甜高粱主要农艺性状相关性及遗传多样性初析

在广东湛江地区种植了50份国内外甜高粱种质资源,测定其生育期、单株鲜重、株高、茎粗、锤度5个主要数量农艺性状,并进行了差异显著性、相关性、遗传多样性和聚类分析。结果表明:不同品种间除生育期外,株高、茎粗、单株鲜重和锤度均存在极显著的差异;生育期、株高、茎粗和单株鲜重指标两两之间均存在显著的相关性,而锤度与其它4个主要性状没有显著的相关性;甜高粱具有丰富的遗传多样性,变异系数幅度为0.1039%～0.2931%;各性状遗传多样性指数均较大;50份甜高粱资源可分为4个类群,其中Ⅰ类群5个数量农艺性状均表现良好,产量为90t/hm2,乙醇产量3360L/hm2,可作为今后开发利用的推荐材料。     

国内甘蔗种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性分析

对我国甘蔗种质资源表型性状进行分析，研究其遗传变异规律，为甘蔗遗传育种亲本的选择、核心种质群体的构建提供理论依据。以来自国内8个不同地区的160份甘蔗品种/亲本为材料，参照《甘蔗种质资源描述规范和数据标准》进行表型性状评价。结果表明：大部分性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性，20个质量性状的多样性指数在0.07～1.40之间，平均为0.84，以芽型最大，茎形最小；5个数量性状的变异系数（CV）在8.74%～38.26%之间，平均为17.69%，有效茎的变异系数最大（38.26%），株高的变异系数最小（8.74%），多样性指数（H’）分布在1.46～1.83之间，平均为1.64，株高的多样性指数最高（1.83），有效茎的多样性指数最低（1.46）；不同地区供试材料的平均变异系数为13.56%～22.33%，来自海南的品种群体的变异系数最大（22.33%），数量性状的离散程度最大；来自福建的品种群体的变异系数最小（13.56%）。以4个数量性状为基础的聚类分析将160份种质材料分为7类，其中，第5类占总资源量的90.62%，该类群资源具有高产高糖的特性。该研究结果为甘蔗种质资源的利用、亲本选择及品...     

云南八倍体割手密84-268血缘F2群体表型多样性分析

本研究以100份云南八倍体割手密84-268血缘F2群体创新种质为材料,对其株高、茎径、锤度、有效茎数、单茎重、蔗茎产量和糖产量等7个主要农艺性状进行频率分布直方图分析、遗传多样性分析、相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明：该群体的7个农艺性状数据表现出较好的正态分布、变异较丰富,变异系数在9.91%～50.76%之间,其中糖产量的变异系数最大达到50.76%;相关和逐步回归分析表明,蔗茎产量与株高、茎径和有效茎数呈极显著正相关,决定系数为0.9282;糖产量主要由株高、茎径、锤度、单茎重和有效茎数5个因素决定,决定系数为0.9160;主成分分析将7个农艺性状综合为3个主要成分,其累积贡献率达86.985%,其中第一主成分即蔗茎产量糖分因子是最重要的因子,其贡献率达47.615%;在欧氏距离为6.00处将100份创新材料分为3类,结果与主成分得分结果一致,其中第Ⅰ类群的7个性状指标均优异,共筛选出15个优质材料,其主成分综合得分较高,尤其值得关注的是云割F218-226-7、云割F218-226-14、云割F218-226-89、云割F218-226-48、云割F218-226-9...     

橡胶草种质苗期农艺性状相关性及遗传多样性初析

利用数理统计软件对12份橡胶草种质材料的主要农艺性状进行相关性、遗传多样性及聚类分析。结果表明：12份橡胶草种质主要农艺性状存在较大差异,其中叶片长、叶片宽、叶形指数、叶柄长变异系数均较大,Shannon-weaver多样性指数H′在1.86～1.99,具有丰富的多样性;叶片长、叶缘类型与其它性状之间相关性较大,其中叶片长与叶片宽、叶形指数、叶柄长及叶缘类型均呈显著正相关;叶缘类型与叶片长、叶片宽、叶柄长均呈显著正相关,与叶脉颜色呈极显著负相关;通过聚类分析将12份材料划分为3个类群,综合评价发现,Ⅱ类群的3份材料(206-1、208-1、214-1)表现显著优于Ⅰ和Ⅲ类群,可作为橡胶草育种的优选材料。     

椰枣F1分离群体表型多样性的分析与评价

为了解椰枣F₁分离群体的表型性状的多样性，本研究以143份椰枣F₁分离群体为供试材料，对其株高、冠幅、茎围、枝条数和叶斑病发病情况等17个表型性状进行多样性、相关性、主成分及聚类分析。结果表明：椰枣F₁分离群体表型变异程度高，具有丰富的多样性。数量性状变异程度较高，变异系数为10.927%～43.350%，其中茎围的变异系数最大。质量性状变异系数为31.447%～44.619%，其中裂叶叶色和裂叶坚硬程度的变异系数分别为44.619%和42.571%。相关性分析表明：株高、冠幅、茎围、枝条数、第三枝长、刺区长度、裂叶总数、裂叶长、裂叶宽、裂叶厚度、裂叶叶色11个性状两两间均达到极显著正相关；叶斑病发病情况与其余16个性状均呈负相关。主成分分析显示，6个主成分的累计贡献率达87.51%，其中第1主成分特征值为10.0836，贡献率为59.32%，主要包含株高、第三枝长、冠幅、茎围和枝条数这5个指标共同影响，其中株高的特征值最大为0.2948，主要反映的了椰枣株高和长势情况。聚类分析表明：143份椰枣F₁     

基于主成分分析和聚类分析评价141份中蔗优良品系资源

科学地评价甘蔗种质资源,可为甘蔗杂交育种提供优质的亲本材料。本研究采用主成分分析和聚类分析等方法,对141份中蔗优良品系资源的7个表型性状进行多样性评价。结果表明：黑穗病率、蔗茎产量、有效茎数、单茎重和蔗糖分的变异系数均大于10%,其中黑穗病率的变异系数最大,达到67.21%。相关性分析结果表明,蔗茎产量与株高、茎径、有效茎数和单茎重呈极显著正相关,茎径与有效茎数呈极显著负相关,蔗糖分与黑穗病率呈极显著负相关。主成分分析结果表明,提取3个主成分的累计贡献率达到74.725%,其中第一主成分反映的是产量性状,第二主成分反映的是茎数和品质性状,第三主成分反映的是病害和品质性状。聚类分析将141份中蔗品系划分为3个类群,第Ⅰ类群蔗株高大,高产高糖,抗病性强,宿根性强,各性状表现优异;第Ⅱ类群各性状综合表现较差;第Ⅲ类群各性状综合表现一般。根据主成分分析结果和聚类分析结果筛选出60份综合表现优异的种质资源,其中中蔗153303、中蔗150505、中蔗165201和中蔗151106等4个种质可作为高糖亲本;中蔗15710、中蔗160913、中蔗162026、中蔗112819、中蔗1415219、...     

黄麻耐盐性评价及盐胁迫下的生理响应

试验采用水培法,对20份黄麻种质材料进行250 mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理,通过测定株高、茎粗、水上鲜重、水下鲜重、整株鲜重、水上干重、水下干重、整株干重,利用隶属函数法、聚类分析法确定各供试材料耐盐等级,将不同耐盐等级的材料进行0、150、250 mmol/L NaCl处理,测定其可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以及游离脯氨酸含量。结果表明:不同黄麻种质资源间耐盐性存在显著差异,根据耐盐性综合评价值D值可将其分为3类,强耐盐材料有8份,中度耐盐材料8份,盐敏感材料4份;在NaCl胁迫下,不同耐盐等级的黄麻种质材料叶片内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量都显著升高,而可溶性蛋白的含量显著下降,在150 mmol/L NaCl处理下,青皮大麻叶片内可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸的含量显著高于甜麻和南阳长果,可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于南阳长果,在250 mmol/L NaCl处理下,甜麻叶片内可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于南阳长果和青皮大麻。     

43份割手密资源农艺性状遗传多样性评价

为揭示割手密种质资源的遗传多样性,对野外采集的43份材料的株高、叶长、叶宽、茎径、节数等15个重要农艺性状进行检测和分析。结果表明,参试材料在这15个性状上都表现出较大的遗传变异,变异系数在9.87%~206.37%之间。主成分分析显示7个主成分对变异的累计贡献率达86.66%,可作材料选择的重要依据。聚类分析将参试材料分为3类,其遗传关系与地理来源没有必然联系。     

木薯种质对朱砂叶螨的抗性评价

在建立切实可行的木薯抗螨性评级标准的基础上,对国家木薯种质资源圃227份核心木薯种质进行抗朱砂叶螨的抗性评价,并探讨抗、感性稳定的8份木薯种质对朱砂叶螨生长发育与繁殖的影响。结果表明:227份被评价的核心木薯种质中对朱砂叶螨高抗的种质2份,抗性种质4份,中抗种质116份,感性种质87份,高感种质18份;抗性木薯种质对朱砂叶螨的发育与繁殖具有显著的影响,取食高抗种质C1115和缅甸种叶片后朱砂叶螨雌雄成螨均不能存活,与取食高感种质ZM9066、CM1210-10、瑞士F21和BRA900相比,取食抗性种质哥伦比亚4D和PII167后,朱砂叶螨的发育历期显著延长,平均每雌螨产卵量显著减少,后代卵的孵化率显著降低,雌、雄成螨寿命均显著缩短。本研究结果为深入开展木薯抗螨性机理、抗螨种质的挖掘及其利用研究提供了理论基础。     

木薯种质库遗传多样性的EST-SSR标记

采用49对表达序列标签-微卫星标记(EST-SSR)引物对76份木薯材料(39份新引进材料和37份原始材料)进行遗传多样性分析,共获得135个多态性位点,每对引物检测等位基因数为1～4个,平均为2.75个;扩增产物的片段大小范围在250～750 bp之间.根据遗传相似系数的聚类分析将所有材料分为5组,即A、B、C、D和E组,其中A、C、D、E 4个组均为新引进种质,B组以0.625 0为阈值,又将其分为5个亚组,其中B1、B2除了个别外,均为新引进种质,B2来自非洲,而B3、B4和B5主要为原有种质和育种品系.同时估算了分组后组间的遗传多样性指数,发现其平均遗传多样性指数达到0.446 5.比较原来多样性分析结果,说明新引进这一批国外种质具有新的遗传类型,丰富了我国木薯种质资源库.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.