蜀南苦竹林生态系统碳储量与碳汇能力估测

科学准确的碳计量是评价森林减缓大气CO2浓度增加、应对气候变化能力的关键,而竹林特殊的生物学与生态学特性使得竹林碳汇计量较其他森林生态系统更为复杂。采用生物量法研究蜀南苦竹林生态系统的碳密度、碳储量及其空间分配格局,并对苦竹林生态系统碳汇能力进行估算。结果表明:1)立竹平均含碳率为450.792g·kg-1,不同龄级苦竹各器官含碳率差异不显著。土壤有机碳含量为19.410g·kg-1,不同土层差异极显著;2)苦竹林生态系统总碳储量为156.823t·hm-2,其中土壤碳库是最大的碳库,为132.568t·hm-2,占总碳储量的84.53%,枯落物碳库为最小的碳库(4.823t·hm-2),只占总碳储量的3.08%;3)苦竹立竹碳储量为19.432t·hm-2,占总碳储量12.39%,其中近半(49.13%)贮藏于竹秆中。竹秆、竹枝、竹叶3部分地上碳储量总计达13.346t·hm-2,占立竹总碳储量的68.68%,地上部分碳储量为地下部分碳储量的2.19倍;4)苦竹林生态系统植被层年固碳量为8.262t·hm-2,相当于每年固定30.294t·hm-2CO2,固碳能力强于毛竹。     

九龙江口秋茄红树林储碳固碳功能研究

以福建九龙江口24年生、48年生的秋茄红树林为研究对象,通过测定秋茄林木层各器官、凋落物层、土壤层含碳率和土壤呼吸,结合各组分生物量和年净生产量,计算秋茄红树林的碳储量和年净固碳量。结果表明:24年生、48年生秋茄林碳储量分别为183.31、244.45 t·hm-2,其中林木层碳储量分别为162.45、222.95 t·hm-2,凋落物层碳储量分别为15.05、16.99 t·hm-2,土壤层和林木层碳储量在生态系统碳储量中的比例均随林龄增大而升高。24年生、48年生秋茄林均表现出了碳汇功能,其中24年生秋茄林年净固碳量较大,为18.51 t·hm-2·a-1;而48年生秋茄林的碳汇功能较低,为7.01 t·hm-2·a-1。     

广州市3种典型人工林碳储量及分布特征研究

采用样方法和取样法,研究广东省广州市流溪河林场黧蒴、木荷、杉木林生态系统碳含量、碳储量及其空间分布特征。结果表明:林木各器官平均碳含量为杉木(490.99 g·kg-1)黧蒴(447.18 g·kg-1)木荷(442.52 g·kg-1),各器官间存在差异,从高到低排列顺序杉木为皮叶枝干根;木荷为干根皮枝叶;黧蒴为叶干枝根皮;林分内乔木层碳储量为黧蒴(103.08 t·hm-2)木荷(83.19 t·hm-2)杉木(20.67 t·hm-2)。地被植物和枯落物碳含量均表现为灌木层草本层枯落物层。林地土壤容重随土层的加深而增大,各层次碳含量呈下降趋势且分布不均,表层(0~25 cm)土壤碳含量较高,3种林分土壤碳储量排序为木荷(154.52 t·hm-2)黧蒴(146.75 t·hm-2)杉木(131.29 t·hm-2)。3种人工林生态系统碳库的空间分布序列为土壤层植被层枯落物层。黧蒴林乔木层年净生产力为9.22 t·hm-2·a-1,是木荷的1.32倍、杉木的1.97倍,年净生产力阔叶林树种大于针叶林杉木;年净固碳量黧蒴为4.12 t·hm-2·a-1,木荷为3.08 t·hm-2·a-1,分别为杉木的1.79和1.34倍;各林分生态系统乔木层同化CO2能力为黧蒴木荷杉木。阔叶树种黧蒴(25 a生)和木荷(27 a生)的林分固碳能力优于针叶树种杉木(9a生)。     

慈竹林生态系统碳储量及其空间分配特征

利用标准样方法研究了慈竹林生态系统的碳含量、碳储量以及空间分配特征,结果表明:慈竹各器官碳含量介于0.4600~0.5105 g.g-1之间,碳含量从高到低排序为竹秆>竹根>竹蔸>竹枝>竹叶;灌草与枯落物层碳含量为0.3724 g.g-1;土壤层有机碳含量以表层土(0~20 cm)最大,为15.29 g.kg-1,并随土层深度的增加而减少;慈竹林生态系统碳储量为135.95 t.hm-2,其中乔木层碳储量为56.27 t.hm-2,占41.39%,土壤层(0~100 cm)为74.07 t.hm-2,占54.48%,灌草与枯落物层最低,为5.61 t.hm-2,占4.13%;慈竹具有较强的固碳能力,其年固碳量为11.25 t.hm-2.a-1。     

不同经营措施对毛竹林生物量与碳储量的影响

为了研究安徽泾县蔡村不同经营措施对毛竹林的生物量及碳储量的影响情况,对该地区不同经营措施下毛竹林的林分结构及林地土壤养分状况进行了调查,并结合现存生物量进行了分析。结果表明:采用粗放经营、垦复-施农家肥、垦复-施配比肥这3种不同措施经营的毛竹林其平均胸径分别为9.55、11.38和10.89 cm;其平均立竹度分别为0.28、0.36和0.34;调查区内毛竹林地土壤中全氮、全磷、速效磷、可溶性有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮的含量均随着土层深度的加深而降低;土壤中的钾含量在深度为0~10 cm的土层中最低。各经营措施下毛竹林各器官中的生物量及碳储量分配的大小顺序均为:竹秆竹根竹枝竹叶。粗放经营、垦复-施农家肥、垦复-施配比肥的毛竹林其总生物量分别为76.69、90.03和84.86 t·hm-2,其总碳储量分别为154.96、235.83和229.18 t·hm-2。根据竹龄和采伐习惯估算,采取经营措施的毛竹林平均每年同化CO2的量(26.11 t·hm-2a-1)是粗放经营毛竹林(22.81 t·hm-2a-1)的1.14倍。文中因此认为,从竹林的长期经营效益和生态效益来看,应采取适度或适当的管理与施肥措施(尤以农家肥为佳),这样才可在提高毛竹林生产力的同时增强毛竹林的固碳能力。     

南亚热带米老排成熟林碳库及其分布格局

以南亚热带地区广西宁明县米老排成熟林(34年生)为研究对象,采用标准样地法对其碳库及其分布格局进行研究。结果表明:1米老排不同器官碳素含量在472.6~509.3 g·kg-1之间,各器官碳素含量排序依次为树叶、干材、干皮、树枝、树根。灌木层、草本层、凋落物层碳素含量分别为480.4、469.1、483.2 g·kg-1。土壤(0~100 cm)土层中碳素含量为8.94g·kg-1,随土层加深土壤中碳素含量逐渐减少。2米老排人工林生态系统碳库为272.80 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为143.47t·hm-2,占52.59%;灌木层为0.44 t·hm-2,占0.18%;草本层为0.18 t·hm-2,占0.07%;凋落物层为5.07 t·hm-2,占1.86%;土壤层为123.64 t·hm-2,占45.32%。3米老排成熟林年净生产力为10.17 t·hm-2·a-1,碳素年净固定量为5.37 t·hm-2·a-1,折合成CO2的量为19.69 t·hm-2·a-1。     

四川省纳溪区孝顺竹林生态系统碳储量及其空间分配格局

利用标准样方法研究了孝顺竹林生态系统碳含量、碳储量及其空其间分配格局。结果表明:孝顺竹林乔木层各器官碳含量介于0.4893 g.g-1~0.5222 g.g-1之间,从高到低排序依次为竹秆(0.5222 g.g-1)竹根(0.5177 g.g-1)竹蔸(0.5041 g.g-1)竹叶(0.4967 g.g-1)竹枝(0.4893 g.g-1);土壤层碳含量随深度增加而降低,0~20 cm为0.0104 g.g-1,20 cm~40 cm为0.0046 g.g-1;生态系统各组分碳含量表现为乔木层(0.5148 g.g-1)枯落物层(0.4837 g.g-1)土壤层(0.0076 g.g-1);孝顺竹林生态系统碳储量为44.8599 t.hm-2,空间分布序列为土壤层(41.2518 t.hm-2)乔木层(3.5965 t.hm-2)枯落物层(0.0116 t.hm-2),分别占91.95%,8.02%和0.03%。     

毛竹林的碳密度和碳贮量及其空间分布

利用标准样方法研究毛竹林碳密度和碳贮量以及空间分布。结果表明 :毛竹不同器官碳密度波动在0 4 6 83～ 0 5 2 10g·g- 1 ,按碳密度高低排列依次为竹根 >竹秆 >竹蔸 >竹枝 >竹鞭 >竹叶 ;碳贮量在毛竹不同器官中的分配以竹秆占比例最大 ,为 5 0 97% ,其次为竹根 ,占 19 79% ,占比例最小的是竹叶 ,仅占 4 87% ;毛竹林生态系统中碳总贮量为 10 6 36 2t·hm- 2 ,其中植被层 34 2 31t·hm- 2 ,占了 32 18% ,枯落物和土壤层 (0～ 6 0cm) 72 131t·hm- 2 ,占了 6 7 82 % ;毛竹林乔木层碳素年固定量为 5 0 97t·hm- 2 a- 1 ,与粗放经营竹林相比 ,毛竹集约经营 10年后 ,竹林生态系统中碳贮量减少了 8 133t·hm- 2 ,但乔木层年净固定碳量增加了 0 5 89t·hm- 2 a- 1 。     

杉木生态系统生物量与固碳能力的分析与评价

杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)是我国特有的优良速生针叶树种,分布地域广阔,在碳循环及维护生态系统平衡等方面发挥着非常重要的作用。本文通过分析大量文献,讨论了立地条件、分布区域和经营方式等因素对杉木林生态系统生物量和生产力的影响。根据文献资料对杉木林生态系统生物量和固碳能力进行了初步估测。结果表明:①中国杉木林生态系统平均生物量约为36.516 t.hm-2,平均生产力约为8.412 t.hm-2.a-1。杉木林生产力的最大值在杉木中心分布区的中亚热带,尤以中亚热带南部亚地带的最高,其生产力平均达13.50 t.hm-2.a-1;中亚热带北部亚地带平均为11.95 t.hm-2.a-1;南亚热带和北亚热带分别是8.83 t.hm-2.a-1和5.54 t.hm-2.a-1;北热带地区杉木林的生物生产力最低,平均为5.02t.hm-2.a-1。②1994年以前的统计数据,中国杉木林生态系统的总植物碳储量为:幼龄林9.98×106t,中龄林31.61×106t,近熟林11.73×106t,成熟林7.50×106t,过熟林2.87×106t,总计为63.69×106t。③目前,中国杉木林面积达1 239.1×104hm2,蓄积量为47 357.33×104m3,换算成生物量约为18 938.20×104t,总固碳量约为5 211.65×104t.a-1。目前,杉木林生态系统的碳储量的估算没有包括土壤以及凋落物层的碳含量,因此,所估算的杉木林固碳能力和总的碳储量可能偏低。     

人工诱导的杉木苦竹混交林林分生产力研究

对福建省沙县官庄国有林场10年生杉木纯林,通过间伐人工诱导营建杉木苦竹混交林的林分生产力进行研究。结果表明:杉木苦竹混交林林分结构合理,层次明显,呈复层林分。混交林中杉木平均木树干生物量分别是高密度杉木纯林(2500株.hm-2)、低密度杉木纯林(1125株.hm-2)的122.7%、107.9%,净生产量分别是高密度杉木纯林、低密度杉木纯林的122.6%、104.0%;叶对树干的净同化率为5.75 kg.kg-1.a-1,比低密度杉木纯林提高5.7%。混交林中苦竹立竹数6000株.hm-2,现存生物量9.43 t.hm-2,年平均净生产量为1.2 t.hm-2.a-1;8 a间伐竹材和竹笋年平均产量分别达到9.608 t.hm-2和7.587 t.hm-2,取得了一定收益,达到了长短结合,以短养长的目的,是较好的经营模式。人工诱导构建杉木苦竹混交林具有较高生产力。     

Armillaria ostoyae in managed coniferous forests in Kastamonu in Turkey

Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m². One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites.     

上海中央公园特大银杏树白蚁防治探讨

通过对上海松江中央公园内65株特大银杏树白蚁为害情况的调查,发现该公园银杏受害率为100%,其中存在活白蚁的银杏占总量的56.9%,采用毒土处理、粉剂疗法、建立白蚁监测点等措施,经过两次灭杀,活白蚁的灭杀率达到92.3%和93.3%,从而使存在活白蚁银杏树的比例从56.9%下降到2.7%,白蚁发生情况明显降低。       

我国食品中农药残留研究进展

随着人们安全健康意识提高,食品中农药残留问题更加受到重视,本文综述了样品预处理研究进展及农药残留快速检测技术研究进展,并简单分析介绍各种方法的优缺点。     

建平半干旱地区石质山地造林技术研究

研究了不同植物在石质山地的造林成活率、土壤化学性质随造林年限的变化和造林措施对土壤化学性质和植物胸径、树高年净生长量的影响。结果表明：不同植物在石质山地的成活率在21%～85%之间,其中白榆和沙打旺的成活率分别为81%和85%,而小叶杨、刺槐、栾树的成活率均在70%左右;植被能明显提高石质山地不同土层的有机质、全N、P2O5含量,但提高程度随土层深度、养分种类和造林年限的不同而不同;在同一土层,生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高土壤有机质含量（p〈0.01）并显著降低土壤P2O5含量（p〈0.01）;只有保水剂可引起土壤全K含量的明显升高;生物复合肥料、菌剂和保水剂均显著提高白榆、小叶杨、刺槐、栾树树高和胸径的年净生长量,但保水剂的提高程度最高。     

植物DNA甲基化研究进展

植物经常暴露在各种生物和非生物的胁迫之下,这些胁迫会影响植物的生长发育和繁殖并最终导致植物死亡。为了抵御不利的环境条件,植物已经进化出复杂而精细的网络来感知胁迫并激活防御系统。为此,植物激活许多信号转导通路,这些信号转导通路可以改变一些胁迫响应基因的表达,从而引起植物形态、生理和生化的改变以适应逆境。DNA胞嘧啶甲基化是高等真核生物的主要表观遗传机制之一,在维持基因组稳定性和调节基因表达方面起着关键作用。表观遗传变异比遗传变异更为灵活。一旦环境条件发生变化,为了适应新的环境植物都会发生表观遗传的改变。许多研究表明DNA甲基化参与植物的发育和应激反应。基于相关研究对DNA甲基化进行了综述,对植物逆境胁迫有重要意义。     

木材碳封存研究进展

碳封存可以分工业封存和生物封存, 工业封存包括地质封存、海洋封存、矿石碳化以及工业循环利用, 这些方法能快速回收CO₂, 但工艺流程技术复杂, 成本较高。木材碳封存是生物碳封存的一种类型, 树木光合作用吸收的碳主要存贮在木材中。运用木材密度、微密度等检测仪器, 通过确定木材密度变化, 结合其含碳率来计量木材的碳封存过程以及封存过程中碳的分配格局, 同时研究其与环境因子的相关性, 可以为研究森林的碳吸收动态提供便捷的方法和科学的依据。     

Natural regeneration in patch clear-cutting in Picea abies stands in Southern Finland

Abstract

The success of natural regeneration on patch clear-cuts in Norway spruce stands in Southern Finland was examined in terms of stocking and tree height. The experiment was established in mature spruce stands in the submesic Myrtillus (MT) site type. In each of the eight study sites, three plots were treated with clear-cutting and planting, clear-cutting with partial tree retention and planting, and patch clear-cutting without site preparation, respectively. In three of the study sites, one plot with patch clear-cutting and site preparation was established. Each plot was 1 ha, out of which three patches of 40×40 m were clear-cut in the patch treatments. 10–11 years after cutting, the patches had on average 1316 crop trees ha^–1, of which 91% were spruces. Some 27% of the stands were up to the target stocking level (≥1600 ha^?1), and 36% were at least satisfactory (≥1300 ha^?1). Site preparation did not yield greater stocking levels on patches, but that result is ambiguous due to a difference in initial stocking. The average spruce tree height in the patches (0.76 m) was much smaller than in the case of clear-cutting and planting (2.42 m). In conclusion, the patches had been restocked tolerably well with spruce and birch for practical purposes during the 10- to 11-year period, but the regeneration process had been very slow compared to clear-cutting and planting.     

Tree regeneration in patch cutting in Norway spruce stands in northern Finland

The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37?ha), on which either natural regeneration without site preparation or site preparation and planting of Scots pine was applied. A regeneration survey was conducted 13–15 growing seasons after treatments. Patches without site preparation had been restocked quite well from natural seed sources. The average number of trees was about 11,000?ha^?1, of which 1700?ha^?1 crop trees. With site preparation and planting, the stocking levels were also very high, 25,000 and 2100?ha^?1, respectively. One hundred percent of the planted patches and 75% of the naturally regenerated patches had an acceptable density. Restocking was equally good across the range of patch sizes. Tree growth had been somewhat slower in the smallest patches than in the largest ones in the range. Natural regeneration was capable of yielding good regeneration results in most patches, especially when site preparation was applied. Stocking levels and height development were higher yet in the planted patches.     

Changes in micropores in dry wood with elapsed time in the environment

To investigate the changes in microstructures of wood with elapsed time in the environment, CO₂ adsorption onto dry wood was measured at ice-water temperature (273 K) for samples aged from 0.1 years to over 1000 years. The micropore size distribution was obtained using the Horvath-Kawazoe method. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood decreased in number with elapsed time in the environment, and a negative correlation was found between cumulative pore volume for pores smaller than 0.6 nm and elapsed time in the environment. Cumulative pore volume in the 1000-year sample was almost half of that in the 0.1- year sample. Micropores smaller than 0.6 nm in wood with a few decades or more of elapsed time increased in number after rewetting and drying. Consequently, microstructures of wood with longer time elapsed in the environment were considered to be more stable, because of longer-term thermal motion and possibly more repeated moisture adsorption and desorption and/or temperature variation in the environment.