三峡库区坡耕地植物篱对土壤特性的影响研究

植物篱在减少坡耕地径流、控制土壤侵蚀和降低非点源污染方面具有重要的作用。采用中国科学院万州典型区生态环境监测重点站监测的三峡库区坡耕地皇竹草植物篱小区和对照小区连续6年的监测资料,研究了坡耕地皇竹草植物篱对土壤特性的影响,结果表明植物篱能有效地改善坡耕地土壤结构、提高土壤养分含量。植物篱的实施有利于三峡库区坡耕地的可持续利用。     

等高植物篱控制紫色土坡耕地侵蚀的特点

应用等高植物篱能在较低投入下有效控制坡地土壤侵蚀和养分流失。三峡库区紫色土 2 5°坡地的大雨强模拟降雨实验表明 ,香根草等高植物篱能减少相当于对照坡耕地的 82 .2 %的侵蚀量 ( 1 997年 1 1月 ) ,通过施肥促进植物篱生长密闭能进一步提高对流失土壤的拦截效率 ,效果不逊于带间覆盖。经过 31个月的侵蚀过程 ,各植物篱小区最明显的坡形变化是篱带处及其前部堆淤成接近水平的淤积带。由于植物篱的阻滞和坡形的变缓 ,径流和表土作用的时间延长 ,由径流携带的养分损失成为坡面养分流失的重要途径 ,控制径流损失是控制养分流失的重要方式之一 ,同时也有助于减少坡面侵蚀     

植物篱对石灰土坡耕地理化性质及磷素流失的影响

在三峡库区香溪河流域典型石灰土坡耕地通过修建标准径流小区,设置栀子花(灌木)和黑麦草(草本)植物篱,研究不同类型植物篱对石灰土坡耕地耕层土壤理化性质及磷素流失特征的影响。结果表明:植物篱系统可有效的增加土壤耕层细颗粒含量和减小土壤容重,从而改善土壤分形特征,增强土壤疏通性及含水量,达到增大石灰土坡耕地土壤抗蚀性指数和防治土壤养分流失的目的;2种类型植物篱在不同深度耕层、植物篱带内和带间对石灰土坡耕地理化性质及磷素流失的影响表现出一定的差异性,但总体上差异不显著;土壤耕层黏粒含量与土壤中Ca_8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P和Ca_(10)-P的含量均达到了极显著正相关(r=0.772,0.805,0.603,0.682,0.738),土壤容重与土壤黏粒含量存在显著的负相关关系(r=-0.648),表明植物篱系统是通过对土壤黏粒的有效阻滞和富集,从而减小石灰性土壤容重和磷素的流失,实现改善石灰土坡耕地土壤理化性质和防治农业面源污染的效果。     

三峡库区植物篱对土壤理化性质及抗蚀性的影响

三峡库区坡耕地水土流失严重,已经威胁到库区生态环境及库区安全。利用长期定位小区试验,通过对2种植物篱及对照处理的对比分析,研究不同植物篱对坡耕地土壤理化性质及土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：黄荆和紫背天葵2种植物篱处理在不同程度上均改良了土壤物理性质,不同位置土壤养分指标表现为带内最高,带间最低,带上和带下介于两者之间。对照处理土壤养分指标均表现为从坡顶向坡脚逐渐富积的特点。不同植物篱带内土壤抗蚀性的强弱分别为：黄荆（79.2%）〉紫背天葵（15.3%）〉CK（8.7%）,除了砂粒、粉粒和粘粒含量外,植物篱带内土壤抗蚀指数与其他土壤理化性质间均具有显著或极显著的相关性。植物篱带内土壤抗蚀指数随着土粒浸水时间的增加而减小,两者呈三次多项式函数关系。2种植物篱处理中黄荆改良土壤理化性质、减轻土壤侵蚀的效果优于紫背天葵。     

等高固氮植物篱技术在坡耕地可持续耕作中的应用

等高固氮植物篱技术是利用固氮植物能够固氮、生长快和具多用途的特点，在坡耕地上建立高密度植物篱。通过枝叶还田及腐根和枯枝落叶，有改善土壤肥力、团粒结构及水分渗透率，加上植物篱的机械阻档，联系人针表径流50％－70％，减少土壤侵蚀97％－99％，土壤全氮含量增加65％－103％，有机质含量增加达25％－35％，农作物增产达 30％－60％。该技术具有投入低、操作简便、实用性强、效果显著、效益多样的特点。该技术综合地解决了山区坡耕地水土保持和土壤培肥的问题和用地、养地的矛盾，可实现坡耕地的可持续耕作利用，值得在我国山区大力推广。     

不同农艺措施对坡耕地水土及氮磷流失的控制

研究了丹江口水库水源涵养地小流域植物篱和4种农艺措施相结合对坡耕地水土和氮磷养分流失的拦截效果.结果表明:平衡施肥、间作和垄作对坡耕地均能不同程度地截留土壤和氮磷,其中,分别减少氮素和磷素流失31.22×10~(-2)～40.05×10~(-2)kg/hm~2和0.03×10~(-2)～1.04×10~(-2)kg/hm~2;植物篱小区地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量较对照分别减少了31.3%和53.9%.上述措施对小流域养分、水土流失都起到了很好的防控作用.     

辽西坡耕地不同植物篱对水土流失及土壤养分空间分布的影响

在辽西大凌河中游陈杖子小流域坡耕地上,通过小区试验研究了紫穗槐、紫花苜蓿和金银花3种植物篱的水土保持效果和对土壤养分空间分布的影响。研究结果表明,3种植物篱拦蓄径流率为47.11%~50.21%,拦沙率为73.37%~75.58%。植物篱上下5m范围内土壤黏粒和粉粒含量增加,砂粒含量减少,土壤全N含量比对照坡耕地分别增加16.71%、20.52%、15.55%;全P含量比对照坡耕地分别增加11.05%、18.07%、8.77%;全K含量比对照坡耕地分别增加6.37%、2.34%、2.53%;植物篱对土壤养分的空间分布影响在篱带上下5m范围内,超过上下5m范围变化不明显。     

植物篱技术及其生态效益研究进展

植物篱模式是实现山区农业可持续发展的一项适宜模式和种植技术,是一种坡地改良和可持续利用的生物工程措施。植物篱在控制土壤流失、增加土壤肥力、改善土壤物理性质和控制面源污染等方面具有显著的生态效益。本文在对目前国内外植物篱技术研究推广现状分析的基础上,对植物篱在土壤侵蚀控制、地表径流削减、土壤养分增加、土壤物理性质改善和面源污染控制等方面的生态效益和机理进行了分析,并探讨了植物篱技术应用和研究方面的不足和今后研究的重点领域,以期为我国坡耕地的可持续利用提供一些借鉴和参考。     

麦冬与黄花菜在南方丘陵山区坡耕地保育土壤作用研究

为筛选出适宜于控制南方丘陵山区坡地水土流失的植物篱种类及其种植模式,在这些地区选择麦冬、黄花菜两种植物篱,研究不同的种植模式对坡耕地土壤营养保育的影响。结果表明:麦冬双行处理方式下土壤的全氮的含量远远高于其它植物篱处理方式。麦冬单行和麦冬双行植物篱处理方式下,土壤的碱解氮含量比较高,黄花菜处理方式下土壤碱解氮含量较少。麦冬处理方式的土壤保育效果比黄花菜处理方式要好,麦冬双行比麦冬单行的土壤保育效果好。麦冬可以有效减少土壤和泥沙中营养元素的流失。有植物篱的处理方式减少泥沙流失效果显著,麦冬双行的水土保持效果好。     

不同植物篱对紫色土区坡耕地表层土壤理化性质的影响

为探究植物篱措施对坡耕地表层土壤理化性质的作用,基于遂宁水土保持试验站长期定位观测数据,结合野外采样和室内分析,对比分析了香根草和新银合欢植物篱定植3a后径流小区表层土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明:植物篱小区表层土壤砂粒含量是对照组的49%~92%,0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量是对照组的110%~119%,表明植物篱能够改善土壤表层的颗粒组成和团聚体含量,且10°小区较15°小区变化更为显著。植物篱小区表层土壤总孔隙度为50.2%~53.2%,空白对照组总孔隙度为45.5%~48.5%;非毛管孔隙度要显著高于对照组,而毛管孔隙度低于对照组;和对照组相比,植物篱小区表层土壤SOC及TN含量显著增加,土壤TP及TK含量显著减少,15°坡耕地及植物篱上侧较显著。植物篱措施能够显著增加土壤表层的SOC和TN含量,土壤TP和TK含量略有减少,故植物篱小区应适当增加磷钾养分的补充。总体来看,植物篱对坡耕地表层土壤颗粒组成和团聚体的作用大于养分,能显著改善土壤物理结构,其中香根草植物篱对土壤物理结构的改善作用强于新银合欢植物篱。在今后对植物篱措施的应用过程中,应采取相应措施保持土壤结构的稳定性和养分平衡。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.