持续干旱对科尔沁沙地3种灌木叶绿素荧光参数的影响

试验以连翘(Forsythia suspensa)、水蜡(Ligustrum obtusifolium)、紫丁香(Syringa oblata)为材料,研究了不同干旱胁迫对3种灌木叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,3种灌木的最大荧光(F_m)、原初光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)和光合量子产额(Yield)逐渐下降,非光化学淬灭系数(q_N)逐渐上升,初始荧光(F_o)先下降后上升。3种灌木各参数的变化幅度不同,运用隶属函数对3种灌木进行分析,得出抗旱性强弱次序为水蜡紫丁香连翘。     

高温对曼地亚红豆杉叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以曼地亚红豆杉(Taxus mediacv.DGS)为材料,通过测定高温胁迫下曼地亚红豆杉叶绿素荧光参数的变化,探讨高温对曼地亚红豆杉光合作用的抑制机制。结果表明,高温胁迫下,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、Fv’/Fm’、qP以及ΦPSⅡ和ETR都有所下降,qN以及D和E都逐渐上升。高温抑制光合作用的原因之一是导致PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,光化学电子传递速率降低,另外,高温还影响了PSⅠ和PSⅡ的激发能分配平衡。     

竹节树无性系叶片生长特性与叶绿素荧光

对优选的6个竹节树(Carallia brachiata)无性系叶片性状(叶片干质量、叶面积、比叶重)、叶绿素相对含量和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,并作单因素方差分析和聚类分析.结果表明:竹节树不同无性系叶片的干质量和叶面积差异不显著,叶绿素相对含量具有显著的差异性,不同无性系具有不同的光能吸收和利用能力;不同的无性系其叶绿素荧光的部分参数(Fo、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、ETR)差异显著;竹节树无性系C-15植株与其他无性系相比具有较高水平的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)值,而非化学猝灭系数(qN)较低,同时具有较高的表观电子传递速率(ETR),表明竹节树无性系C-15有较高的光呼吸;相关分析表明,叶片生长较好的无性系其叶绿素相对含量较高,同时也具有较高的PSⅡ光化学效率;无性系C-15号具有较高的叶绿素相对含量及较强的光化学特性,可进行大力推广研发.     

Light-energy processing and freezing-tolerance traits in red spruce and black spruce: species and seed-source variation

Red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) are genetically and morphologically similar but ecologically distinct species. We determined intraspecific seed-source and interspecific variation of red spruce and black spruce, from across the near-northern margins of their ranges, for several light-energy processing and freezing-tolerance adaptive traits. Before exposure to low temperature, red spruce had variable fluorescence (Fv) similar to black spruce, but higher photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), lower quantum yield, lower chlorophyll fluorescence (%), and higher thermal dissipation efficiency (qN), although the seed-source effect and the seed-source x species interaction were significant only for Fv/Fm. After low-temperature exposure (-40 degrees C), red spruce had significantly lower Fv/Fm, quantum yield and qN than black spruce, but higher chlorophyll fluorescence and relative fluorescence. Species, seed-source effect, and seed-source x species interaction were consistent with predictions based on genetic (e.g., geographic) origins. Multi-temperature exposures (5, -20 and -40 degrees C) often produced significant species and temperature effects, and species x temperature interactions as a result of species-specific responses to temperature exposures. The inherent physiological species-specific adaptations of red spruce and black spruce were largely consistent with a shade-tolerant, late-successional species and an early successional species, respectively. Species differences in physiological adaptations conform to a biological trade-off, probably as a result of natural selection pressure in response to light availability and prevailing temperature gradients.     

水分胁迫对美国山核桃叶绿素荧光参数的影响

研究水分胁迫对美国山核桃叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探究水分胁迫损伤光合作用的机理.结果表明:在离体快速干旱水分胁迫处理方式下,美国山核桃叶片F o、Fm、F v/Fm、F v/F o、qP在离体6 h时均下降,但降低幅度不大;Y ield和qN在离体6 h时分别显著下降和上升,此说明美国山核桃苗遭遇水分胁迫时,叶片的PS II反应中心电子传递活性受到了一定程度的影响,但影响不大;光合电子传递速率明显下降,PS II反应中心耗散过剩光能的能力增强,其可作为品种耐旱能力的鉴定指标.     

5种箬竹属竹种叶绿素荧光特性的比较

利用叶绿素荧光成像技术研究了5种箬竹属（Indocalamus Nakai）竹种叶片光合作用的横向异质性,结果表明,吸光系数Abs、PSⅡ最大量子产量Fv/Fm、光化学淬灭qP的异质性较低,非光化学淬灭NPQ的异质性较高。比较稳态荧光和荧光日变化,胜利箬竹的Fv/Fm、PSⅡ实际量子产量Yield、相对电子传递速率ETR都保持相对较高水平,矮箬竹和小叶箬竹则较低。     

加勒比松、湿地松苗期生长及叶绿素荧光特性

以加勒比松(Pinus caribaea)16个种源、湿地松(P.elliottii)4个种源2.5 a生营养袋苗木为材料,定期开展生长调查,于2016年7—8月、2017年2月开展叶绿素荧光参数的测定,分析加勒比松、湿地松针叶叶绿素荧光参数对树种、种源、不同测量时间的响应.结果表明,不同种源加勒比松/湿地松的株高、地径生长均存在显著差异(P<0.01);测量时间与树种对最大PSⅡ的光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)有显著影响(P<0.01),二者互作效应不显著,与7、8月相比,测量值均在第2年2月显著提高;两个树种的实际量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学淬灭(qP)与表观量子传递速率(ETR)对测量时间的响应模式相反;加勒比松与湿地松叶绿素荧光参数受种源影响不显著;相关性分析表明,加勒比松与湿地松的株高和地径生长与2月Fv/Fm、PSⅡ有效光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)测量值呈一定的负相关关系;高光强抑制了湿地松、加勒比松的叶绿素荧光参数,但抑制效果与生长无明显相关关系;低温造成的胁迫主要抑制了加勒比松的光化学反应,并与其生长表现有一定的负相关关系.可考虑将2月份测量的叶绿素荧光参数作为加勒比松耐寒个体的筛选指标.     

Regulation of photosynthesis in interior spruce during water stress: changes in gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence

Photosynthetic response to water stress was analyzed in 1-year-old interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss x P. engelmanni Parry hybrid complex) seedlings and emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. Carbon dioxide uptake, oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence at 20 degrees C were monitored as predawn shoot water potential (Psi) decreased. Concurrently with stomatal closure, carbon assimilation declined rapidly as Psi decreased to -1.0 MPa. Oxygen evolution at 10,000 micro l CO(2) l(-1) declined continuously as Psi decreased to -1.6 MPa. At photon flux densities (PFD) above 50 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II observed during actinic light exposure (Phi(II), calculated as DeltaF/F(m)') decreased as Psi decreased. At the same PFDs, photochemical quenching (q(P)) declined with decreasing Psi and nonphotochemical quenching (q(N)) increased steadily. At PFDs below 50 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), major decreases in q(N) were not observed until Psi decreased below -1.6 MPa. We identified three phases of photosynthetic response to progressive water stress in interior spruce: a pronounced decline in gas exchange, subsequent photoprotective changes in chlorophyll fluorescence as primary photochemistry was down-regulated, and a decline in photochemical efficiency of dark-adapted needles.     

Excitation energy partitioning and quenching during cold acclimation in Scots pine

We studied the influence of two irradiances on cold acclimation and recovery of photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings to assess mechanisms for quenching the excess energy captured by the photosynthetic apparatus. A shift in temperature from 20 to 5 degrees C caused a greater decrease in photosynthetic activity, measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and oxygen evolution, in plants exposed to moderate light (350 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) than in shaded plants (50 micromol m(-2) s(-1)). In response to the temperature shift, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), measured as the ratio of variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of dark-adapted samples, decreased to 70% in exposed seedlings, whereas shaded seedlings maintained Fv/Fm close to initial values. After a further temperature decrease to -5 degrees C, only 8% of initial Fv/Fm remained in exposed plants, whereas shaded plants retained 40% of initial Fv/Fm. Seven days after transfer from -5 to 20 degrees C, recovery of photochemical efficiency was more complete in the shaded plants than in the exposed plants (87 and 65% of the initial Fv/Fm value, respectively). In response to cold stress, the estimated functional absorption cross section per remaining PSII reaction center increased at both irradiances, but the increase was more pronounced in exposed seedlings. Estimates of energy partitioning in the needles showed a much higher dissipative component in the exposed seedlings at low temperatures, pointing to stronger development of non-photochemical quenching at moderate irradiances. The de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments increased in exposed seedlings at 5 degrees C, contributing to the quenching capacity, whereas significant de-epoxidation in the shaded plants was observed only when temperatures decreased to -5 degrees C. Thermoluminescence (TL) measurements of PSII revealed that charge recombinations between the second oxidation state of Mn-cluster S2 and the semireduced secondary electron acceptor quinone Q(B)- (S2Q(B)-) were shifted to lower temperatures in cold-acclimated seedlings compared with control seedlings and this effect depended on irradiance. Concomitant with this, cold-acclimated seedlings demonstrated a significant shift in the S2 recombination with primary acceptor Q(A)- (S2Q(A)-) characteristic TL emission peak to higher temperatures, thus narrowing the redox potential gap between S2Q(B)- and S2Q(A)-, which might result in increased probability for non-radiative radical pair recombination between the PSII reaction center chlorophyll a (P680+) and Q(A)- (P680+)Q(A)-) (reaction center quenching) in cold-acclimated seedlings. In Scots pine seedlings, mechanisms of quenching excess light energy in winter therefore involve light-dependent regulation of reaction center content and both reaction center-based and antenna-based quenching of excess light energy, enabling them to withstand high excitation pressure under northern winter conditions.     

4个品种核桃砧木幼苗干旱生理响应及抗旱性评价

【目的】对4个品种核桃砧木幼苗进行抗旱性评价,旨在筛选适合干旱、半干旱核桃产区的优良抗旱核桃砧木。【方法】以4个常用核桃砧木品种为试材,研究干旱对其盆栽幼苗生长速率、水分利用效率、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,采用模糊数学隶属函数法对其抗旱性进行综合评价。【结果】干旱条件下,核桃砧木幼苗间存在显著的品种间差异,其中,‘鸡爪绵’的相对生长速率(R)、长期水分利用效率(R_LWUE)、净光合速率(P_n)和光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)最高,分别为0.92 mg/d、70.24 g/L、15.22 μmol/(m^2·s)和0.79。干旱显著降低了核桃砧木幼苗的R、P_n和F_v/F_m,其中‘鸡爪绵’的降低幅度最小,分别为30.30%、22.78%和7.06%。干旱显著提高了核桃砧木幼苗的R_LWUE和瞬时水分利用效率(R_IWUE)。‘核桃楸’的R_LWUE增幅最大,为16.20%,其次是‘鸡爪绵’,为15.70%。‘鸡爪绵’的R_IWUE增幅最大,为16.61%。‘鸡爪绵’‘香玲’‘核桃楸’和‘黑核桃’的隶属函数平均值分别为0.99、0.68、0.48和0.07,表明核桃砧木幼苗抗旱性存在较大的品种间差异。【结论】‘鸡爪绵’和‘香玲’抗旱性强,且种子易获得,适合在干旱半干旱地区广泛应用,‘黑核桃’和‘核桃楸’抗旱性弱,且种子较难获得,不适宜在干旱地区应用。     

17种植物叶片叶绿素荧光特性分析

对17种植物叶片的叶绿素荧光特性分析,结果表明：17个树种的PSⅡ最大光能转换效率碱）、初始荧光R值、最大荧光Fm值以及Fv/Fo间差异极显著（Sig〈0.000）;参试树种中,裸子植物的初始荧光昂值（55．53）明显大于被子植物的初始荧光（45．72）,最大荧光R值的规律与昂相同。而PSⅡ最大光能转换效率㈣）与Fv／F0则恰好相反,革质叶片的被子植物Fv／Fm与Fv／F0最大。叶片的叶绿素荧光特性可以作为目的选择的手段。     

水分胁迫条件下不同品种(类型)楸树的叶绿素荧光特性研究

采用完全随机试验设计,在温室条件下研究了8个不同品种(类型)楸树1年生扦插苗在4种不同水分胁迫(分别为土壤田间含水量的20%、40%、60%、80%)下的叶绿素荧光特性。结果表明:不同品种(类型)楸树苗木叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv′/Fm′、ETR随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而逐渐降低;而ФPSⅡ在干旱初期,随着干旱增加,其先降低后升高,后期随干旱的增加而降低;胁迫初期,光叶楸、豫楸1号及楸树光合能力整体水平较其它5个品种(类型)差,在干旱初期的不利逆境下植株的自我调整能力较差;胁迫后期,光叶楸、豫楸1号和南阳楸发生光抑制大,光合能力较差。综合评价不同品种(类型)楸树的抗旱能力从大到小排列为:梓树灰楸圆基长果楸金丝楸楸树南阳楸豫楸1号光叶楸。     

Effects of soil drought stress on photosynthetic gas exchange traits and chlorophyll fluorescence in Forsythia suspensa

To clarify the changes in plant photosynthesis and mechanisms underlying those responses to gradually increasing soil drought stress and reveal quantitative relationships between photosynthesis and soil moisture,soil water conditions were controlled in greenhouse pot experiments using 2-year-old seedlings of Forsythia suspensa(Thunb.) Vahl. Photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence variables were measured and analyzed under 13 gradients of soil water content. Net photosynthetic rate(PN), stomatal conductance(gs), and water-use efficiency(WUE) in the seedlings exhibited a clear threshold response to the relative soil water content(RSWC). The highest PNand WUEoccurred at RSWCof51.84 and 64.10%, respectively. Both PNand WUEwere higher than the average levels at 39.79% B RSWCB 73.04%. When RSWCdecreased from 51.84 to 37.52%,PN, gs, and the intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci)markedly decreased with increasing drought stress; the corresponding stomatal limitation(Ls) substantially increased, and nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ) also tended to increase, indicating that within this range of soil water content, excessive excitation energy was dispersed from photosystem II(PSII) in the form of heat, and the reduction in PNwas primarily due to stomatal limitation.While RSWCdecreased below 37.52%, there were significant decreases in the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry(Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry(UPSII), photochemical quenching(qP), and NPQ; in contrast, minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state(F0) increased markedly. Thus,the major limiting factor for the PNreduction changed to a nonstomatal limitation due to PSII damage. Therefore, an RSWCof 37.52% is the maximum allowable water deficit for the normal growth of seedlings of F. suspensa, and a water content lower than this level should be avoided in field soil water management. Water contents should be maintained in the range of 39.79% B RSWCB 73.04% to ensure normal function of the photosynthetic apparatus and high levels of photosynthesis and efficiency in F.suspensa.     

滨海沙地簕竹属10个竹种叶绿素荧光特性研究

通过利用叶绿素荧光测定技术测定滨海沙地簕竹属10个竹种的叶绿素荧光参数试验研究,结果表明:(1)鼓节竹、观音竹、凤尾竹的初始荧光(Fo)、可变荧光(Fv)、最大荧光(Fm)值较高于其它竹种;(2)河边竹、观音竹、青皮竹、青竿竹的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(QY)、PSⅡ电子传递量子产率(ΦPSⅡ)等值均高于其它竹种;(3)河边竹、花孝顺竹、破蔑黄竹、青竿竹的光化学猝灭系数(Qp)相对较高;(4)河边竹、青皮竹、青竿竹、鼓节竹的非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)值相对较低。综上可以看出簕竹属中河边竹、观音竹、青皮竹、青竿竹具有较好的光合生理功能,可作为沿海沙地竹子引种的优选竹种。     

Recovery of photosynthesis in 1-year-old needles of unfertilized and fertilized Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during spring

Photosynthetic O(2) evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured in 1-year-old needles of unfertilized and fertilized trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in northern Sweden. Measurements were made under laboratory conditions at 20 degrees C. In general, the CO(2)-saturated rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees over a wide range of incident photon flux densities. Furthermore, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II, as indicated by the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F(V)/F(M)) was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees. The largest differences in F(V)/F(M) between the two treatments occurred before the main recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in late May. The rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of north-facing branches than in needles of south-facing branches in the middle of May. Simultaneous measurements of O(2) exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that differences in the rate of O(2) evolution between the two treatments were paralleled by differences in the rate of PS II electron transport determined by chlorophyll fluorescence. We suggest that, during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition, the balance between carbon assimilation and PS II electron transport was maintained largely by adjustments in the nonphotochemical dissipation of excitation energy within PS II.     

两个树种在涝渍胁迫下的生长及生理变化研究

文章通过为期60d田间模拟试验,以1年生落羽杉、乌桕实生苗为试才,采用完全随机试验设计,对两个树种在涝渍胁迫下的生长变化、光合特性及荧光动力学参数进行了初步研究。结果表明:在涝渍处理条件下,两个树种均产生了大量的不定根且生物量增量和相对生长率也表现出对涝渍胁迫的适应性。涝渍处理下,2个树种的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)均显著降低,涝渍程度越强,其下降幅度越大。两个树种相比,落羽杉具有更强的耐涝性。     

马尾松苗木叶绿素荧光参数及相对水分亏缺测定

对广东信宜、浙江江山、湖南汝城、重庆黔江和湖北大悟等5个种源的马尾松苗木进行干旱胁迫处理,并测定其叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值及相对水分亏缺。结果表明:大部分种源马尾松苗木叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm值在中度或重度干旱胁迫下低于对照,相对水分亏缺在中度或重度干旱胁迫下高于对照,均表现出积极的抗旱反应。     

少穗竹荧光特性初探

以少穗竹为研究对象,利用IMAGING-PAM对其进行了荧光成像诱导等研究,结果表明:①:从荧光诱导曲线,Y、qP和rETR值均很低,后均逐渐达到稳态.其中Y、rETR、qP均为一直升高并达到稳态变化趋势一致,NPQ则有一个先升高再降低逐步达到稳态的过程.②根据快速光曲线的拟合可以得到少穗竹Ik=145.273 4、α=0.200312、rETRmax=29.1.③少穗竹各荧光参数存在着大小不一的异质性,除PSII最大量子产量Fv/Fm、吸光系数Abs以外,其他参数均存在较大的异质性.其中PSII实际量子产量Y、光化学淬灭qP和相对电子传递速率PS/5O的变化基本一致,而非光化学淬灭NPQ/4的变化与前三者相反.     

女贞不同无性系的光合生理特性

利用便携式光合测定仪CIRAS-2,测定了自然条件下的女贞3个无性系光合参数日变化。结果表明：女贞3个无性系的净光合速率日变化呈“双峰”型,C5、C9“午休”出现在11：00,CK稍晚,出现在13：00。利用FMs-2脉冲调制式荧光仪测定叶绿素荧光参数,女贞3个无性系的Fv／Fm值的日变化表现为“V”型,先下降后上升。用叶绿素测定仪（SPAD-502）测定SPAD值,结果CK〈C5〈C9,说明CK叶绿素相对含量最低,C5次之,C9最高。     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3胁迫对枸杞幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

以黑果枸杞‘黑杞1号’和宁夏枸杞‘宁杞7号’的1年生幼苗为试材,用NaCl和Na_2CO_3溶液进行处理,研究盐胁迫条件下,枸杞幼苗生长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明,2种枸杞在NaCl和Na_2CO_3胁迫下,幼苗生长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的变化趋势基本相同,但不同盐不同品种间幼苗生长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数值存在差异。生长特性方面,盐胁迫主要影响株高和基径;在光合和叶绿素荧光特性方面,盐胁迫主要影响的参数有P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r、Ф_(PSⅡ)、F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m、C_(qP)、C_(qN)、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、总叶绿素含量,其中,P_n、G_s、C_i、F_o、C_(qP)、Ф_(PSⅡ)和总叶绿素含量与对照相比差异显著,T_r、F_m、F_v/F_m、C_(qN)、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量与对照相比无显著差异。NaCl胁迫后,‘黑杞1号’和‘宁杞7号’幼苗的生长量、光合速率分别在1.3 mol·L~(-1)和1.2 mol·L~(-1)时达到最高值,在1.5 mol·L~(-1)时,达到耐盐极限值;Na_2CO_3胁迫后,‘黑杞1号’和‘宁杞7号’幼苗的生长量、光合速率在0.1 mol·L~(-1)时达到最高值,分别在0.4 mol·L~(-1)和0.5 mol·L~(-1)达到耐盐极限值。所以,‘黑杞1号’耐盐能力强于‘宁杞7号’,且Na_2CO_3对枸杞幼苗影响显著大于NaCl。