向日葵黄萎病病原菌轮枝菌的多重DPO-PCR检测方法

为建立可同时快速检测引起向日葵黄萎病害的2种检疫性病原菌大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb.和黑白轮枝菌V.albo-atrum Reinke et Berthold的方法,根据2种病原菌的β-tubulin基因分别设计特异性DPO引物,建立多重DPO-PCR检测方法,并对其特异性和灵敏度进行评价。结果表明,所设计的DPO引物特异性强,仅大丽轮枝菌和黑白轮枝菌可分别扩增出225 bp与151 bp的特异性条带,其它向日葵病害的7种病原菌及阴性对照均无目的条带;反应体系中引物终浓度为0.2μmol/L、退火温度为60℃时,30个扩增循环的检测灵敏度均可达0.05 ng菌丝DNA量;在45~65℃退火温度范围内均可高效扩增靶基因片段,表明该方法退火温度范围宽。所建立的检测方法能够准确、高效地检测引起向日葵黄萎病的大丽轮枝菌和黑白轮枝菌,可用于向日葵种子带菌筛查及田间病害诊断检测。     

土壤大丽轮枝菌微菌核的快速定量检测

 微菌核是大丽轮枝菌在土壤中的主要存活结构和黄萎病的初侵染来源。对土壤中大丽轮枝菌微菌核进行定量是黄萎病监测和预警的基础。本研究以大丽轮枝菌Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)区特异性引物对P1/P2扩增产物的重组质粒为标准品,构建SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR反应的标准曲线,结合土样水筛法建立了土壤大丽轮枝菌微菌核定量检测体系。同时,建立了土壤中微菌核数量与棉花黄萎病发病率的关系模型。结果表明,实时定量PCR检测灵敏度比常规PCR高10倍,检测下限为1个微菌核/克土,在5.54×10²～5.54×10⁷copies范围内,DNA拷贝数的对数值与Ct值具有良好的线性关系。建立的土壤中微菌核个数n与Ct值之间的关系为n=e^7.3-Ct/3.905。温室人工接种微菌核数量与棉花黄萎病发病率间的线性关系为y=2.710n+0.251。     

大丽轮枝菌核糖体基因ITS区段的特异扩增

 根据棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)核糖体基因ITS区段的碱基编码序列,设计合成了1对为26 bp的PCR特异扩增引物(引物1:5'CATCAGTCTCTCTGTTTATACCAACG,和引物2:3'CGATGCGAGCTGTAACTACTACGCAA),进行了大丽轮枝病菌PCR特异扩增试验。试验结果表明:本试验设计合成的这对引物,能对大丽轮枝菌全基因组DNA和人工接种棉花黄萎病病株组织特异地扩增到大丽轮枝菌核糖体基因ITS区段的324 bp分子片段,该对引物可用于棉花黄萎病的分子鉴定和分子监测。本试验结果对棉花黄萎病的早期诊断和病原菌的检测和监测有潜在的应用价值。     

环介导等温扩增技术检测大丽轮枝菌

 本研究基于环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP),通过比对分析大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)与其相近种不同靶标序列间的差异,选取Gpd(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶)基因作为靶标基因,设计并筛选了四条特异性强、灵敏度高的LAMP引物和两条环引物,建立了一种基于颜色判定的简单、快速和灵敏的大丽轮枝菌的检测方法,并进行了特异性、灵敏度实验及田间发病组织的检测。该方法在62 ℃等温条件下进行核酸扩增反应70 min,扩增前加入染料HNB(羟基萘酚蓝),反应后根据染料颜色变化判定扩增结果。特异性试验中,仅含有大丽轮枝菌菌株DNA的反应管扩增后呈天蓝色的阳性反应,而其他供试菌株均呈紫色的阴性反应。该方法的最低检测限为100 pg·μL^-1,在土壤中检测的灵敏度为10个孢子/0.25g土壤。该技术能够检测出棉花发病组织中的目标菌,对采自江苏和山东的24份疑似病害样本进行检测,11份为阳性。该方法的建立为大丽轮枝菌的检测及其所致病害的诊断提供了新的技术。     

甜菜黄萎病病原菌（Gibellulopsis nigrescens）的快速分子检测

甜菜黄萎病是由变黑轮枝菌(Gibellulopsis nigrescens)引起的一种土传真菌病害。快速、准确地检测出变黑轮枝菌(G. nigrescens),对该病害的监测以及防治十分必要。根据变黑轮枝菌(G. nigrescens)的内转录间隔区,设计了一对引物GNS-F/GNS-R并验证该对引物的特异性和灵敏度。结果表明,该对引物仅能从变黑轮枝菌(G. nigrescens)的DNA中扩增出唯一条带,而其他供试菌株的DNA及阴性对照中未扩增出任何条带,片段长度为502 bp;引物的检测灵敏度为1×10~(-3) ng/μL。该病原菌也可在人工接种的发病组织及土壤中被检测到,且土壤中分生孢子的检测阈值为1×10~4cfu/g。基于该引物建立的常规PCR检测体系适用于甜菜黄萎病的快速检测,可为该病害早期诊断及药剂防治提供参考依据。     

应用聚合酶链式反应鉴定新疆棉花落叶型黄萎病菌

用一对棉花落叶型黄萎病菌的特异性引物D1和D2进行PCR扩增,对于落叶型黄萎病菌,该对引物可特异性地扩增产生一段550bp的产物,而非落叶型黄萎病菌则不能被扩增.供试的35个新疆黄萎菌系中,有3个菌系扩增出550bp大小的落叶型黄萎病菌特异性片段,表明目前新疆已存在落叶型黄萎病菌,用此技术可快速、准确地检疫和鉴定落叶型黄萎病菌.     

长孢轮枝菌Taq〖KG-*4〗Man-MGB探针实时荧光PCR快速检测方法

长孢轮枝菌是一种在我国局部地区新近出现且危害性极大的植物病原真菌?根据长孢轮枝菌及其近似种的actin序列差异, 设计并合成特异性引物和探针, 建立了长孢轮枝菌的实时荧光PCR检测方法?特异性试验结果表明, 该检测方法能特异性检测长孢轮枝菌; 灵敏度试验结果表明, 最低检测限量为10 μL反应体系中总DNA含量10 pg; 实时荧光PCR优化反应条件为引物终浓度0.8 μmol/L, 探针终浓度0.8 μmol/L, 优化后的整个反应过程约1 h?实际样品检测结果表明, 该方法可用于疑似受长孢轮枝菌侵染的萝卜样品检测与初筛?此方法快速?灵敏, 检测过程完全闭管, 无需PCR后续处理, 为早期快速检测长孢轮枝菌提供了重要参考?     

红掌胶胞炭疽菌的分子检测

 胶胞炭疽菌是引起红掌炭疽病的病原菌。根据GenBank中炭疽属不同种的ITS序列差异,设计了胶胞炭疽菌的特异性引物E1/E2,由此建立的PCR检测体系可以从38个胶胞炭疽菌菌株中扩增得到329 bp的特异性条带,而扩增其它近似或相关菌株时没有相应的特异性条带。该检测体系对胶胞炭疽菌基因组DNA的扩增灵敏度达到10 pg。将引物E1/E2与ITS区通用引物进行套式PCR扩增后,检测灵敏度至少提高10 000倍。当土中胶胞炭疽菌分生孢子达到200个/g土时可检测出。进一步利用此检测体系对携带病原菌的灌溉水、发病组织进行检测,均能快速稳定地检测出病原菌。     

基质中添加西兰花残体对大丽轮枝菌GFP标记菌株在棉花体内扩展的影响

 由大丽轮枝菌引起的棉花黄萎病是一种难以防治的土传病害,西兰花残体还对其有一定的防治作用,防效为62.82%。为解析西兰花残体对棉花黄萎病的防治机制,本研究通过土壤杆菌转化的方法构建了大丽轮枝菌的绿色荧光标记菌株,采用共聚焦显微镜观察标记菌株在添加西兰花残体营养基质中和空白对照营养基质种植的棉花体内的侵染和扩展情况。结果表明构建的标记菌株gfp-wx-1与野生菌株wx-1的生物学特性无显著性差异。同时发现大丽轮枝菌在添加西兰花残体营养基质中棉花体内扩展较慢,具体表现为:在空白营养基质种植的棉花体内,大丽轮枝菌在接种第2 d时就可侵染根尖表层及根内部,第3 d到达茎部维管束,第5 d叶片可观察到少量病原菌,第7 d第一片子叶呈现大量病原菌,后期迅速扩展,叶片出现黄萎病斑;而在营养基质中添加西兰花残体种植的棉花体内,大丽轮枝菌在接种第2 d时就可侵染根尖表层,第3 d侵染根尖内部,第5 d侵染茎部维管束,直到第7 d第一片子叶才出现少量病原菌,后期扩展慢,叶片病斑较少。本研究通过荧光定量PCR方法检测了大丽轮枝菌在两个处理棉花根部定殖情况,结果表明西兰花残体能够显著降低大丽轮枝菌在棉花根部定殖的量。该研究初步明确了西兰花残体对棉花黄萎病的防治机制,为棉花黄萎病的绿色防治提供了一条新的途径。     

新疆棉花黄萎病的发生现状及其病原菌的分子鉴定与ISSR分析

为掌握新疆主要植棉区棉花黄萎病的发生现状及其病原菌大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae的落叶型菌系分布以及遗传变异情况,于2015年对26个新疆主要植棉区棉花黄萎病的发生情况进行了随机调查,统计新疆大丽轮枝菌的培养性状,利用大丽轮枝菌落叶型特异引物D1/D2、INTD2F/INTD2R与非落叶型特异性引物ND1/ND2、INTNDF/INTNDR对新疆大丽轮枝菌菌系进行互补鉴定,并对部分菌系的遗传变异进行简单序列重复区间(inter simple sequence repeat,ISSR)分析。结果表明:2015年新疆棉花黄萎病发病田比例为54.0%,其中病情指数在10.0以上的发病田与2013年持平,而病情指数在20.0以上的严重发病田比例为10.8%,比2013年增加3.8个百分点;新疆大丽轮枝菌的培养性状以菌核型为主,比例为70.1%,菌丝型与中间型比例分别为13.4%和16.5%;新疆大丽轮枝菌落叶型菌系比例为53.2%,26株菌株的来源地全部检出落叶型菌系;聚类分析结果显示,当遗传相似系数为0.66时,新疆大丽轮枝菌落叶型与非落叶型菌系聚为2个谱系,菌系地理来源、培养性状与大丽轮枝菌的遗传分化无明显相关性。     

Plant Host Range of Verticillium longisporum and Microsclerotia Density in Swedish Soils

Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen causing vascular wilt of Brassica crops. This study was conducted to enhance our knowledge on the host range of V. longisporum. Seven crop species (barley, oat, oilseed rape, pea, red clover, sugar beet and wheat) and five weed species (barren brome, black-grass, charlock, cleavers and scentless mayweed) all common in southern Sweden were evaluated for infection by response to V. longisporum. Oat, spring wheat, oilseed rape, scentless mayweed and charlock inoculated with V. longisporum in a greenhouse showed stunting to various degrees close to the fully ripe stage. Based on the extent of microsclerotia formation, explants were separated into four groups: for pea and wheat, <5% of the samples had formed microsclerotia; for scentless mayweed, 5–10%; for oat, 10–20%; and for charlock and oilseed rape >80%. The results suggest that plant species outside the Brassicaceae can act as reservoirs of V. longisporum inoculum. Soil inoculum densities in nine fields were monitored over a period of 12 months, which ranged from 1 to 48 cfu g⁻¹ soil. Density of microsclerotia was lowest just after harvest, reaching its maximum six months later. No significant correlation between inoculum density in soil and disease incidence on oilseed rape plants was found. However, the data suggest that a threshold of 1 cfu g⁻¹ soil is needed to cause disease on oilseed rape. Species identification based on microsclerotia morphology and PCR analysis showed that V. longisporum dominated in soil of seven, and V. dahliae in two of the nine fields studied.     

棉秆生物炭对大丽轮枝菌生长及毒素作用的影响

棉花黄萎病难以防治的根源在于大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb在土壤中形成的微菌核能抵抗不良环境,并在土壤中长期存活,将棉秆加工成生物炭施入棉田,可克服棉秆直接还田的缺点,从源头上防止黄萎病菌进入土壤。为探索棉秆生物炭还田对棉花黄萎病原菌的影响机理,采用液态摇床培养及平皿固态培养法研究生物炭对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长及微菌核萌发的影响;通过平皿内棉花和甜瓜种子发芽试验研究生物炭对大丽轮枝菌毒素的减毒作用。结果表明:液态培养条件下,棉秆生物炭对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长抑制作用不明显,在固态培养下对菌丝体生长有一定促进作用;生物炭能减慢微菌核的萌发速率,但对最终萌发率无影响;液态培养中加入棉秆生物碳对大丽轮枝菌毒素有较强的减毒作用。在摇床培养中期,加入2.0 g·L-1生物炭处理与对照棉种在培养12天时的发芽率分别为53.3%与33.3%(P0.05);前期、中期及后期加入0.5 g·L-1生物炭处理的棉花幼苗总长度分别为对照的4.9、2.1倍及3.2倍;加入棉秆生物碳处理甜瓜种子发芽率、胚根长度、胚轴长度及总苗长较对照均有不同程度增加。表明棉杆生物炭对棉花黄萎病菌大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长、微菌核萌发的抑制作用较弱,对大丽轮枝菌毒素危害有较强的减毒作用。     

Host Range ofVerticillium dahliae in cultivated species in Crete

To determine the host range ofVerticillium dahliae among the cultivated species in Crete, Greece, studies were carried out during 1992–2000. Based on disease symptoms observed on 28 vegetable and forage species grown in a field naturally infected byV. dahliae, and an extensive survey of the most common cultivated species grown under natural conditions, seven hosts belonging to four botanical families not previously reported as susceptible to Verticilliun wilt, and 12 hosts belonging to seven families new for Greece, were recorded. The worldwide new hosts are: anise (Anethum graveolens), chard (Beta vulgaris ssp.cicla), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), wild sweet pea (Lathyrus ochrus), lentil (Lens culinaris), marigold (Tagetes erecta) and vetch (Vicia sativa). These species could be infected by their hosts-of-originV. dahliae isolates during pathogenicity tests. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 13, 2002.     

Weed hosts ofVerticillium dahliae in crete: Susceptibility, symptomatology and significance

A survey of common and uncommon weed species usually showing Verticillium wilt symptoms was carried out during 1992–2000 in Crete, Greece.Verticillium dahliae was isolated in 48 out of 182 sampled fields, in which several weed species were grown, from several locations in Oropedio, Lasithi. Altogether, 124 isolates ofV. dahliae were recovered from the vascular stem-tissue of 19 weed species, belonging to ten botanical families. Pathogenicity trials with 13 out of 19 weed species that have never been reported as hosts of the fungus, using for inoculation isolates which originated from the same weed species, resulted in infection of all of them, showing various disease symptoms. Seven weed species (Anthemis melanolepis, Cardaria draba, Convolvulus arvensis, Erodium sp.,Euphorbia helioscopia, Helminthotheca echioides andSinapis alba) are new hosts worldwide, and six additional species (Euphorbia sp.,Lactuca serriola, Raphanus raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis, Sonchus oleraceus andTrifolium sp.) are new hosts for Greece. The most susceptible (isolation frequency: 27.9–52.8%, moderate disease severity) species were:Capsella bursa-pastoris, C. draba, Chenopodium album, Senecio vulgaris andSolanum nigrum. Less susceptible (isolation frequency: 4.8–17.8%, slight disease severity) were:Amaranthus sp.,A. melanolepis, C. arvensis, Erodium sp.,Euphorbia sp.,E. helioscopia, H. echioides, L. serriola, Malva sylvestris, R. raphanistrum, S. alba, S. arvensis, S. oleraceus andTrifolium sp. Some species —C. draba, C. album, L. serriola andS. nigrum L. — that usually showed external and vascular wilt symptoms, occasionally exhibited only reduced growth. Visible symptoms under natural field conditions in all 13 weed species that had never been reported as hosts ofV. dahliae were similar to those observed after their artificial inoculation. The fungus was not isolated fromFoeniculum vulgare ssp.piperitum, Oxalis corniculata andStellaria media, among other species. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 18, 2002.     

Recent progress in understanding relationships betweenVerticillium species and subspecific groups

Improved understanding of the genetic diversity within fungi in the genusVerticillium has resulted from recent studies based on vegetative compatibility analysis and several techniques of molecular biology. Although the method used to identify vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) does affect the results, vegetative compatibility appears to be a stable characteristic among isolates. Fairly low VCG diversity has been detected withinV. dahliae andV. albo-atrum using nitrate non-utilizing mutants. VCGs do not appear to be related to pathogenicity to particular host species, with the exception ofV. albo-atrum on alfalfa. However, there is some correlation with virulence on certain hosts and with the ability ofV. dahliae to interact with root-lesion nematodes. Studies based on DNA analysis indicate thatV. dahliae andV. albo-atrum are closely related but separate species. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) studies have identified several subspecific groups withinV. dahliae, including two non-host-adapted groups and two that are host-adapted. They also have confirmed that alfalfa strains ofV. albo-atrum are a distinct subgroup that is probably a separate population of clonal origin. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a second non-host-adapted subgroup withinV. albo-atrum was identified that was previously unknown.     

Ribotyping of EntomopathogenicVerticittium lecanii in Japan

To estimate the genetic diversity in 30 isolates ofVerticillium lecanii from aphids, whiteflies, mite and black pine in Japan, including two commercialized strains (Mycotal and Vertalec), DNA polymorphisms in ribosomal DNA of those isolates were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and intergenic spacer (IGS) regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene of each isolate were analyzed by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). The size of the PCR product from the ITS region was ~ 580 bp in 27 of the isolates. A 600 bp ITS product was detected in Mycotal and Vertalec. One Japanese isolate produced both the 580 bp and 600 bp products. Enzymatic digestion of the ITS region with Sau3A I,Msp I,Hae III andRsa I revealed RFLPs that consisted of eight haplotypes. Mycotal and Vertalec were specific haplotypes that differed from other isolates. The Japanese isolates had a complex relationship with the original host, but we identified several specific haplotypes common to an aphid origin. Ten distinct IGS haplotypes were detected in the IGS region, some of which were associated with aphid and whitefly origins. These results suggest that the haplotype of rDNA RFLP analysis can be used for studying genetic diversity inV. lecanii.     

Integrated control of verticillium wilt of olive with cryptonol in combination with a solar chamber and fertilizer

A study was conducted during 2 years to determine the effects of three different control measures on the development of Verticillium wilt on olive trees cv. ‘Nabali’ at Al-Hallabat, Jordan. The causal agent of the wilt wasVerticillium dahliae Kleb. Treating diseased trees with Cryptonol (8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate) in a soil drench, or covering trees with a solar chamber for 15 days, was effective in suppressing disease development. The fertilizer treatment (NPK, 15:15:30) decreased disease severity and percent infection. All decreases are in comparison with the untreated control, and as recorded during the active phase of the pathogen. The treatments did not differ significantly from each other, and disease incidence in treated trees remained lower than in the control throughout the examined period.     

Genetic variability and virulence among Verticillium albo-atrum isolates from hop

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium albo-atrum or V. dahliae, is an important disease of many worldwide crop species. In Europe, V. albo-atrum isolates infecting hop express different levels of virulence, inducing mild or lethal disease syndromes, and it is therefore an attractive model for studying the virulence of this pathogen. In this work, eleven amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations were used to analyze genetic variability among 55 V. albo-atrum hop isolates from four European hop growing regions, as well as isolates from other hosts and V. dahliae isolates. Cluster analysis divided V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae isolates into two well-separated groups. Within the V. dahliae cluster, isolates were separated without host specific grouping, although no host adapted isolates were included. In V. albo-atrum, the alfalfa isolates were distinct from isolates of other hosts, where a high association with virulence was observed in hop and tomato isolates. All lethal hop isolates were genetically different from mild hop isolates. The lethal hop isolates from England and Slovenia expressed the same virulence phenotype, although they showed a different AFLP pattern. The mild hop isolates formed two subgroups, to which isolates clustered irrespective of geographical location. These data suggest multiple origins of V. albo-atrum hop isolates, and the possible appearance of new virulent isolates in the future in other hop growing regions.