２１日龄Ａｒｂｏｒ Ａｃｒｅｓ肉仔鸡，研究高温下日粮吡啶羧酸铬水平对肉鸡血液生理生化指标和脂肪代谢的影响。日粮中添加的吡啶羧酸铬水平分别为０、２００、４００、６００、８００μｇ／ｋｇ。试验期为５周。试验结果表明，高温下日粮添加吡啶羧酸铬可以显著降低８周龄肉鸡腹脂率（３０￣３７％），而对皮脂率无显著影响。是日粮吡羧酸铬水平对肉鸡血清葡萄糖、三碘甲腺原氨酸、甲状腺素无显著影响。８周龄     

硒和铬对蛋鸡脂质代谢及鸡蛋硒含量的影响

本试验旨在研究在蛋鸡日粮中添加酵母硒和吡啶羧酸铬及其互作对蛋鸡生产性能、脂质代谢及鸡蛋品质的影响.选用320只45周龄海赛克斯蛋鸡随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复20只鸡,在基础口粮中分别添加0 mg/kg吡啶羧酸铬(Ⅰ组)、0.4 mg/kg吡啶羧酸铬(Ⅱ组)、0.5 mg/kg酵母硒(Ⅲ组)、0.4 mg/kg吡啶羧酸铬+0.5 mg/kg酵母硒(Ⅳ组),预饲1周,试验从46周龄持续到50周龄,试验期5周(35 d).结果表明,Ⅲ、Ⅳ组产蛋率极显著提高,料蛋比极显著降低(P<0.01).Ⅱ、Ⅳ组血清总胆固醇含量极显著降低(P<0.01),Ⅲ、Ⅳ组血清高密度胆固醇含量极显著升高(P<0.01).Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组蛋黄中的胆固醇含量与Ⅰ组差异极显著(P<0.01).Ⅲ、Ⅳ组与Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比,鸡蛋硒含量极显著升高(P<0.01).Ⅲ、Ⅳ组在试验开始到第2周末鸡蛋硒含量极显著升高(P<0.01),从第2周末到第5周末,硒含量基本稳定,4个组均进入平台期.结果显示,吡啶羧酸铬极显著降低了血清及蛋黄中的胆固醇含量.酵母硒极显著提高了产蛋率,降低了料蛋比,并降低了蛋黄中胆固醇含量,提高了鸡蛋中的硒含量.同时添加吡啶羧酸铬和酵母硒极显著提高了产蛋率,降低了料蛋比,并降低了血清及蛋黄中的胆固醇含量,提高了血清中高密度胆同醇含量和鸡蛋中的硒含量.     

吡啶羧酸铬对育成期笼养蛋鸭生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮铬水平对育成期笼养蛋鸭生长性能、血液生化指标的影响。试验采用单因素完全随机分组设计,选择健康28日龄金定蛋鸭180只,随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸭。对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,试验组(Ⅱ～Ⅴ组)分别在基础饲粮中添加0.15、0.30、0.45、0.60 mg/kg铬(吡啶羧酸铬),试验期6周。结果表明:①在饲粮中添加铬(吡啶羧酸铬)对笼养蛋鸭的日增重影响差异显著(P<0.05),但对采食量和料重比影响差异不显著(P>0.05);②一定量的铬(吡啶羧酸铬)对笼养蛋鸭的血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯产生显著影响(P<0.05),并促进了血清总蛋白、白蛋白的提高,同时显著降低了血清尿素氮的含量(P<0.05)。最终通过二次曲线回归方程对添加量和测定指标结果进行回归分析,得出结论:铬(吡啶羧酸铬)在育成期笼养蛋鸭饲粮中最适宜的添加量为0.297 0～0.422 5 mg/kg。     

吡啶羧酸铬对热应激期奶牛体温、呼吸率、产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验旨在研究奶牛日粮中添加不同梯度的吡啶羧酸铬对热应激期奶牛体温、呼吸率、产奶量和牛乳中铬及乳成分的影响,为吡啶羧酸铬在奶牛热应激期的安全应用提供依据。选择20头荷斯坦泌乳牛,采用单因子区组设计,分为对照组和处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个试验组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在此基础上分别添加吡啶羧酸铬4、8和12mg/(头·d),试验期60d。结果表明,奶牛在热应激状态下,日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬4、8、12mg/(头·d)对牛奶中铬含量影响不显著(P>0.05);对牛奶常规成分(乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、总固形物)无显著影响(P>0.05);添加8、12mg/(头·d)水平的吡啶羧酸铬对减缓奶牛热应激、提高产奶量有显著作用(P<0.05)。     

能量与吡啶羧酸铬的互作效应对肥育猪肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究能量与吡啶羧酸铬的互作效应对肥育猪肉质性状的影响。选择体重60 kg左右,杜×长×大三元杂交肥育猪36头,分为4组,分别饲喂低能日粮、低能+吡啶羧酸铬日粮、高能日粮、高能+吡啶羧酸铬日粮进行试验,对肥育猪背最长肌的肉色、pH值(屠宰后24 h)、大理石花纹、肌内脂肪(intramuscular fatI,MF)含量、剪切力、滴水损失、熟肉率、肌肉糖原含量指标进行测定。结果表明:①能量水平对肉色评分、滴水损失有极显著的影响(P<0.01);②能量水平对肌内脂肪(IMF)有显著影响(P<0.05);③能量水平对pH值、大理石花纹、剪切力、熟肉率、肌糖原含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);④添加吡啶羧酸铬对肉色评分、pH值I、MF、大理石花纹、滴水损失有极显著的影响(P<0.01);⑤添加吡啶羧酸铬对熟肉率、肌糖原含量有显著影响(P<0.05);⑥添加吡啶羧酸铬对剪切力无显著影响(P>0.05);⑦能量与吡啶羧酸铬互作对大理石花纹、熟肉率有显著影响(P<0.05);对其他肉质性状均无显著影响(P>0.05);⑧在低能日粮中添加200μg/kg吡啶羧酸铬,提高了肉色评分p、H值I、MF含量、大理石花纹和熟肉率;并降低了肌糖原含量。综上所述,在育肥后期采用低日粮能量水平并添加200μg/kg吡啶羧酸铬可改善肉质。     

日粮铬水平对肉鸡生长性能、免疫机能及胴体脂肪含量的影响

选用３００只１日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡,研究了日粮中添加不同水平的吡啶羧酸铬对肉鸡的生长性能、免疫机能及胴体品质的影响。日粮添加的吡啶羧酸铬水平分别为０、２００、４００和６００μｇ／ｋｇ。试验期为８周。试验结果表明,０～８周日粮添加６００μｇ／ｋｇ的吡啶羧酸铬时肉鸡生长速度最快,显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。添加吡啶羧酸铬２００～６００μｇ／ｋｇ,对３周龄肉鸡的脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊的发育没有显著影响,对肉鸡血清抗体滴度没有显著影响。吡啶羧酸铬可以降低肉鸡腹脂和肝脂率,对改善胴体品质有益。     

不同形式三价铬对肥育猪胴体组成和脂肪代谢的影响

选择96头体质量约65kg的杜长大三元杂交猪，研究不同三价铬源对肥育猪胴体组成和脂肪代谢的影响。试验猪分成4组，每组3个重复。1组为对照组，饲喂基础饲粮，其余3组为试验组，分别饲喂基础饲粮添加来源于氯化铬、吡啶羧酸铬、纳米铬的含200μg&#183;kg^-1铬试验饲粮，试验期40d。结果表明，与对照组相比，纳米铬提高了猪日增质量和饲料转化效率（P〈0．05）；增加了胴体瘦肉率和眼肌面积（P〈0．05），降低了脂肪率和背膘厚（P〈0．05）。吡啶羧酸铬对胴体脂肪率和眼肌面积也有显著影响（P〈0．05）。纳米铬和吡啶羧酸铬提高了皮下脂肪组织激素敏感脂酶话性、血清总蛋白和游离脂肪酸水平（P〈0．05），降低了血清葡萄糖和胰岛素水平（P〈0．05）。纳米铬还降低了尿素氮、甘油三酯和胆固醇含量（P〈0．05），提高了血清高密度脂蛋白、胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ水平及脂肪酶活性（P〈0．05）。结果提示，三价纳米铬对猪生长和胴体组成的效果优于常规铬源，对机体脂肪代谢有明品的调榨作用。     

日粮补铬对肉仔鸡血清胆固醇及腹脂率的影响

选用400只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分成四组,Ⅰ组喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别于基础日粮中添加100×10-9、200×10-9和300×10-9吡啶羧酸铬(以铬计),试验期42 d.结果表明:补加吡啶羧酸铬可显著降低血清胆固醇浓度(P＜0.05),并可显著降低腹脂率(P＜0.05).     

肉鸡日粮中补铬的研究

选用 40 0只 1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡 ,随机均分为四组 (公母各半 )。Ⅰ组喂基础日粮作对照组 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别于基础日粮中添加 1× 1 0 -4 、2× 1 0 -4 和 3× 1 0 -4 吡啶羧酸铬(以铬计 ) ,试验期 42天。结果表明 :日粮补铬对生产性能和屠宰率无显著影响 (P >0 0 5 ) ;补铬可显著降低腹脂率和血清中胆固醇的含量 (P <0 0 5 ) ;补铬可显著提高胸肌率 (P <0 0 5 )。     

Efficacy of chromium picolinate on performance and tissue accretion in pigs with different lean gain potential.

We conducted two experiments to determine whether the efficacy of chromium picolinate (CrP) on growth performance, carcass composition, and tissue accretion rates is dependent on the lean gain potential of the pigs. In Exp. 1, 40 barrows (20 from each of two genetic backgrounds; two pigs per pen, five pens per treatment) were fed a fortified, corn-soybean meal basal diet (.95% lysine from 19 to 55 kg BW; .80% lysine from 55 to 109 kg BW) without or with 200 microg/kg of Cr from CrP. The addition of Cr had no effect on performance, carcass measurements, or accretion rates of carcass protein or lipid, regardless of the lean gain potential of the pigs. In Exp. 2, 60 group-penned pigs (three pigs per pen; five pens per treatment) were fed a fortified, corn-soybean meal basal diet without or with 200 microg/kg of Cr from CrP from 21 to 104 kg BW. Within the dietary Cr treatments, half of the pigs received daily injections of 3 mg of porcine somatotropin (pST) from 54 to 104 kg BW. The pST administration resulted in faster growth rates (P < .007), improved feed efficiency (P < .001), increased longissimus area (P < .001), and decreased 10th-rib backfat (P < .001). Administration of pST also increased the percentage and accretion rate of carcass protein (P < .001) and decreased the percentage and accretion rate of carcass lipid (P < .001). The addition of CrP to the diet had no effect on any variable measured in either the untreated or pST-treated pigs. In these studies, Cr was ineffective at altering the composition of the carcass and its effects were not dependent on the pig's potential for lean gain.     

半胱胺、有机铬和蛋氨酸羟基类似物对水牛泌乳性能及血清生理生化指标的影响

选择8头健康产奶水牛, 按产犊时间、胎次及产奶量相近的原则随机分成4组。采用4×4拉丁方设计, 试验分4期, 4个日粮处理组分别为对照组、半胱胺(CS) 处理组(10mg/d·kg体重)、有机铬(CrP) 处理组(0 8mg/kg精料) 及蛋氨酸羟基类似物(MHA) 处理组(35g/d·头), 研究CS、CrP和MHA对水牛产奶量、乳成分及血液生理生化指标的影响。试验结果表明: (1 ) CS、CrP和MHA组的产奶量分别比对照组提高3 89%、6 80%、5 90%, 但统计上差异不显著(P>0 05)。(2) CS和CrP组的乳总干物质比对照组稍低, 但MHA组的乳总干物质比对照组提高了2 25% (P>0 05); CS组乳中乳蛋白比对照组稍低, 而CrP和MHA组乳中乳蛋白分别比对照组提高1 29%和1 55% (P>0 05 );CS和CrP组乳中乳脂率分别下降4 08%和3 55% (P>0 05); 而MHA组乳脂率提高了8 17% (P>0 05)。(3) CS、CrP和MHA组血清总蛋白分别比对照组下降2 80%、11 22%和0 82% (P>0 05); CS和CrP组血清甘油三酯分别提高16 67%和11 11% (P>0 05 ); 三个处理组血清中无机离子(钾、钠、氯、钙、磷) 的含量与对照组无显著差异(P>0 05 )。(4 ) CS、CrP和MHA对血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 活性无显著影响(P>0 05); MHA组血清胰岛素(INS) 显著提高22 33% (P<0 05),     

Influence of dietary L-carnitine and chromium picolinate on blood hormones and metabolites of gestating sows fed one meal per day

Gestating sows (n = 44; parity = 2.0; BW = 208 kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary L-carnitine and Cr picolinate (CrP) on daily blood hormone and metabolite profiles. Diets were formulated as a 2 x 2 factorial with L-carnitine (0 or 50 ppm) and CrP (0 or 200 ppb) and were fed from breeding through gestation, lactation, and 28 d into the subsequent gestation, at which time blood collection occurred. Sows were fed 1 meal per day during gestation (2.04 kg from breeding until d 100 and 2.95 kg from d 100 until farrowing) and ad libitum during lactation. Sows were fitted with indwelling venous catheters, and blood (plasma) was collected at feeding, then once every 15 min for the first 3 h after feeding, and at 6, 9, 15, 20, and 24 h after feeding. Postfeeding and overall insulin and connecting peptide of insulin (c-peptide) was decreased for sows fed diets with CrP or L-carnitine and was greatest for sows fed the control diet; however, sows fed both L-carnitine and CrP had an intermediate response (L-carnitine x CrP, P < 0.01). Postfeeding glucose peak was decreased (P < 0.05) in sows fed diets with L-carnitine, CrP, or both, vs. the control, and mean glucose concentration was decreased (P < 0.01) for sows fed diets with CrP. L-Carnitine decreased (P < 0.04) the NEFA concentration. Sows fed diets with CrP exhibited increased (P < 0.03) postfeeding and overall NEFA and greater (P < 0.02) fasting and overall glycerol. Overall plasma urea N was lowest for sows fed the diet with L-carnitine; however, diets containing CrP had intermediate responses compared with the control (L-carnitine x CrP, P < 0.005). Sows fed diets with L-carnitine had greater (P < 0.008) IGF-I from 3 to 24 h after feeding and tended to exhibit greater (P < 0.06) overall IGFBP-3. Sows fed the diets with CrP had greater (P < 0.05) IGFBP-3 from 2 to 20 h after feeding. No differences were observed for glucagon or triacylglycerol (P > 0.10). The changes in metabolites and metabolic hormones indicate that both L-carnitine and CrP influence energy metabolism of gestating sows; however, their effects on blood hormones and metabolites differ. Thus, the improvement in energy status from adding both L-carnitine and CrP may have an additive effect on reproductive performance of sows.     

Passive immunization in neonatal piglets in natural rearing--effects of birth order, birth weight, litter size and parity

603 neonatal piglets (German Landrace) were investigated for passive immunization affected by birth order, birth weight, litter size and parity. Concentrations of immunoglobulins in the blood serum of piglets on the first day of life served as measure for passive immunization. Blood samples were drawn at 12, 18 and 24 hours post partum. Quantitative measurements of immunoglobulin classes were carried out by radial immunodiffusion. There was a significant effect of birth order, because of the rapid changes in colostrum composition between onset of birth and the last piglet of each litter. The effect of birth weight was only partly significant and different for the immunoglobulin classes. There was no significant effect of litter size on passive immunization. Parity had a significant positive effect on IgG- and IgA-concentrations in sow's colostrum with litter two to six, parity 1 and 2 lead to highest IgM concentrations in the blood serum of piglets.     

影响哺乳期羔羊生长的母羊因素分析

为探索母羊因素对哺乳期云上黑山羊羔羊生长发育的影响,根据母羊体重、胎次分别选取云上黑山羊初生羔羊90只和120只,公、母各半,从出生开始直至90日龄断奶,每10天进行1次体重测定,进行生长发育分析。结果表明:(1)母羊产后体重对羔羊初生重、哺乳期体重具有显著影响(P<0.05)。母羔中,38~45 kg母羊组和48~62 kg母羊组的羔羊初生重、平均日增重均显著高于28~35 kg母羊组(P<0.05)。公羔中,38~45 kg母羊组的羔羊初生重显著高于其他两组羔羊(P<0.05),48~62 kg母羊组其羔羊平均日增重显著高于其他两组羔羊(P<0.05)。(2)母羊胎次对母羔初生重没有显著影响,但对母羔哺乳期体重均有显著影响(P<0.05),母羔中,3胎、4胎母羊组的羔羊平均日增重均显著高于1胎和2胎母羊组;母羊胎次对公羔的影响不显著。说明母羊产后体重显著影响羔羊胎儿期和哺乳期的生长发育,合适的母羊体重可以为羔羊提供充足的营养;母羊胎次仅对哺乳期母羔具有显著影响,母羊的母性行为随胎次的增加而完善。     

Genome‐wide association study for carcass traits,fatty acid composition,chemical composition,sugar, and the effects of related candidate genes in Japanese Black cattle

We performed a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and candidate gene analysis to: (i) evaluate the effectiveness of the GWAS in our small population by performing GWAS for carcass weight (CW) and fatty acid composition; (ii) detect novel candidate regions affecting non‐CW carcass traits, chemical composition and sugar; and (iii) evaluate the association of the candidate genes previously detected in CW and fatty acid composition with other economically important traits. A total of 574 Japanese Black cattle and 40 657 Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used. In addition, candidate gene analyses were performed to evaluate the association of three CW‐related genes and two fatty acid‐related genes with carcass traits, fatty acid composition, chemical composition and sugar. The significant regions with the candidate genes were detected for CW and fatty acid composition, and these results showed that a significant region would be detectable despite the small sample size. The novel candidate regions were detected on BTA23 for crude protein and on BTA19 for fructose. CW‐related genes associated with the rib‐eye area and fatty acid composition were identified, and fatty acid‐related genes had no relationship with other traits. Moreover, the favorable allele of CW‐related genes had an unfavorable effect on fatty acid composition.     

日粮能量水平对肉兔屠宰性能和肉品品质的影响

以新西兰白兔为试验对象,研究5种能量水平对3月龄肉兔屠宰性能和肉品品质的影响。结果表明:能量水平对肉兔的屠宰率影响不显著(P>0.05),对屠体重、全净膛和眼肌面积影响显著(P<0.05),对肝重影响极显著(P<0.01)。5组兔肉物理性状和兔肉中蛋白质、灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05),水分、脂肪含量差异显著(P<0.05),其中脂肪含量有随日粮能量浓度升高而增多的趋势。     

鱼油与硒对饲喂亚麻籽日粮绵羊体组织脂肪酸组成及抗氧化的影响

研究0.33%鱼油与2mg/kgDM的有机硒对饲喂亚麻籽日粮的绵羊体组织脂肪酸组成及抗氧化功能的影响。初步探讨在绵羊日粮中添加亚麻籽提高体组织CLA含量的同时,再添加鱼油和硒是否能进一步提高CLA含量。选用体重相近,健康的杂交一代公羔羊16只,随机分为4组。4组日粮为对照组LD组(基础日粮+10%亚麻籽),LF组(基础日粮+0.33%鱼油+9.17%亚麻籽,其中0.33%鱼油+9.17%亚麻籽所含脂肪与10%亚麻籽脂肪含量相等),LDSe组(基础日粮+10%亚麻籽+2mg Se/kgDM);LFSe组(基础日粮+0.33%鱼油+9.17%亚麻籽+2mgSe/kg DM),硒以有机硒的形式添加。结果表明:硒的添加对绵羊血浆抗氧化功能无显著影响(P<0.05),可能是受基础日粮硒浓度的影响;亚麻籽日粮中添加0.33%鱼油提高了绵羊体组织cis-9,trans-11-CLA和trans-11-C18:1含量。亚麻籽日粮中添加2mg Se/kg DM的有机硒对绵羊体组织脂肪酸组成没有显著影响。鱼油与有机硒的添加对绵羊不同组织△9-脱氢酶活性各组间影响差异不显著。由此表明,日粮中联合添加亚麻籽+鱼油以提高组织CLA含量的效果优于单独添加亚麻籽。     

不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响

选择年龄、体重基本一致,生长发育正常的健康獭兔种母兔24只,随机分成对照组以及A、B、c3个试验组,每组6只,对照组饲喂养殖场现有日粮（蛋白水平为15％）,试验组分别饲喂蛋白质水平为16％、18％、20％的日粮,研究不同蛋白质水平对獭兔繁殖性能的影响。结果表明。不同营养水平对窝产仔数、初生窝重没有明显影响,各组差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但对泌乳力、断奶窝重、断奶个体重等有明显影响。B组的泌乳力、断奶窝重与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0．05）,分别比对照组提高47．6％和1573．42g;断奶个体重,A组和B组均显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,比对照组分别高30．9％和47．4％,B组显著高于A组（P〈0．05）,比A组高12．6％,C组与对照组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;各组断奶成活数、成活率差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

Alteration of body composition in rats: effect of organic chromium and L-carnitine

A growth trial was carried out to test the effect of organic, trivalent chromium and L-carnitine on the body composition of growing rats. At the same time, an evaluation of different measurement methods (weight of epididymal fat pad, adipocyte morphometry, total body electrical conductivity) was performed. Outbred Wistar rats of 30 days of age were fed diets of different (0, 10 and 20%) protein level. The diets were supplemented with 4 mg/kg Cr as chromium nicotinate, and 100 mg/kg L-carnitine. The experimental feeding lasted 15 days, after a 5-day-long adjustment period. It was found that Cr addition increased feed intake. Both treatments caused changes in body composition, increasing fat and protein deposition. Organic chromium had no effect at either protein level, while L-carnitine improved the protein retention only at an optimum (20%) protein supply. No statistically significant correlation was found between total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) and body composition, which could be attributed to the great individual differences. A close correlation was found among total body fat percentage, weight of epididymal fat pad and the adipocyte surface. The data suggest that there is an interaction between dietary protein supply and the effect of repartitioning agents.