奶牛乳脂合成及其影响因素

乳脂是一种高质量的天然脂肪,是牛乳的主要营养成分。乳脂率是衡量牛奶品质优劣的关键指标,同时也是制约中国奶业发展的重要因素。近年来,随着中国奶牛业的不断发展,奶牛的产奶量日益提高,但乳脂率却未见增长。通常情况下牛奶的乳脂率为3%~4%,产奶量与乳脂率之间呈相互制约关系,如何提高乳脂率一直是学者们研究的热点。为深入研究并解决这一问题,作者介绍了乳脂组成及合成机理,并从日粮、瘤胃微生物及遗传等方面分析了影响奶牛乳脂合成的因素。同时作者还对影响奶牛乳脂合成的重要功能基因（SREBPs、PPARs、CIDEC基因）及mTOR信号通路的作用进行了综述。乳脂合成是一个动态的、复杂的多网络调控的过程,需要大量的基因参与,研究各信号通路间的相互作用可为人工调控乳脂合成提供理论基础,也为日后泌乳生物学研究奠定理论基础。     

奶牛乳脂合成及其影响因素

乳脂是一种高质量的天然脂肪,是牛乳的主要营养成分。乳脂率是衡量牛奶品质优劣的关键指标,同时也是制约中国奶业发展的重要因素。近年来,随着中国奶牛业的不断发展,奶牛的产奶量日益提高,但乳脂率却未见增长。通常情况下牛奶的乳脂率为3%~4%,产奶量与乳脂率之间呈相互制约关系,如何提高乳脂率一直是学者们研究的热点。为深入研究并解决这一问题,作者介绍了乳脂组成及合成机理,并从日粮、瘤胃微生物及遗传等方面分析了影响奶牛乳脂合成的因素。同时作者还对影响奶牛乳脂合成的重要功能基因(SREBPs、PPARs、CIDEC基因)及mTOR信号通路的作用进行了综述。乳脂合成是一个动态的、复杂的多网络调控的过程,需要大量的基因参与,研究各信号通路间的相互作用可为人工调控乳脂合成提供理论基础,也为日后泌乳生物学研究奠定理论基础。     

瘤胃微生物在奶牛乳脂肪合成中的调节作用研究进展

乳脂肪不仅是牛乳的主要成分之一,同时乳脂肪含量也是评价牛乳质量的重要指标.乳脂肪的合成涉及到日粮营养物质通过奶牛机体转化为乳营养成分的复杂生物学过程,受日粮配方、遗传背景、生理状态、瘤胃微生物等多方面的影响.瘤胃微生物可以通过自身合成的酶类对日粮进行降解,进而对乳脂肪合成前体物质的生成和利用起到一定的调节作用,乳脂肪前...     

奶牛乳脂率增效剂——醋酸钠的效果与应用

目前,国内外奶牛的乳脂率普遍呈下降趋势,尤其放牧期更明显。乳脂率是衡量奶牛生产性能的一项重要指标,由于多数地区实行以乳脂率计价的原则,所以从饲养管理等方面采取措施,提高乳脂率或预防低乳脂率,就更具有重要的经济意义。 一、醋酸钠对奶牛的作用机理 试验证明,醋酸钠在牛体内分解成醋酸根与钠离子。醋酸是乳脂肪的前体,牛乳中50％的脂肪酸是由醋酸钠合成的,它在机体中贮量的多少直接决定于乳脂率的高低。一般来讲,乳脂率降低主要有下列     

提高奶牛乳脂率的措施

牛奶中的脂肪在鲜乳与乳制品中具有十分重要的作用,其含量常作为衡量牛奶质量的重要依据。影响奶牛乳脂率高低的因素很多,除了遗传和饲料是两个因素外,饲养管理也很重要。在当前养牛生产中,可以通过以下几种途径来提高牛乳的乳脂率。     

提高奶牛乳脂率的措施

牛奶中的脂肪在鲜乳与乳制品中具有十分重要的作用，其含量常作为衡量牛奶质量的重要依据。影响奶牛乳脂率高低的因素很多，除了遗传和饲料是两个因素外，饲养管理也很重要。在当前养牛生产中，可以通过以下几种途径来提高牛乳的乳脂率。     

提高鲜奶乳脂率的措施──评价鲜奶质量的主要指标是乳脂含量的高低

乳脂是鲜奶的重要组成成份，其含量高低是评价鲜奶质量的主要指标，我们根据相关报道及生产中的有关经验，现总结出以下几条提高乳脂率的措施： 1选用高乳脂指数公牛及高乳脂率母牛为亲本，培育高乳脂率母牛群体。 　　经研究表明，乳脂率遗传力在 0. 26～ 0. 84之间，而总乳脂量与总奶量之间的遗传相关为 0. 569～ 0. 900，可见培育高产高乳脂率母牛群体是可以实现的。培育高乳脂率牛群是提高鲜奶乳脂率的重要措施。 2奶牛日粮中保持一定的粗纤维水平 　　粗纤维经瘤胃微生物分解后产生挥发性脂肪酸，其中乙酸和丁酸是合成乳脂的主要原料，…     

奶牛乳脂率降低的生物学机制

乳脂是最易受日粮影响的一种乳成分,而乳脂含量可以直接影响到乳制品的等级及其加工工艺。近年,有大量的研究证明乳脂率下降的原因是由于日粮因素改变了瘤胃pH值等发酵参数,使得合成乳脂的前体物供应不足或产生了抑制乳脂合成的中间产物所造成的。本文即是对奶牛乳脂率降低的的两种主要生物机制进行了讨论。     

奶牛乳脂率降低的生物学机制

乳脂是最易受日粮影响的一种乳成分,而乳脂含量可以直接影响到乳制品的等级及其加工工艺。近年,有大量的研究证明乳脂率下降的原因是由于日粮因素改变了瘤胃pH值等发酵参数,使得合成乳脂的前体物供应不足或产生了抑制乳脂合成的中间产物所造成的。本文即是对奶牛乳脂率降低的的两种主要生物机制进行了讨论。     

激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂肪合成的调控作用

乳脂肪是高质量的天然脂肪，其可为人类提供营养和能量，在各种膳食脂肪和油类中，是最容易被消化吸收的。乳脂肪是在乳腺中由从头合成或外源摄取的脂肪酸与甘油酯化形成的一种脂类物质，其含量的高低关系着牛奶品质的优劣和乳制品的加工特性。在奶牛的泌乳周期中，乳腺泌乳功能受多种因素影响，其中内分泌腺分泌的多种激素对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）乳脂的合成具有积极的调控作用。综上所述，作者介绍了氢化可的松、催乳素、胰岛素和生长激素4种泌乳相关激素对BMECs乳脂肪合成的调控机理，即从乳脂合成适宜的激素添加量、激素对乳脂球形态的影响方面初步阐释其调控作用，并从乳脂合成的关键酶及转录因子、激素对乳脂合成相关基因表达量方面深入阐释其作用机理，旨在为研究泌乳相关激素对奶牛乳腺内乳脂肪合成的调控机理提供参考。     

Challenges in enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.     

Challenges in enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.     

Relationship between fat accumulation in the liver and energy intake, milk fat yield and blood metabolites in dairy cows

In the present study, 42 multiparous Holstein cows were used to investigate the relationship between fat accumulation in the liver and dry matter intake, milk yield and blood metabolites. Based on the percentage of fat in the liver cell at 2 weeks post‐parturition, the cows were classified into three groups. These groups were: (i) less than 10% of fat (normal group, n = 29); (ii) 10–20% of fat (mild group, n = 6); and (iii) more than 20% of fat (moderate group, n = 7). The bodyweight of the moderate group was high (771 kg) before calving. The sufficiency rates of total digestible nutrients (TDN) were remarkably decreased (approximately 65%) in early lactation. The milk fat yield and milk fat composition of the moderate group were higher (P < 0.05) than the other groups at 1 and 2 weeks post‐parturition. It was suggested that non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) mobilized from adipose tissues was directly used by the mammary gland for synthesis of milk fat. The percentage of bromsulfalein (BSP) retention of the moderate group was high (21.1%) at 30 min, and it showed that the BSP clearance function was significantly decreased. The concentrations of NEFA, β‐hydroxybutyric acid and glucose were appropriate indicators of energy status; however, aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and total bilirubin were not sensitive indicators of a moderate fatty liver. Thus, high‐yielding cows that calve in an overweight condition are more likely to develop excessive fat accumulation in the liver because of great mobilization from adipose tissues post‐parturition. In cows with a moderately fatty liver, a decrease in TDN sufficiency rates, an increase of milk fat yield and a reduction of liver function were observed in early lactation. The increase of serum NEFA and milk fat composition resulting from mobilization of adipose tissues helped to diagnose moderate fatty liver.     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

中国不同牛种DGAT1基因遗传多样性及经济性状关联分析研究进展

乙酰辅酯A∶二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT1)是甘油三脂合成过程中唯一的关键酶,对动物机体脂肪代谢、沉积起重要作用,已成为研究奶牛泌乳性状和肉牛主要经济性状的重要候选基因之一。近年来,随着相关研究的不断深入,研究者普遍认为DGAT1基因对奶牛的产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、乳脂肪酸及空怀天数、输精次数、初配年龄等繁殖性状均有显著影响,且与肉牛体脂也存在相关性。作者主要介绍了DGAT1基因的遗传多态性及其与经济性状关联分析在中国各地区不同品种奶牛、肉牛、水牛和牦牛上的研究进展,指出该基因对奶牛的产奶性能及肉牛的肉质性状、生长性状具有重要的调控作用。但由于环境条件、品种及选育背景等因素影响,DGAT1基因遗传多态性对不同地区不同牛群体的经济性状影响不尽相同。因此,要将DGAT1基因实际应用在品种选育工作中还需明确该基因对研究群体的具体遗传效应,并结合其他候选基因进行综合分析。     

复合酶制剂对瘤胃发酵及泌乳早期奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究添加不同水平复合酶制剂对瘤胃发酵及奶牛生产性能的影响。试验一以奶牛全混合日粮作为底物进行体外瘤胃发酵试验,分为4组,即对照组不添加酶制剂,试验1、2和3组的酶制剂添加量分别为日粮浓度的0.10%、0.15%和0.20%,每组设9个重复。每个重复准确称取0.500 g底物,在体外发酵产气自动记录装置上发酵48 h,测定其发酵参数和营养物质降解率。结果表明:复合酶制剂显著提高发酵液中总挥发性脂肪酸和乙酸浓度(P<0.05);试验组中粗蛋白(P<0.05)和中性洗涤纤维(P<0.01)降解率显著高于对照组。试验二选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近的泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛36头,采用随机区组设计分为4组,即对照组和试验1、2和3组,对照组不添加酶制剂,试验1、2和3组分别添加0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的酶制剂,每组9个重复,试验期8周,测定产奶量和乳成分含量,计算3.5%乳脂校正乳。结果表明:复合酶制剂显著提高3.5%乳脂校正乳产量(P<0.05),0.10%、0.15%和0.20%组比对照组分别提高3.88、4.27和2.26 kg·d^-1。0.15%组的乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),比对照组高12.7%。结论添加复合酶制剂有利于瘤胃发酵和提高生产性能,且添加量为0.15%时效果较好。     

放牧对乳成分和乳产品感官品质影响的研究进展

集约化养殖提高了牧场奶牛的生产效率,其生产过程中动物福利、环境保护以及产品质量等议题也逐渐引起消费者的关注。放牧养殖将户外放牧和牧草采食作为养殖模式的评判标准,其产品正逐渐受到欧美等发达国家消费者的青睐。饲料中的优质牧草是影响乳成分及其乳制品品质的主要因素之一,牧草中较高的纤维含量维持了瘤胃健康,较高的不饱和脂肪酸提高了乳脂中不饱和脂肪酸的比例,丰富的可降解蛋白提供了乳蛋白的合成原料,并且牧草中脂肪酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物和其他营养物质在奶牛体内的代谢影响了牛奶以及乳制品的感官品质。作者重点关注一些国家放牧养殖的实际状况和标准要求,及其与有机养殖的差异对比,并分析放牧养殖和全混合日粮喂养条件下饲料成分差异对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响,以及由此造成的牛奶脂肪、蛋白成分和感官指标等方面的差异。     

Advance on Effects of Grass Feeding on Milk Composition and Sensory Quality of Dairy Products

With the development of intensive cultivation in dairy cows,the production efficiency of dairy farms has been improved.However,issues such as animal welfare,environmental protection and product quality of dairy farm have received more attention.As judging criteria in the pattern,outdoor grazing and grass intake necessary in grass-fed farming,and its products are gradually being favored by consumers in developed countries,such as Europe and the United States.The effect of grass-fed on milk and dairy products mainly depend on the quality of forage grass.The high fiber content in forage grass maintains rumen health,high unsaturated fatty acids increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat,and rich degradable proteins promote milk protein synthesis.The metabolism of fatty acids,amino acids,carbohydrates and other nutrients from forage in dairy cows may affect the sensory quality of milk and dairy products.This review focused on the actual situation and standard requirements of grass-fed in some countries,and their differences compared with organic farming,and analyzed the effects of feed composition differences on rumen metabolism of dairy cows under grazing farming and total mixed diet feeding conditions,as well as resulting differences in milk fat,protein and sensory indicators.