龙里林场马尾松人工林凋落物养分归还动态

以贵州省龙里林场3个不同密度的12年生马尾松人工林为研究对象,通过调查测定凋落物归还量、养分归还量等指标,分析凋落物中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu 9种养分的归还、转移、释放变化动态。结果表明:凋落物中9种养分年归还量与密度呈正相关,各林分平均养分年归还量从大到小为N、Ca、Mn、Mg、K、P、Fe、Zn、Cu;各林分养分月归还量变化趋势与月凋落物量变化趋势相似,除Zn为双峰型外其余为单峰型,峰值均出现在11月;马尾松人工林年凋落物量与密度呈正相关,S2167年凋落物量5 208.74 kg/(hm2·a),S1767年凋落物量4 284 kg/(hm2·a),S1200年凋落物量3 113.80 kg/(hm2·a);各林分月凋落物量变化趋势相似,均为单峰型,峰值出现在11月。     

巨桉人工林凋落物数量、养分归还量及分解动态

研究四川洪雅县4种不同密度下巨桉人工林的凋落物量、养分归还量及分解动态.结果表明:巨桉人工林凋落物产量随密度增大而递增;4个巨桉人工林年凋落规律相似,5月是全年凋落物产量的高峰期,1月凋落量最低;4个巨桉人工林凋落物大量元素年归还总量分别为95.32、86.90、67.72和66.37 kg·hm-2,且N＞K＞Ca＞Mg＞P,叶是养分归还的主要组分,春夏两季叶养分归还量最大;枝、叶的平均年失重分别为18.2%和36.1%,分解系数分别为0.176～0.214和0.383～0.445,半衰期分别为3～4年和1～2年,周转期分别为14～17年和6～8年.5种元素释放率大小顺序为Mg＞Ca＞K＞N＞P,养分归还1年后,P出现富集,N先富集后释放,大部分K、Ca、Mg被释放.     

不同间伐抚育强度对华北落叶松人工林林下凋落物的影响研究

文章以塞罕坝地区华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,主要研究在不同间伐抚育强度下其林下凋落物的现存量和持水量的变化情况。试验选取立地条件和成林状况基本一致的林分进行研究,设置弱度、中度、强度3种不同程度的间伐抚育强度与未间伐抚育林分进行对比研究,研究结果发现:伐后林分凋落物现存量表现为未伐(6.747t/hm2)弱度(6.209t/hm2)中度(5.121t/hm2)强度(3.922t/hm2),各林分持水量表现为未伐弱度中度强度,依次是2.527t/hm2、2.218t/hm2、1.690t/hm2、1.251t/hm2,且均是半分解层大于未分解层,平均持水量与凋落物现存量表现趋势一致。     

木荚红豆人工林凋落物的养分动态特征

探讨了福建三明莘口教学林场34年生的木荚红豆人工林凋落物的养分特征及其动态.结果表明凋落物各组分中N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量差异显著,其月动态也不同.1999年,木荚红豆人工林通过凋落物归还土壤的N、P、K、Ca、Mg分别为61.568、1.766、23.219、33.929、6.604 kg*hm-2,落叶是养分归还的主要组分,木荚红豆N和K年归还量明显比针叶林的大,这对维持林地的长期生产力具有重要意义;凋落物的N、P、K、Ca、Mg总归还量间的月动态相似,均在3月和8月出现高峰,以3月最高,以1月最低;各组分养分归还量的月动态与总归还量略有不同,养分总归还量的季节变化模式为春季＞夏季≈秋季＞冬季.     

罗望子人工林凋落量及养分归还特征

通过对金沙江干热河谷元谋县境内2种不同林分的罗望子人工林的年凋落量和养分归还进行分析和研究,结果表明:罗望子人工林成林和嫁接林年凋落量分别为9.61和3.44t·hm-2,落叶比例分别是41.75%和73.79%。成林凋落量月变化表现为不规则的三峰类型,凋落最高峰出现在3月份,其余2个弱峰出现在5月份和11月份。嫁接林凋落量月变化表现为双峰类型,凋落最高峰出现在3月份,另一个弱峰出现在11月份。罗望子自身的生物学特性是影响林地凋落量年动态的内在主导因子,3种气候因子对凋落量的年动态影响较小。凋落物养分归还与林分和凋落物的组分有明显的相关性,且均以N、K、Ca归还最多,Cu归还最少。成林中,落叶、落花和落果是N、P、K、Cu归还的主要来源,落叶是Ca、Mg、Fe归还的主要来源。嫁接林中,落叶是所有养分归还的主要来源。与其他亚热带人工林相比,罗望子人工林凋落量大,养分归还量高,有较好的自养能力,是金沙江干热河谷和类似区域植被恢复与生态系统修复的优势林地,同时,也是促进区域经济发展的一种较佳林地类型。     

抚育间伐对人工林凋落物分解的影响

抚育间伐是提高林分生产力的有效措施之一, 以往研究主要集中在间伐对凋落物分解速率、养分归还量以及对土壤肥力影响等直接效果方面, 而对间伐引起这些变化的原因涉及较少。文中主要综述了抚育间伐后凋落物性质、林下植被、林内小气候和土壤性质等的变化情况, 以及这些变化对凋落物分解的影响作用。     

思茅松人工林凋落物量及其分解状况研究

经对普洱市清水河5种不同密度6年生思茅松人工林的凋落物量及分解动态进行研究,结果表明:思茅松人工林年凋落物量随密度增大而递增;5种思茅松人工林月凋落规律相似,呈单峰型变化,在全年间,3~4月的凋落物量占全年的68.31%~73.51%,其余各月比较低;思茅松人工林凋落物归还养分的多少与凋落物量密切相关,人工林全N的归还量最高,全Mg的归还量最低,5种大量元素归还量的顺序为:N>P>Ca>K>Mg;思茅松人工林凋落物分解分两个阶段,旱季凋落物分解速度相对较慢,雨季凋落物快速分解,整个分解阶段呈现"由慢到快"的规律,年分解率受当地气温和降水的影响较大。     

不同间伐强度天然次生林凋落物性质的研究

对近40年生以柞树为主的天然次生林采取不同抚育间伐措施后,定位研究林分凋落物的性质。结果表明:凋落物量每年从10月份开始增大,到12月末达到高峰,全年各个时期,凋落量最大的基本为弱度间伐区。枯枝落叶年凋落量和贮量以弱度间伐区最大,强度间伐区最小。凋落物总量的分解转化率以强度间伐区最高,对照区最小。研究认为,对天然次生林中的幼林采取适度抚育间伐可改善林地凋落物状况,有利于林地的养分供给。     

中国亚热带地区不同发育阶段杉木林生物量、凋落物及养分流

杉木生长快、产量高、材质好,是中国亚热带地区最重要的造林树种之一,在中国南方人工林经营中占有重要地位。对8、14和24年生杉木人工林生物量、凋落物及其养分流进行的研究结果表明:杉木人工林具有很高的生物生产力和50%-70%的树干生物量积累比例。杉木是低养分归还的针叶树种,凋落量少,而且针叶凋落前养分发生一定程度的转移,凋落物养分含量低,短轮伐期连栽收获制度造成的养分损失是导致杉木人工林地力衰退的原因之一。图1表7参22。     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区3种林分凋落物量及其N、P归还

通过对广元低山暴雨区湿地松（Pinus eliottii Engelm）纯林、刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）纯林、湿地松与刺槐混交林（mixed stands of Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia）3种人工林凋落物量与养分归还的研究表明,3种林分的年凋落量范围在3609．6kg·hm^-2·a^-1到4917．6kg·hm^-2·a^-1,除刺槐林外,湿地松林和混交林均以叶的凋落量占优势,分刺占各自总凋落量的87．45％、55％。湿地松纯林凋落量1a中出现3次峰值（5月、7月、11月或12月）。刺槐纯林出现两次峰值（7月、11月或12月）,混交林与刺槐纯林相似。3种林分N、P的年归还量均以刺槐林最大,湿地松纯林最小,这与凋落物总量的大小排序相反。通过凋落物各组分的养分归还中,落叶的归还量占主体。3种林分相比,湿地松林和混交林的凋落总量明显高于刺槐林,但养分归还量却有所不同,刺槐林和混交林明显高于湿地松林,这说明阔叶林有良好维持地力的能力,针阔混交比针叶纯林更能改善土壤肥力。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.