植被恢复程度与沙地土壤性质——以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘为例

为进一步揭示塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘植被恢复对沙土的影响,调查研究了4种不同植被恢复程度沙地的土壤理化性质。结果表明:植被恢复与土壤理化性质动态的关系密切。随着植被恢复程度增加,沙土细粒成分增加,中砂成分减少,土壤平均粒径减小,但沙地土壤粒径峰度、偏度和分维值差异不大;不同土层深度沙土粒径组成的变化表现出与沙漠化逆转过程相一致的特点;植被恢复对土壤化学性质的影响表现为中、下层土有机质、有效磷、有效钾含量增加,但沙地土壤全氮的差异不显著。以植被恢复为前提的沙漠化逆转是土壤细粒化和营养富集的过程,但其演变是一个较为长期的过程。     

艾比湖地区盐生植物群落土壤氮素的垂直分布特征

通过研究艾比湖地区9种盐生植物群落土壤剖面的氮素特征,揭示其影响因子。结果表明：① 干旱区荒漠中盐生植物的土壤理化性质差异显著(P＜0.05）。在整体上土壤氮素含量随土壤深度增加呈减小趋势,有效氮素形态为硝态氮。② 土壤氮素与土壤理化性质的相关性：全氮和碱解氮与有机质呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01）;碱解氮和全氮与pH、硝态氮和无机氮与电导率相关性不显著。③ 土壤中硝态氮的主要影响因素为铵态氮、碱解氮、全氮和有机质,其次是容重和含水量,最后是土壤pH和电导率,其他因素是通过影响土壤有机质的积累和分解对其起作用。     

转Bt基因水稻对土壤理化性质的影响研究

土壤是生态系统中物质循环和能量转化过程的重要场所,转基因作物外源基因在土壤环境中的累积已经引起人们的广泛关注。本文以农业部批准发放安全证书的转Bt基因抗虫水稻"华恢1号"为实验材料,研究转Bt基因水稻对土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的影响。实验结果表明,水稻品种对土壤理化性质均无显著影响(P>0.05);不同取样时间田间土壤有机质(P<0.05)和全氮含量(P<0.0001)存在显著差异;不同水稻品种和不同取样时间的交互作用对土壤理化性质均无显著影响(P>0.05)。研究转基因水稻不同生育期对土壤理化性质的影响,可构建转基因水稻对土壤肥力的安全性评价,为转Bt基因水稻未来的商业化生产提供的理论依据。     

黄土高原地区人工林营造——混交林模式生态效益研究

为探讨不同类型人工林对土壤理化性质的改良能力,以兰州市南北两山5种典型林分类型(侧柏林、新疆杨林、刺槐林、侧柏刺槐混交林、新疆杨刺槐混交林)为研究对象,对0～80 cm土层的土壤理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:(1)不同林分类型混交林土壤容重、持水量、孔隙度、土壤含水量、渗透速率均好于纯林;两种混交林和侧柏林土壤pH低于刺槐林和新疆杨林;混交林土壤有机质、全氮、无机氮、全磷大于纯林;全钾、速效钾在不同林分类型之间差异不显著。(2)在0～80 cm土层范围内,各林分类型随着土壤深度的增加,土壤容重逐渐增加;土壤持水量、孔隙度逐渐降低;土壤含水量、土壤pH均在土层间无显著差异;土壤有机质、全氮、无机氮、速效磷、速效钾随土壤深度的增加逐渐降低,有表聚效应;全磷和全钾在土层间差异不显著。(3)土壤理化性质相关性分析发现:土壤有机质与土壤全氮、无机氮、全磷、持水量、孔隙度均呈极显著正相关,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关;土壤容重与土壤持水量、孔隙度均呈极显著负相关。混交林较纯林在改善土壤理化性质方面有更好的效果,建议该区域在今后人工林营造中以混交林为主,在现有纯林的抚育管理中可考虑将其改造为混交林。     

呼和浩特地区施磷对春小麦养分吸收和生物产量的影响

内蒙古农业大学教学农场大田设施磷与不施磷两处理，分析研究春小麦不同生育期体内的氮、磷、钾含量、吸收量，干物质积累量和生物产量。结果表明，乳熟一蜡熟阶段是春小麦养分吸收和生物产量积累的最快时期，磷可提高植株体内氮、磷养分浓度，对其他养分浓度影响不是很明显。磷素有利于干物质积累，可以增加春小麦生物产量和籽粒中氮、磷含量，但对钾素的影响不明显。因此，在制定施肥方案时，应重视氮、磷、钾的合理配合，以满足春小麦“高产、优质、高效”生产的营养需要。     

棉花品种间土壤Nmin异同及氮肥推荐技术研究

在滴灌条件下,利用流动分析仪测定基因型差异较大的陆地棉和海岛棉在不同施氮水平下,各主要生育期0～60 cm土壤无机氮含量,对土壤氮素营养诊断及氮肥推荐技术基因型间的异同进行试验研究.结果表明:不同棉花品种0～20 cm土壤Nmin含量与施氮量和产量均有显著的正相关关系,采样深度增加相关性降低,品种间基肥和追肥总量氮肥推荐指标差异不显著,可采用同一标准.但由于2个品种各时期吸收氮的能力不同,不同品种主要生育时期最佳供氮量,植株全氮含量和收获后0～60 cm土壤硝态氮残留量都有一定差异.     

土壤熏蒸对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展

土壤熏蒸凭借高效、广谱等优点已被广泛应用,但正因为其具有广谱性,熏蒸剂在杀死土壤中有害生物的同时,也影响着驱动土壤中各种元素循环、转化的非靶标微生物。土壤氮循环是连接大气、土壤和水体的重要枢纽,而与氮循环有关的关键过程主要由微生物所驱动,因此,土壤熏蒸势必会影响氮循环中的物质转化。已有研究表明,熏蒸剂可显著改变一些与土壤氮循环相关的功能基因及功能微生物的种类及丰度,其中一些熏蒸剂在进行熏蒸处理后,短期内均能提高土壤中氮的矿化速率,增加土壤中的氮素累积矿化量,而固氮、硝化和反硝化过程均受到抑制,可提高对氮素的利用率。本文就常用的几种熏蒸剂在进行土壤熏蒸后,对土壤中氮循环中的固氮、矿化、硝化和反硝化等反应中的各个关键过程和功能微生物产生的影响进行综述,可为研究土壤熏蒸的环境风险提供依据。     

延安新区生态林建设对土壤理化性质的影响

树木定植可以影响土壤理化性质。为明确延安新区不同树种人工生态林对土壤理化性质的影响状况,为合理造林提供依据,以延安新区荒地土壤为对照,研究了人工生态林(松树、柏树)对土壤理化性质,包括含水量、p H值、有机质、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:人工林增加了土壤含水量,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤含水量变化总体呈现出增加的趋势。土壤的p H值总体上是呈弱碱性,松树定植土壤p H值呈现降低趋势,柏树和荒地土壤p H值在不同土层中变化较大。土壤有机质的含量随深度增加呈递减的趋势,不同土层中呈现荒地柏树松树。荒地土壤铵态氮在不同土层中变化不大,柏树土壤中0~15 cm随深度的增加而增加,15~20 cm略有下降;松树土壤在0~10 cm土层基本相同,10~15 cm有所下降,15~20 cm略微上升。硝态氮在不同类型利用方式下变化不一,造成这种差异可能与树种有关。     

干草原区车辆碾压对土壤理化性质的影响

文中以干草原区不同程度车辆碾压的道路为研究对象,测定不同碾压程度道路的土壤容重、土壤含水量及土壤养分的变化,探讨不同程度车辆碾压对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:车辆碾压导致土壤容重增加,碾压后有植被区域含水量增加、无植被区域含水量减少;碾压区域土壤容重及含水量纵向规律发生改变;碾压道路表层土壤有机质及土壤全氮含量减少;但底层土壤有机质及土壤全氮含量受碾压影响不大。     

秸秆覆盖条件下不同施氮水平冬小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮残留

通过田间定位试验研究秸秆覆盖条件下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮残留的影响.试验包括覆盖(不覆盖和秸秆覆盖4500 kg/hm2)和施氮量(0,75,150,225和300 kg N/hm2)两个因素,共10个处理,重复3次.3年结果表明:秸秆覆盖对冬小麦吸氮量没有显著影响,但在偏旱年份,秸秆覆盖有利于提高氮肥利用效率.与不覆盖类似,秸秆覆盖冬小麦吸氮量在3年间呈持续增加趋势.不论秸秆覆盖还是不覆盖,施氮量小于等于150 kg/hm2时,对土壤硝态氮残留量均没有显著影响;施氮量高于150 kg/hm2时,土壤残留硝态氮量则显著增加,0～200 cm剖面出现明显的累积峰,秸秆覆盖土壤残留硝态氮累积峰较不覆盖处理深40 cm左右.     

Formation,Distribution, and Physicochemical Properties of Plant Litter in Shrub Patches of Northeastern Patagonia

The objective of this study was to assess the formation, distribution, and physicochemical properties of litter in two types of shrub patches, featured by the dominant species (Atriplex lampa and Prosopis alpataco). These species are important components of the Monte Phytogeographic Province . The surface layers of the shrub-steppe have been classified into four soil condition classes using attributes that are easily observable in the field. These classes provide an estimate of litter spatial patterns and of potential dry matter production. Litter differs greatly in chemical content. The P. alpataco patch presents higher quality in organic matter , based on its elemental composition of carbon , nitrogen , and phosphorus . The patterns of the lignin studied in both patches were different . The sum of phenolic oxida tion species was higher in summer for P. alpataco than in A. lampa, indicating higher contents of lignin components in the former and a slight oxidation in the latter . The strongest peaks in 1 3 C NMR spectra are present in the rank of poly saccharides and sharper aliphatic structures . Seasonal differences between patches correlate to the results obtained in polysaccharides and lignin and might be ascribed to the high mineralization of the former . The results of this study indicate that the shrub structure in terms of patch types and patch dynamics controls the content , distribution , and composition of litter materials and has a major impact on litter decomposition . Thus the formation , distribution , and function of litter in shrub steppe soils can be studied through the structural characterization of patches and classes of soil surface conditions.     

The effect of water spreading system on the functionality of rangeland ecosystems

In recent decades, the control of floods is an efficient management practice for the rehabilitation of rangelands in most arid and semiarid areas. To evaluate the benefits, we used the Landscape Function Analysis (LFA) method to assess the function of patches and qualitative capability of a rangeland ecosystem in Gareh Bygone region, Fars province, southwestern Iran. Landscape functionality depends on soil, water and nutrient (collectively called "resources") conservation and use within a given ecosystem. Many landscapes are naturally heterogeneous in terms of resource control and possess patches, where resources tend to accumulate, and inter-patches. Assessing rangeland health and function of landscape patches in response to environment and management can give rise to correct management decisions for qualitative improvement of the ecosystem. Therefore, our study area was divided into two parts, i.e. water spreading and control parts, and sampling was done using LFA method in each part separately. Structural parameters, including the number, length and width of patches, and the mean length of inter-patches, were determined by the method to characterize the functional status of the monitoring sites. For each patch/inter-patch type identified in the transect organization log, we recorded its soil surface properties classified according to the Soil Surface Assessment Method. The density, canopy cover and composition of plants were then assessed. The results showed that the number of ecological patches and their dimensions were significantly increased in the water spreading site. Soil stability and the values of nutrient cycling indices were increased but the infiltration values were decreased in the water spreading site. It could be related to the effect of suspended materials transported by floods to the soils in the study area. The improvement of ecological patches and rangeland ecosystem was achieved where water spreading systems were practiced. Therefore it can be concluded that water spreading as a management plan plays an important role in arid land ecosystem functionality.     

短花针茅荒漠草原斑块尺度物种多样性及其共存格局

阐明斑块尺度上物种共存格局，对于深入认识荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性的维持机理具有重要意义。按斑块的土壤生境退化程度，选取短花针茅荒漠草原3类典型群落斑块为研究对象，对比分析不同斑块的物种构成、多样性及物种间的共存关系格局。结果表明：① 斑块A属单优种短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）群落；斑块B为短花针茅+草木樨状黄耆（Astragalus melilotoides）群落；斑块C为苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）+老瓜头（Cynanchum komarovii）+猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）群落。② 群落结构中斑块A和斑块B多样性相近，均高于无短花针茅生长的斑块C。③ 基于零模型的分析结果显示，物种共存格局的复杂性和强度为：斑块A>斑块B>斑块C，且下降趋势明显，斑块A存在的16组显著物种对中有4组为显著竞争关系，而斑块C中的物种对减少到7组，且仅存在猪毛蒿与苦豆子组显著竞争物种对。结论：表明未沙化的土壤生境斑块是荒漠草原破碎化草地生物多样性维持的一个重要前提，土壤生境的退化显著降低了斑块内部群落组织的复杂性和物种间相互作用的强度，不利于群落的自我维持。     

An investigation of genetic variation in Cirsium arvense field patches

The genetic structure of typical Cirsium arvense patch populations in two arable fields was examined. Patches were mapped and plant samples were taken in these patches. Plants of a central patch and four surrounding patches were sampled in 1 year to investigate the influence of root fragment dispersal. Plants of another patch were sampled in three subsequent years to investigate the patch development. The genotypes of the plants were examined using repetitive enterogenic primer (REP) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. The mean proportion of distinguishable genotypes ranged from 0.13 to 0.67 and the evenness index ranged from 0.58 to 1.00. Differences in genotypes between neighbouring patches indicated that root fragment dispersal via soil cultivation was of minor importance. Three years sampling within a patch showed that the patch mainly ‘grew’ via the establishment of new clones rather than by clonal growth of one genotype. The influence of various factors caused by population demography or arable practice on patch development in an arable field is discussed. Although various factors can help to maintain genetic diversity, there is strong evidence for regular seedling establishment in arable fields.     

绿洲农田不同施肥处理对土壤养分和作物产量的影响

为充分了解绿洲农田农业生态系统养分循环规律,利用长期定位实验的方法,初步探讨了不同施肥处理下,绿洲农田的土壤养分及作物产量变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量有明显影响。其中,化肥与有机肥配合施用处理的土壤养分含量最高,无肥CK处理养分含量最低,尤其是化肥与有机肥配合施用处理的有机质、全N和碱解氮分别比对照区平均高1.5 g/kg0、.19 g/kg和10.5 mg/kg,其他各处理养分含量处于二者之间。结果还表明,作物产量与土壤养分含量相关,尤其是与土壤有机质、全N、碱解N的含量关系密切,制约产量的首要养分因素是N素,其次是P素。CK处理由于连年作物吸收及收获带走养分,使土壤的有效养分库消耗很快,致使作物产量逐渐降低。P、K处理作物产量变化趋势和CK处理基本一致,进一步表明了N素是影响绿洲农田作物产量的首要因素。对各处理的土壤养分和作物产量变化研究表明,化肥与有机肥配合施用处理作物产量最高,平均为4 010.8 kg/hm2,因此化肥与有机肥配合施用可能是提高绿洲农田土壤肥力,增加作物产量的最佳施肥方式。     

Defining the habitat niche of Alopecurus myosuroides at the field scale

The distribution of Alopecurus myosuroides (black‐grass) in fields is patchy. The locations of these patches can be influenced by the environment. This presents an opportunity for precision management through patch spraying. We surveyed five fields on various types of soil using a nested sampling design and recorded both A. myosuroides seedlings in autumn and seed heads in summer. We also measured soil properties at those sampling locations. We found that the patches of seed heads within a field were smaller than the seedling patches, suggesting that techniques for patch spraying based on maps of heads in the previous season could be inherently risky. We also found that the location of A. myosuroides patches within fields can be predicted through their relationship with environmental properties and that these relations are consistent across fields on different soil types. This improved understanding of the relations between soil properties and A. myosuroides seedlings could allow farmers to use pre‐existing or suitably supplemented soil maps already in use for the precision application of fertilisers as a starting point in the creation of herbicide application maps.     

地膜-秸秆双重覆盖模式下果园土壤养分含量研究

为了研究地膜-秸秆双重覆盖模式对渭北旱塬果园土壤养分含量的影响,对5个不同处理(地膜压玉米秆双重覆盖、地膜压短麦秆双重覆盖、长麦秆压地膜双重覆盖、地膜压长麦秆双重覆盖和无覆盖清耕对照)下果园0~100 cm土层深度范围内的土壤养分含量进行测定,并统计了苹果产量。结果表明:地膜-秸秆双重覆盖模式能显著提高果园土壤养分平均含量,并提升养分有效性;其中地膜压短麦秆双重覆盖处理综合效果最佳,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均显著高于无覆盖对照(P0.05),提高比例分别为29.72%、8.82%、19.35%、51.87%、22.66%;碱解氮含量提高比例高于全氮,说明该模式能够提高氮肥有效性。与无覆盖对照相比,地膜-秸秆双重覆盖模式对土壤剖面养分垂直变异影响不明显,均呈现出随深度增加先降低后缓慢递增的趋势。从提高土壤养分含量和提升其养分有效性的角度出发,利用地膜压短麦秆双重覆盖模式进行果园土壤管理可以成为实现渭北旱塬果园高产、优产、稳产的有效途径之一。     

生物炭配施沼液对番茄根区土壤养分环境的影响及评价

为探明施用生物炭对沼液灌溉时作物根区养分滞留量的影响，将生物炭的强吸附特性与沼液绿色有机的特点相结合，在2019年和2020年开展两季大田试验，设置1个当地常规化肥处理(CF)和4个沼液-生物炭处理(沼液浓度20%,T₀、T_0.5、T_1.0、T_2.0处理生物炭施用量分别为0%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%,质量比),探求不同生物炭施加量配施沼液对番茄根区土壤养分环境的影响，并采用层次分析法(AHP)进行了评价。结果表明：灌溉沼液浓度为20%时，番茄根区0～60 cm土层土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质含量以及0～40 cm土层土壤pH值随生物炭施加量的增加而逐渐增大，T_2.0处理土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和有机质含量均高于其他处理；层次分析法对生物炭配施沼液处理下番茄根区土壤养分环境质量评价的结果表明，各处理对根区土壤养分环境质量的影响表现为：T_2.0>T_1.0>T_0.5>T₀     

植物之间互作效应及其生理机制

在分析不同植物互作效应的基础上,就互作效应在农林复合系统中对植物体内养分、土壤养分有效性及植物生物学产量等的影响进行了概述,(1)互作促进了植物根系生长,使植物根系表现出较强的竞争作用,也有利于根系间的养分竞争;(2)植物之间的他感作用普遍存在于自然生态系统及栽培生态系统中,在植物资源配置时应充分利用这种相生相克作用;(3)互作促使植物体内的养分转移,改善体内的养分状况,达到植物之间养分互补;(4)互作可以有效地提高土壤肥力,改善土壤的养分状况和根际养分吸收环境,维持植物生产力;(5)互作能更有效地利用光、热、水、土和养分等资源,并减轻病虫危害,表现出明显的产量优势。在豆科与非豆科植物互作中,豆科植物的生物固氮作用为其互作植物提供了氮素营养保证,这种形式互作的产量优势通常在缺氮情况下表现更为明显。     

Localized origins of herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides

The process of evolution of resistance to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides was investigated in four distinct patches of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. (black-grass) that occur within adjacent fields on a cereal farm in Nottinghamshire, UK. In one field, there was a `main' patch containing 96% resistant plants and two `satellite' patches containing ≈2.9% and 4.4% resistant plants, and in an adjacent field another patch contained 25% resistant plants. Genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat (SSR)-anchored polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyse variation at 30 genetic loci in at least 20 resistant and 20 sensitive individual plants from each patch, from additional resistant populations from Essex and Lincolnshire, and from a sensitive reference population. Banding patterns were found to be highly repeatable. Each patch contained a high level of genetic diversity, regardless of its resistance status, and there was evidence for genetic differences between the patches (Gst = 0.14, Nei's distances up to 0.26). There was no evidence that resistance had spread from the `main' patch to the others, as resistant and sensitive plants in the same patch were more closely related on average than were resistant plants from neighbouring patches. The most likely explanations of this distribution, and their implications, are discussed.