绵羊冈上肌和冈下肌的肌纤维分布

本文目的在于研究冈上肌和冈下肌如何维持姿势。标本自绵羊这两块肌肉的背、中、腹三部分取得。根据组织化学方法把肌纤维分为快缩糖酵解纤维（ＦＧ）、快缩氧化糖酵解纤维（ＦＯＧ）、慢缩氧化－１（ＳＯ－１）纤维和慢缩氧化－２（ＳＯ－２）纤维。ＳＯ纤维在冈上肌多于冈下肌，且多分布在冈上肌深层尾区和冈下肌深层头区和中间区。冈上肌尾内侧区维持肩并节的伸展。冈下肌内侧区参与固定肩关节。冈上肌颅外侧区和冈下肌浅层和尾区有许多快缩（ＦＯＧ和ＦＧ）或ＦＴ纤维，参与肩关节的快速屈伸     

家兔与大鼠胫骨前肌的生后发育

为探讨家兔、大鼠胫骨前肌在生后各日龄阶段前、后亚体内快慢肌纤维的发育情况，应用大体解剖结合组织化学法明确其肌亚体，并作琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）染色，图象分析两型肌纤维的直径特征。用电生理记录仪，分别测量肌前、后亚体功能。结果表明：家兔与大鼠各肌亚体划分在生后发育中逐渐分界清楚，生后2、3天均未能分出Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维，也未见有原始肌束。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维比例随年龄增长而变化，Ⅱ型纤维比例增大。Ⅱ型纤维直径均大于Ⅰ型纤维，葡萄状运动神经末梢支配慢肌纤维，斑点状运动终板位于快肌纤维，前后肌亚体诱发电位表明其特殊的功能。     

骨骼肌纤维烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶组化染色的检测

本文应用烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶（NADH-TR）组化染色，将大鼠与家兔小腿胫前肌与腓肠肌的肌纤维型分成染色最深的快缩氧化FO型、染色较深的慢缩氧化SO型、染色浅的快缩氧化酵解FOG型及染色最浅的快缩酵解FG型纤维。这与定量分析结果相吻合。并对低温液氮保存骨骼肌标本进行观察，发现小块肌组织＋生理盐水和小块肌组织＋5％二甲基亚砜（DMSO）冷冻保护剂的玻璃化冻存一起浸入液氮制成切片，都未见冰晶形成；而在用5％二甲基亚砜玻璃化冻存大块肌组织切片见有少量冰晶出现；未使用5％二甲基亚砜玻璃化冻存大块肌组织切片见有大量冰晶出现。提示小块标本超快速浸入液氮内能减少冰晶形成，保证酶组化染色切片的质量。并进一步对烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶组化作用机理与孵育液的科学配制进行了探讨。     

杜长大三元杂交猪骨骼肌纤维类型分布

以肌球蛋白三磷酸腺苷(ATP)酶染色技术对杜长大三元杂交猪骨骼肌纤维Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的比例特征进行研究,与此同时分析肌纤维类型与肉品质的关系。结果显示:杜长大三元杂交猪背最长肌中Ⅰ型肌纤维比例为12.34%,Ⅱ型肌纤维比例为87.16%。通过分析认为,杜长大三元杂交猪之所以有较高的发生PSE肉的倾向,可能与相对过高的Ⅱ型肌纤维比例有关。     

家兔腓肠肌和胫前肌NADH-TR染色的探讨

研究成年家兔腓肠肌内外侧头和胫前肌的肌纤维构成比例与分布.应用烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶（NADH-TR）染色法,观察比较各型肌纤维的组织化学特性.结果表明：NADH-TR染色,依据其肌纤维内线粒体和肌质网显示紫色或紫蓝色,肌原纤维中的肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白不着色,可以分为Ⅰ型、ⅡA型、ⅡB型肌纤维,横切面呈多边形或椭圆形,以镶嵌交叉方式排列.三种类型的肌纤维在腓肠肌内侧头中分别约占15.2%,27.4%和57.4%,在站立负荷中提供足够肌力和稳定机体姿势的作用;在腓肠肌外侧头中分别约占13.7%,65.4%和20.9%,主要参与力量和速度运动,提供奔跑,跳跃中的推进动力;在胫前肌中约占10.9%,52.3%和36.8%,维持跗关节稳定,参与保持足弓形状与弹性,完成足跖屈和足内翻运动.腓肠肌内外侧头和胫前肌的三型肌纤维直径有所差异,其中Ⅰ型纤维为57.50～58.40 μm,ⅡA型纤维为59.25～75.40 μm,ⅡB型纤维为73.25～97.85 μm.ⅡB型纤维的横切面积最大,ⅡA型纤维的横切面积中等,Ⅰ型纤维的横切面积最小.     

大鼠与家兔生后发育期趾浅屈肌纤维间的比较

肌纤维的分类建立在它们所含有的不同肌球蛋白重链(MHC)异构体基础上,对大鼠和家兔生后发育各年龄阶段趾浅屈肌采用标准的肌动球蛋白ATP酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶组织化学染色。在生后2周龄至24周龄的大鼠和家兔,I型和ⅡⅩ型肌纤维百分比例趋于减少,而ⅡA型和ⅡB型纤维百分比例则增加。进行大量单肌纤维的组织化学特征的比较和肌纤维间相关性探讨,结果表明,动物平均体重与趾浅屈肌的平均湿重随着生后发育逐渐增加。Ⅰ,ⅡⅩ,ⅡA型和ⅡB型纤维均在生后各年龄组的全部肌肉内被发现,但生后2日龄组是个例外。在生后发育期间,雄性大鼠和家兔ⅡB型纤维的平均肌纤维型构成要大于雌性大鼠和家兔,而雄性大鼠和家兔Ⅰ,ⅡⅩ型和ⅡA型3种氧化组织化学分类的肌纤维型构成均小于雌性大鼠和家兔。大鼠Ⅰ,ⅡⅩ,ⅡA型和ⅡB型纤维的平均横切面积明显小于家兔的同类型肌纤维,在大鼠和家兔可见明显的性别差异。在大鼠和家兔的ⅡⅩ型纤维横切面积是最小的,Ⅰ型和ⅡA型纤维呈中等大小横切面积,ⅡB型纤维横切面积最大。此研究有助于我们尝试研究啮齿类动物快肌纤维生理特征的适应性。     

骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶的组织化学方法探讨

应用骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶法检测哺乳动物骨骼肌的肌纤维型 ,在 1 95 7年首先由 Nachlas等 [1]创建色素形成四唑盐法 ,倍受各国学者的广泛青睐而加以普遍应用。经过四十多年来的改良和创新 ,为了迅速、方便地切实反映骨骼肌各型肌纤维间的分辨 ,提高肌纤维的区分度。利用镁离子作为酶的激活剂来激活骨骼肌细胞浆内线粒体中琥珀酸脱氢酶 ,在其脱氢作用下 ,含有双四唑盐的底物释放出氢原子 ,与无色的双四唑盐结合 ,还原形成蓝色的双甲月赞色素 ,沉着于酶作用的所在部位 ,据此分出染成蓝色的 型纤维和未染色的 型纤维。 1 96 8年 Pearse[2 ]发…     

不同年龄家兔胫前肌电生理与酶组织化学变化

一种特定的刺激作用于感觉系统或脑的某一部位,在给予刺激或除去刺激时引起中枢神经系统中产生可测出诱发电位变化(1).根据以前对腓肠肌的研究(2),各亚体内ⅡB型纤维比例最高,ⅡA型纤维居中,而Ⅰ型肌纤维最少.家兔胫前肌诱发电位有所差异可能就是与肌纤维型构成比例的不同有关系.应用烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶(NADH-TR)组化染色法研究胫前肌前、后亚体内肌纤维表型构成比例是一种简便易行的研究方法.     

神经肌亚体内肌纤维型的生后发育

将生后2天、2周、4周、8周、12周、16周、20周、24周的家兔胫骨前肌分成前、后亚体,分别得到腓得神经主要肌分支的支配,腓深神经分支的神经分布型式随年龄增长而递降.每个肌亚体组织化学特征经由乙酰胆碱碘溶液孵育后的运动终板而确定.肌纤维可分成SO、FG、FOG和FO型.除外生后2天龄之外,前、后亚体内SO、FG、FOG肌纤维在生后2周龄、4周龄、8周龄分别约占30%左右,生后12周龄以后,在前亚体内的SO型与FOG型纤维比率下降和FG型纤维升高要超过后亚体.全部肌纤维型在生后2周龄、4周龄、8周龄、12周龄的每个肌亚体的深、中、浅部都是均匀性分布.然而,不同部位的肌纤维类型差别明显,深部以氧化型为主,而浅部则以糖酵解型为主.这种差别在生后16、20、24周龄是最典型的.两个亚体生后发育期间的每条肌纤维毛细血管数(NCF)表明SO>FO>FOG>FG型纤维和毛细血管数与肌纤维横切面积比(CCA)显示FO>SO>FOG>FG型纤维,由此指出氧供较大需求的获得是通过减小肌纤维的面积而不仅仅是依赖于增加毛细血管数量.     

兔、猫和人的腓肠肌外侧头肌亚体与肌纤维型比较研究

目的是探讨兔、猫与人的腓肠肌外侧头肌亚体与肌纤维型的分布。采用人体解剖结合组织化学方法确定其肌亚体，并作肌动球朊ATP酶酸碱法染色，毛细血管数量统计及其三型肌纤维的直径与面积的图象分析。结果表明，兔、猫与人各肌亚体FG型纤维数比例为最高，FOG型纤维居中，SO型肌纤维最少。各肌亚体SO型纤维毛细血管数目最多，家兔、猫与人均为为内侧亚体的毛细血管／mm^2数目为最多。各肌亚体SO型纤维直径与面积为最小。说明人与哺乳动物各肌亚体均见有包裹纤维和快缩纤维的同型聚集。     

Cytochemical staining characteristics of chicken heterophils and eosinophils

Cytochemistry was used to differentiate chicken heterophils and eosinophils in blood smears and cytospin preparations of isolated leukocytes. Cytochemical staining also was performed to evaluate any alteration of cell staining characteristics after heterophils had been isolated using discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. Cytochemical staining reactions of heterophils and eosinophils were the same before and after discontinuous gradient cell separation. Characteristic positive reactions did not occur when chicken heterophils were stained with alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, Sudan black B, acid phosphatase, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase, periodic acid-Schiff, or Luna's eosinophil granule techniques. Chicken eosinophils stained positively when peroxidase, Sudan black B, acid phosphatase, and Luna methods were performed. In highly cellular cytospin preparations, peroxidase reactions readily distinguished the few contaminating eosinophils (< 1%) from the heterophils.     

Histochemical staining characteristics of normal horse skeletal muscle

The histologic and histochemical staining characteristics of the triceps brachii (long head), extensor carpi radialis, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles of 8 Thoroughbreds, 2 Quarter Horses, 1 Arabian, 1 Paso Fino, and 1 Shetland Pony are described. Muscle fiber morphology, staining distribution and intensity, amount of IM connective tissue, number of IM blood vessels and IM nerves, calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity (CaATPase), percentage of fibertype population, percentage of relative fibertype area, mean fiber diameter, nonspecific esterase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and acid phosphatase activity were evaluated, using 10 common histochemical and histologic stains. Two fiber types (I, II) and 3 subtypes (IIA, IIB, IIC) were observed, using CaATPase-, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase-, periodic acid-Schiff hematoxylin-, and nonspecific esterase-stained frozen serial muscle sections. Type I muscle fibers in general had low CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, low glycogen capacity, and low esterase activity. Type IIA muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, intermediate oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type IIB fibers had high CaATPase activity, low oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and a high esterase activity. Type IIC muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, variable glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type II (IIA and IIB) muscle fibers predominated in the muscles. The percentage of muscle fiber population, mean minimal muscle fiber diameter, and percentage of relative muscle fiber area were determined for each sampled muscle. Type IIA and IIB muscle fibers predominated in the percentage of muscle fiber population and percentage of relative muscle fiber area. Type IIB muscle fibers had the greatest minimal fiber diameter, type IIA muscle fibers had intermediate minimal fiber diameter, and type I muscle fibers had the smallest minimal fiber diameter. The percentage of relative muscle fiber area was less variable (P less than or equal to 0.05) than the percentage of muscle fiber population. Mean muscle fiber diameter did not significantly differ between breeds. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were at low levels in all muscles biopsied and were limited to the IM connective tissue fibrocytes, macrophages, and capillaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Modified staining techniques for avian blood cells.

1. Two routine staining methods for domestic fowl blood cells have been modified with superior results. 2. Type of anticoagulant had a major effect on staining quality: EDTA gave excellent results whereas lithium heparin was unsatisfactory. 3. Unfixed blood smears were preferred to smears fixed in methanol before staining with May Grunwald and Giemsa's stain. Intact heterophil and basophil granules were clearly demonstrated. 4. Staining for 60 min in Natt and Herrick's haemocytometer diluent improved the differentiation between small lymphocytes and thrombocytes.     

猪附红细胞体几种染色方法的比较

为了筛选出比较理想的染色方法,使猪附红细胞体病的诊断和研究得到可靠的技术保证,本试验对附红细胞体病猪的同一份血液样本,分别采用了12种染色方法进行染色,并比较其染色效果。结果显示,丫啶橙染色和姬-瑞氏混合液染色效果最好,其次为亚伯特氏、瑞氏和姬姆萨氏等染色方法。