辣椒/玉米间作条件下作物对氮、磷和钾的吸收利用特征研究

摘 要：通过辣椒/玉米间作田间试验,研究辣椒/玉米间作条件下,作物对氮、磷和钾的吸收利用特征。结果表明：（1）间作辣椒第1行土壤碱解N和速效P低于单作,间作辣椒中间行碱解N、速效P和速效K含量与单作接近;（2）间作辣椒第1行叶片含N、P量低于单作辣椒,间作3、5行辣椒叶片含N、P量显著高于辣椒单作,从第1行到第5行逐渐增加。间作辣椒叶片含K量在前期低于单作辣椒,后期则高于辣椒单作;（3）间作玉米含N量高于单作玉米。前期间作玉米叶片P、K含量与单作玉米前期接近,后期低于单作;（4）辣椒/玉米间作条件下,辣椒和玉米的产量显著高于单作时的产量。关键词：辣椒;玉米;间作;氮;磷;钾     

氮离子注入水稻诱变效果及抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛含量的比较

通过氮离子注入水稻技术,选育一个水稻新品种晋稻10号,原品系990162。并以990162和日本晴2个水稻品种为材料,研究了根、茎、叶3个器官和分蘖期、拔节期2个发育期的抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量,比较2个水稻品种的抗氧化能力。研究结果显示,2个水稻品种间的抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量无显著差异,同一水稻品种同一器官在分蘖期和拔节期的抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量也无显著差异。但3个器官间的抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量存在显著差异。在分蘖期,990162叶片的SOD活性是根部的2.0倍,日本晴叶片的SOD活性是根部的1.8倍;990162叶片的CAT活性是根部的2.2倍,日本晴叶片的CAT活性是根部的2.3倍。在拔节期,990162叶片的CAT活性分别是根部和茎的2.2和1.8倍,日本晴叶片的CAT活性分别是根部和茎的1.9和1.8倍;990162叶片的MDA含量是根部的1.4倍。这些研究结果显示,这2个水稻品种的抗氧化能力相似,叶片是抗氧化能力最强的器官。     

生长季降水对黑龙江省水稻生产的影响

研究旨在分析寒地水稻洪涝的致灾因子—降水的变化趋势和特征及对水稻生长发育的影响,揭示其变化规率,以期水稻生产防灾减灾提供科学依据。利用黑龙江省水稻主产区气象观测站的降水量、发育期、产量资料及洪涝灾害资料,分析了水稻主产区夏季及关键生育期降水、暴雨量和暴雨日数变化特征,阐述了黑龙江省洪涝灾害的分布规率,分析了降水对水稻产量的影响。结果表明：1971-2016年稻区6-8月降水呈现西部和东部少、中部多的趋势,暴雨日数中西部多,东部少,暴雨量总体呈上升趋势；水稻关键期平均暴雨量为76.2毫米,总体呈小幅上升趋势,暴雨日数中西部多,东部少；1984-2010年黑龙江省洪涝灾害西北、东南、中部偏多,西南、东北偏少,总体呈逐年增加的趋势,且主要发生在夏季。制约黑龙江省各地区水稻生长发育及产量形成的降水阶段各地有所不同,北部主要在7月下旬,西部在7月下旬及9月下旬,南部在5月下旬、6月下旬及9月中旬,中部及东部稻区较为复杂,几乎贯穿整个生长季。     

青岛地区降雪时空特征及环流成因分析

为了研究青岛地区的降雪特点及形成原因,使用1961—2009年实况观测及NCEP全球再分析格点资料,统计分析了青岛地区降雪的时空特征,并采用合成分析和物理量诊断的方法对青岛大雪进行了环流分型和物理量特征分析。结果表明:青岛地区降雪最早月份11月,最晚月份4月。年平均降雪量10 mm左右,东北和西南多、东南少;年平均降雪日数10天左右,西北多、中部少。月平均降雪量、降雪日数均呈中间高、两头低的月际变化特征,12月、1月、2月多,11月和4月少。小波分析表明,年降雪量和降雪日数均存在19年左右的周期。大雪最早出现在11月下旬,最晚3月中旬。大雪的环流形势分为冷槽东移型、平直环流型和横槽转竖型3种,主要环流形势为冷槽东移型;高空明显的冷空气入侵,地面冷暖空气交汇,低层水汽供应充分,湿度大,低层辐合、高层辐散,引发青岛地区明显的降雪天气。物理量特征分析给出了青岛大雪预报的一个预报着眼点。     

旱种水稻基部节间性状与倒伏的关系及其生理机制

倒伏是制约旱种水稻大面积推广的主要因素之一。以籼型杂交稻汕优63和粳稻9516为材料,研究了旱种水稻倒伏的原因及其机理。结果表明,与水种相比,旱种水稻的倒伏率明显高,结实率和粒重明显降低,产量明显降低。自抽穗至成熟,旱种水稻基部节间强度(厚度、单位长度重量)、碳水化合物(尤其是淀粉)含量低于常规水种稻,α-淀粉酶活性明显高于水种稻。水稻基部节间淀粉含量与节间厚度和单位长度重量呈极显著正相关,与α-淀粉酶活性呈显著或极显著负相关。淀粉输出与α-淀粉酶活性呈显著或极显著正相关。施用硅、钾肥能降低旱种水稻基部节间α-淀粉酶活性,提高基部节间淀粉含量,增强基部节间强度,大幅度降低倒伏率,提高旱种水稻的结实率和粒重,从而提高产量。孕穗期去1/2叶,效果则相反。表明在旱种条件下,水稻基部节间α-淀粉酶活性高,促进了节间贮存淀粉的降解,降低了基部节间强度,造成旱种水稻的倒伏。     

Ecotypic variation of water-soluble carbohydrate concentration and winter hardiness in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.)

The variation of the water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration in foliage and stubble and winter hardiness among cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) ecotypes originated from diverse countries were studied in the field in order to find a breeding material for the improvement of WSC. The total WSC concentration of foliage was found to be highest in Japanese cultivars and lowest in ecotypes from northern Europe in summer and autumn. The variation of fructan concentration in stubble among ecotypes was larger than the variation of mono and disaccharide concentrations in stubble and that of total WSC concentration in foliage in both winters over which this study was conducted. The total WSC and fructan concentrations in the stubble of ecotypes from Spain and southern Europe, derived from the Mediterranean region, were highest in summer. Ecotypes from Japan showed the highest concentration of total WSC in stubble, and were especially high in fructan concentration in autumn. Ecotypes from France, central Europe and central Asia, like Japanese cultivars, also showed a high fructan concentration. The latitude of origin was negatively correlated with WSC concentration and plant vigor in autumn. The altitude of origin was negatively correlated with plant vigor in autumn and positively correlated with fructan concentration in stubble, winter hardiness and snow endurance. Typhula snow blight resistance was related with the amount of the increase in fructan in the plants and with their growth habits in autumn. The fructan concentration of foliage and stubble in autumn was found to be closely related with winter hardiness in cocksfoot ecotypes. A breeding material which has a high WSC concentration in the foliage could not be found among the ecotypes in this study. However, some ecotypes that showed disease resistance, good winter hardiness and plant vigor would be useful as breeding materials for Hokkaido.     

黑龙江省水稻生长季极端降水及洪涝时空演变特征

为了合理规避极端降水带来的洪涝灾害,有效保障水稻安全生产。本研究基于黑龙江省69个气象台站1971—2016年降水资料和历史洪涝记载资料,利用方差分析和Mann-Kendall检验方法,分析了黑龙江省水稻生长季极端降水和洪涝时空演变特征。结果表明：（1）极端降水指数(EPI)5月、6月和9月在2010s最突出,7月和10月在1990s最突出,8月在1980s最突出;（2）根据典型因子,7月多雨时段为1990s,8月多雨时段为1980s;（3）水稻洪涝多发生在7月,7月和8月水稻洪涝历史高发时段分别为1990s和1980s。     

基于GODAS资料的南海上层海洋热状态气候变化特征分析

为了深入了解南海上层海洋热力状态的变化规律,利用1980—2015年共36年GODAS月平均海温资料,将5~366 m的垂直平均海温表征南海地区海洋上层的热含量,分析了南海海洋上层热状态的水平和垂直分布特征以及季节和年际变化特征。结果表明：年平均南海热含量水平分布表现为东高西低的形势,垂直纬向平均分布表现为暖水厚度和温跃层深度东厚（深）西薄（浅）,垂直经向平均表现为暖水厚度南厚北薄,温跃层深度中间浅两边深;南海地区海温变化幅度在75~200 m处最大,不同深度海温距平均具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征;南海区域平均热含量在秋季最高,春夏次之,冬季最低,其年际变化明显,且在1998年之后出现明显的突变,由负值转变为正值,表现出明显的增温趋势;热含量季节EOF主模态空间分布形势表现为东高西低的特征,对应的时间序列在20世纪90年代末存在年代际转折,由主要为负值转化为主要为正值,表现在空间分布上,则为南海地区热含量由西高东低型转化为东高西低型。     

Effect of Temperature Hardening on Growth, Carbohydrate and Protein Levels in Three Grain Crops

The effect of seedling pretreatment at different temperature levels and periods of exposure on growth, pigments, carbohydrates and proteins was studied in three grain crops; sorghum, wheat and barley at different stages of growth. Greater shoot-dry weights were obtained in sorghum with exposure for 15 hrs at 40 °C in the flowering, in wheat for 2 hrs at 10 and 40 °C in the fruiting and in barley for 15 hrs at 0 °C in the flowering stage. Increased root-dry weights were achieved by wheat with exposure for 4 and 15 hrs at all levels even at 0 °C in the flowering and for 15 hrs at 40 °C in the fruiting stage. Chl_a and Chl_b were more responsive in sorghum to higher temperature pretreatments than either wheat or barley. In sorghum the temperature extremes (0 and 50 °C) had resulted in a substantial reduction of Chl_a, and Chl_b in the fruiting stage. Lower and higher temperature-pretreatments had resulted in total available carbohydrate reduction in shoot and root of sorghum and wheat at the early stage, but the reverse was true later in flowering. In contrast, lower and higher temperature pretreatments had increased shoot-protein in sorghum and wheat in the vegetative and in sorghum in the flowering stage. Root-protein was more responsive to low temperature-pretreatments in sorghum and barley during the fruiting stage.     

随州市近50年太阳总辐射气候学计算与时空分布特征

采用随州周边4个辐射观测站 (武汉、郑州、西安1961-2017年,南阳1990-2017年)日照百分率和实测日太阳总辐射值,结合一元线性回归法拟合出适用于计算随州太阳总辐射的公式参数,再将随州本站及周边17个市县气象站2011-2016年日照百分率代入公式,推算出随州市境内月太阳总辐射值,再利用气候学计算方法和空间插值法对全年和各个季节太阳总辐射空间分布和时间变化展开剖析。其结果显示：随州市太阳总辐射的区域分布受其撮箕样地形影响,全年和各季节均表现出南多北少的特性,太阳总辐射在冬季为低值季,夏季为高值季,春秋适宜；年际和各季节的太阳总辐射值均呈减小趋势,且夏季减小速率最大；春夏秋三季的太阳总辐射偏大偏小期与全年变化步调相似,但冬季变化不显著。     

中棉所12及其选系配制的4个杂交棉幼苗期基因差异表达

以与中棉所12及其2个选系为亲本组配的4个杂交棉中棉所28、中棉所29、湘杂棉2号和冀棉18苗期的根和顶端叶为研究材料,采用cDNA-AFLP技术分析苗期杂交棉与亲本的根和叶基因差异表达,并用QuantitativeReal-Time技术加以验证.结果表明:(1)在4个杂交组合中,中棉所12选系是营养生长杂种优势高值亲本;(2)杂交种和亲本间存在显著的基因表达差异,可分为杂交种上调、单亲显性、单亲沉默、杂交种下调4种表达型.4个杂交组合在三叶期根和叶中差异表达基因的4种类型比例趋势基本一致,单亲差异表达型(包括显性和沉默表达)在根和叶中所占比例较高,杂种下调表达型所占比例较低,反映出苗期单亲差异表达型在杂种优势形成中起主要作用;叶部差异表达基因数目和比例(29.20%～46.09%)比根(15.65%～22.49%)高的多,说明叶中基因差异表达可能比根中基因差异表达对杂种优势形成作用更大;(3)高值亲本中棉所12选系与杂交棉共同表达的基因多于低值亲本与杂交棉共同表达的基因,从分子水平上证明中棉所12选系在杂交棉冀棉18、中棉所29和中棉所28的苗期营养生长杂种优势产生中起优势亲本的作用;(4)4种杂交组合差异表达基因(包含叶和根)占总表达基因的27.00%～34.56%,分析差异表达基因类型和4个杂交组合的关系发现,超显性效应占3.30%～7.17%,超低亲效应占2.62%～4.14%,低亲效应占5.65%～13.03%,显性效应和加性效应是主要的杂种优势效应,占79.52%～83.79%.多种杂种优势效应的并存说明杂种优势可能是多基因共同作用产生多种效应的结果;(5)超亲优势组合中棉所28的超显性效应占7.17%,明显高于其他3个表现中亲优势组合,说明杂交种上调表达型可能对苗期杂种优势产生起重要作用.     

Heavy metals (Cu,Zn, Cd,Pb) in sediment of the Java sea,estuarine and coastal areas of East Java and some deep-sea areas

The concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead were measured in the bulk sediment and the silt fraction of the surface sediment (upper 2 cm) from the riverine and estuarine zones of the rivers Brantas and Solo and in the adjacent coastal areas around East Java. The levels of contamination of the sediments with heavy metals were also determined in the Java Sea, some sites in the Bali Sea and the Indian Ocean.The concentrations of the trace elements were consistently higher in the silt fraction than in the bulk sediment. Trace element levels were higher in riverine and estuarine sediments than in sediment from coastal waters and the Java Sea. Increased copper, zinc and cadmium concentrations were measured in surface sediment from deep-sea areas.There were no or only minor differences in the metal concentrations in the sediment (both bulk sediment and the silt fraction) between the dry and the wet monsoon.     

生物降解膜应用对麦(油)后直播棉土壤理化特性与棉花生长及产量的影响

2016—2017年在大田条件下，设置不覆膜(CK)、普通聚乙烯地膜(PM)覆盖、生物降解膜(AM、BM）覆盖4种不同方式，进行随机区组试验，2016年研究降解膜应用对麦后直播棉生物量累积及产量的影响，2017年研究其对土壤理化特性与棉花生物量及产量的影响。结果表明，与CK相比，地膜覆盖处理均显著提高0~20 cm土壤平均含水量和温度，苗期和蕾期土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量增加，且苗期以PM处理较高而蕾期以BM处理较高；BM处理的土壤有机质含量增加而PM与AM处理降低。与CK相比，地膜覆盖处理土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和中性磷酸酶活性苗期降低而蕾期增加，地膜覆盖处理间，苗期以PM处理较高，蕾期以BM和PM处理较高。地膜覆盖处理棉花生物量快速累积起始期和结束期提前、最大生物量及快速累积速率增加且以BM累积特征值较优化。地膜覆盖显著提高了麦（油）后直播棉的子棉产量与霜前花率，且以BM处理较高。综上，生物降解膜覆盖改善土壤理化特性，促进麦（油）后直播棉的快速生长，从而提高产量和霜前花率。     

Accumulation Laws of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Wetland Plants

To study the accumulation regularity of nitrogen and phosphorus in typical constructive plants in coastal wetland,samples of Suaeda glauca(Bunge) Bunge,Phragmites austrahs and Tamarix chinensis Lour,were taken from the Yellow River Delta National Coast Wetland Nature Reserve,nitrogen and phosphorus content in plants was measured and analyzed.The results showed that ① nitrogen and phosphorus content in different wetland plants is correlated;② different species in the same place and the same species in different spaces show different accumulation regularity of nitrogen and phosphorus;③ nitrogen and phosphorus content in plants is closely related to nitrogen and phosphorus content in the habitat;④ nitrogen content in T.chinensis Lour,is the highest,the mean is 11.63 g/kg,and phosphorus content in S glauca(Bunge) Bunge is the highest,the mean is 1.38 g/kg;⑤ nitrogen content in the 3 species:T.chinensis Lour.> S.glauca(Bunge) Bunge > P.australis;⑥ nitrogen content in aboveground parts of all plants is significantly higher than that in underground parts,and phosphorus content in aboveground parts of all plants except S.glauca(Bunge) Bunge is significantly higher than that in underground parts;⑦ nitrogen content in the 3 species in the study area is significantly higher than phosphorus content in these species.     

辣椒雄性不育杂种一代生化特性与农艺性状的相关分析

本文估算辣椒雄性不育杂种一代农艺性状与花蕾和叶片中生化物含量间、花蕾和叶片中生化物质含量间及花蕾或叶片中生化物质含量间的相关系数。结果表明,叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶活性与植株形态性状间相关性较强,游离脯氨酸和IAA含量与果实性状间相关密切。花蕾中可溶性糖和过氧化物酶活性与果实性状间的相关性较强,IAA含量与植株形态性状间相关密切。可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质在花蕾和叶片中的含量有一定的相关性,IAA、ABA、ZRs含量和过氧化物酶活性的相关性很小。     

鲁西平原1961—2012年日照时数时空分布特征

为了能更好地适用聊城市农业生产结构调整,有针对性的指导的农业生产,发挥聊城农业大市的优势,对聊城近52年日照时数的时空变化特征进行研究。利用气候倾向率、趋势系数等方法,依托GIS技术明晰了鲁西平原地区52年日照时数的时空变化特征。以聊城市辖区内8个县（市、区）地面气象观测站1961—2012年逐日日照时数为基础,构建鲁西地区逐月、季度、年度的平均日照时数系列数据集。采用气候倾向率、农业气象学的方法和GIS技术,对鲁西平原地区日照的月、季和年的变化趋势及其空间分布特征进行系统分析。结果表明：鲁西平原地区年际日照时数和四季日照时数均呈减少趋势,各月的日照时数仅4月略有增加,其余月份均呈显著减少趋势;各县（市、区）中主要以位于中部的聊城城区为中心的日照时数减少趋势最为明显、位于东部的茌平、西部的冠县和东北部高唐县减少次之,而西北部的临清和西南部的莘县减幅最小。全年月平均日照时数变化曲线呈单峰型,峰值出现在5月,最少的是12月;四季中均以东北部的高唐最多,向西南方向逐渐减少,春、夏、秋三季是西南部的莘县最少;冬季则是位于南部偏西的阳谷县最少;年平均日照时数以高唐最多,莘县最少。研究结果为合理利用农业气候资源,建设生态农业提供科学依据。     

甘蔗与抗旱性相关差异蛋白质组分析

采用桶栽方式,对抗旱性强的F172和抗旱性弱的YL6甘蔗品种在苗期进行重度干旱胁迫处理后,应用蛋白质双向电泳技术进行差异蛋白质分析,分别找出差异显著的28和20个差异蛋白点,其中部分呈现上调表达,部分呈现下调表达,还有部分新增的蛋白点,因品种抗性不同而表现各异,F172叶片中的差异蛋白主要表现为上调表达,而YL6中大多表现为下调表达。在重度干旱胁迫下,抗旱性不同的甘蔗品种蛋白质丰度变化有显著差异。采用MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS鉴定所获得的差异蛋白,从YL6、F172中分别鉴定出18、14个蛋白的氨基酸序列,对所鉴定的蛋白质根据功能分为8类。YL6中参与自由基清除的2个,参与光合作用的6个,参与细胞生长和分裂的1个,参与基础代谢的6个,参与防卫反应的2个,未知功能蛋白1个。F172中参与自由基清除的1个,参与光合作用的2个,参与细胞生长和分裂的2个,参与基础代谢的4个,参与信号转导的2个,参与蛋白加工的1个,未知功能蛋白2个,其中22 k D干旱诱导蛋白的丰度明显提高,而在YL6中则检测不到此蛋白。这说明在干旱胁迫下抗旱性不同的甘蔗品种在蛋白质组成上有很大差异,推测这是不同甘蔗品种间抗旱性差异的重要分子基础。     

Effects of plastic film mulch and tillage on maize productivity and soil parameters

This paper determined the effects of mulching time for double furrows and ridges using plastic film on soil water status, grain yield of maize, soil quality, and economic benefits. The study was conducted in a typical semiarid area during two growing seasons of 2006–2007 with the following three treatments: (i) plastic film mulching at maize sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (CK); (ii) mulching applied 30 d before sowing with conventional tillage, and the film was removed at harvest (T1); and (iii) mulching at sowing with no-tillage, and the film left on the field after harvest in the first season and used for mulching in the second season (T2). The T1 in both years and T2 in the second year (2007) improved soil water content (in the 0–60 cm layer) and temperature (10 cm) at sowing compared with CK. After the two seasons, the soil water content was significantly higher in the 0–80 cm soil layer in CK and T1, and in the 0–120 cm soil layer in T2; however, it decreased significantly in 140–200 cm soil layer in CK and T1, compared to their initial values at sowing in April 2006, and there was no significant change in T2. The rainfall storage in the 0–200 cm soil layer during the non-growing season (late September 2006 to late April 2007) was 18.2 mm in CK, 34.0 mm in T1, and 59.7 mm in T2, and the rainfall storage in 100–200 cm soil layer was 16.5 and 18.6 mm higher in T2 than in CK and T1, respectively. In 2006, there were no significant differences in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in all treatments. In 2007, the yield in T1 was significantly higher than in T2, but yields in T2 and CK were not significantly different, and there was no significant difference in WUE among treatments. Soil organic carbon (SOC) (0–20 cm) decreased in CK and T1, but increased (by 2.7%) in T2 at harvesting in September 2007 from the initial value of sowing in April 2006. The ratio of output to input was 1.32:1 for CK, 1.40:1 for T1, and 1.67:1 for T2 averaged across the two seasons. Therefore, T2 was a more sustainable model for increasing water storage, producing greater economic benefit and maintaining SOC balance for maize production in semiarid area.     

晋南小麦红吸浆虫发生规律及防治对策

小麦红吸浆虫在土内有4种虫态,其分布以中层(7～13厘米)最多,下层(13～20厘米)次之,上层(0～7厘米)最少,20～38厘米仍有虫口分布.幼虫以上层为最多,中层次之、下层最少;圆茧以中,下层最多,上层很少;长茧及蛹以上层为最多,中、下层较少.成虫发生迟早及持续时间长短的关键因素是3～5月的降雨量,其中以4月下旬降雨最为重要.4月下旬降雨多,则成虫发生早,持续时间长,成虫发生盛期与小麦抽穗期相吻合的机会多,小麦受害重.在小麦抽穗前施一次长效农药封闭地面,可杀死不断上升地面的幼虫和蛹,阻止成虫羽化.     

“巴山峡川”茶园自然环境与茶叶品质的调查研究*

研究了中国古老的“巴山峡川”茶区的气象条件及其7个茶场的土壤条件、茶树生长和茶叶品质状况,调查表明,“巴山峡川”夜雨多,伏旱严重。茶园土壤主要为黄壤,有酸化的趋势,黄壤有机质含量比紫色土高。永川新胜茶场砂岩黄壤有机质、氮素、速效磷含量高,茶样游离氨基酸、咖啡碱含量高。万源砾岩黄壤交换性钙镁含量高,茶样茶多酚含量高;酸性紫色土钾素状况良好,茶样水浸出物含量高。值得注意的是,万盛灰岩黄壤水溶性硫含量最高,茶样硫含量、香气与滋味得分均最高。