TOM与中国面条煮面品质的关系

本文以面条感官鉴定方法和用于鉴定意大利实心细面条品质的煮熟面条冲洗水中全有机物含量的方法鉴定了３０个普通小麦品种的面条煮面品质及熟面条冲洗水中有机物含量,分析了ＴＯＭ与中国面条煮面品质的关系。结果表明：ＴＯＭ与感官鉴定总评分及除适口性和食味２外的其它分项密切相关,ＴＯＭ也可以用于鉴定中国条煮面品质。本文还探讨了把ＴＯＭ作为中国面条煮面品种指标的选择标准。     

中国白盐面条色泽影响因素的研究

选用25个面粉色泽差别较大的小麦品种（系）,研究了白盐面条的色泽及其稳定性的影响因素。结果表明,鲜白盐面条和干白盐面条的L*值（色泽亮度）与面粉R457白度、面粉L*值均呈显著或极显著正相关,与面粉b*值、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及类胡萝卜素含量均呈显著或极显著负相关。煮后面条L*值与各面粉品质指标的相关性均未达显     

不同品质类型小麦淀粉积累动态及其面包、面条加工品质研究

面食在食品工业中占有重要地位,面包和面条主要由小麦粉制成,因其感官吸引力、适口性、低成本和储存稳定性而在世界各地广受欢迎。淀粉在决定小麦的理化性质和蒸煮品质方面起着非常重要的作用,其含量及积累动态对小麦的加工品质有重要影响。以 6 类 12 个不同面包和面条品质的小麦为试验材料,测定不同时期各品种籽粒中的总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量的变化,对 11 个淀粉合成酶相关基因进行表达量的测定。结果表明,开花 24d 后优质品种的直链淀粉含量明显低于劣质品种;面条优质小麦花后 24d 支链淀粉含量迅速增加,开花后 36d 优质品种的支链淀粉较高;开花 24d 后面包劣质小麦总淀粉含量最高,面包优质品种最低,其他类型品种的平均总淀粉含量差异不大;面包优质和面包面条兼优小麦的 SBEI在灌浆后期表达量较高,面包优质小麦 SBEIIb 在灌浆中期的表达量较高,与优质小麦支链淀粉含量较高相吻合;直链淀粉含量及直支比低的小麦品种面粉的面包、面条品质较好。在面包、面条加工过程中,通过降低淀粉中直链淀粉的含量能有效提高加工品质,直链淀粉含量 / 支链淀粉含量比值可以作为评价面包、面条品质的指标,为今后的品质改良提供参考。     

四川小麦主栽品种的品质性状表现及其稳定性

2006—2008连续3年,在5个生态点考察了7个四川省代表性小麦品种在两种氮水平下的品质状况及其稳定性,以期为四川小麦品质定位、品质改良和生产指导提供依据。结果表明,3年均值,籽粒容重777 g L^-1,籽粒蛋白质含量12.3%,湿面筋含量25.1%,Zeleny沉降值32.9 mL,降落值326 s,面粉吸水率56.5%,面团形成时间3.0 min、稳定时间4.5 min,面条评分78.5分、面包评分62.2分。几乎所有品质性状均存在显著的基因型、环境及其互作效应。籽粒容重、沉降值、降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分的年份效应大于地点效应,而籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分则地点效应大于年份效应。增施氮肥对籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分都有显著的增效作用,但对降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分无明显影响。品种品质的稳定性因品质性状不同而异,川麦39面包评分高而稳定,川麦37面条总评分高而稳定,二者可被用于四川小麦品质改良。     

小麦面粉、面条色泽与蛋白质组分的关系

明确面条白度与小麦蛋白质组分含量的关系有助于面条品质的改良。以21个小麦品种制成的面粉及面条为材料，分析了面粉及面条色泽与蛋白质组分含量之间的关系，讨论了蛋白质组分中单体蛋白含量、可溶性谷蛋白含量和不溶性谷蛋白含量对小麦面粉及不同工艺阶段面条色泽的影响。研究结果表明，面粉的颗粒度与面粉及面条的L值呈极     

运旱系列小麦品种品质及加工特性研究

旨在提高小麦专用加工品质和产后经济效益,满足人们优质消费和市场专用加工需求。在对7个运旱系列小麦品种各项品质指标分析基础上,通过对各品种加工面包、面条、馒头品质特性进行测试分析研究。结果表明,7个小麦品种蛋白质含量为12.7%~16.4%,湿面筋含量为27.8%~36.2%,沉淀值为36.0~52.2 m L,稳定时间为4.6~12.8 min,面筋指数为4.93%~93.97%,说明所选运旱系列小麦品种间蛋白质品质差异较大但都有较高的加工品质指标,且确定7个小麦供试品种分别属于优质中筋、中强筋、强筋品种类型。其中,运旱618、运旱115适于加工面包专用或作为配粉使用;运旱20410、运旱805、运旱102最适于加工馒头;运旱22-33适于加工面条专用;运旱719适于配粉和加工面条、馒头。综合分析,所选运旱系列小麦品种有较好的加工品质特性,能够提高面粉企业和加工业经济效益,满足市场需求。     

不同品种和类型的小麦对面条质量的影响

本文讨论了小麦的不同品种和类型对面条质量的影响。作者在研究中考虑到小麦各品种的化学组份以及面粉加工精度因素。比较了各品种小麦的生面团以及湿面特性,探讨了不同品种小麦及类型加工出的面粉对制成面条的机械强度,表现特征及面条断裂性的影响,以及对面条烹饪性能,面条色泽,面条组织结构的影响。作者认为不同品种和类型的小麦制成的面粉与面条风味、口感等食用品质有密切关系。     

糯性小麦配粉对普通小麦淀粉品质特性和面条品质的影响

按照一系列梯度比例,将2种糯性小麦面粉分别添加到7种普通小麦面粉(分强筋组和中筋组)中,探讨不同配比对普通小麦面粉的淀粉品质特性(直链淀粉含量、膨胀势、RVA粘度曲线参数)和面条品质的影响。结果表明,配粉能明显降低普通面粉的直链淀粉含量、提高膨胀势,但由于混合粉中的糯麦面粉和普通面粉分别糊化,先后形成“糯麦高峰”和“普通小麦高峰”,混合粉的高峰粘度反而降低。添加糯麦面粉明显降低反弹值、延缓凝沉速度和程度,也能减小保鲜面条的评分降幅,从而能明显延长鲜湿面条的货架寿命。所用的糯麦品系属于中筋偏弱类型,因而可降低强筋组面粉的筋力,使面条软硬适中;但使中筋组面条变软、评分降低。因此,下一步工作需要选育适于面条配粉的中筋或中筋偏强型高白度糯性小麦。     

小麦品质性状与干白面条品质参数关系的研究

选用品质差异较大的国内外小麦品种(系)104个在两点种植两年, 研究干白面条品质与小麦籽粒品质性状间的关系, 探讨优质面条小麦品种的品质指标. 结果表明, 面条品质是多个小麦品质性状综合作用的结果, 不同小麦品质性状对面条外观和质地作用的方向和程度不同, 蛋白质质量(面筋强度和延伸性)和淀粉糊化特性对面条品质的影响较     

小麦Wx基因近等基因系的创制及其对直链淀粉含量、面条感官品质的影响

为明确不同Wx基因对小麦直链淀粉含量的影响以及筛选面条品质优异的基因型,以糯小麦品系Caiwx (aabbdd)为3个Wx基因隐性突变供体亲本,以扬麦01-2 (AABBDD)为轮回亲本,利用连续回交结合花粉碘染、STS标记和同工酶标记检测方法,创制了8种Wx基因纯合基因型的近等基因系,其基因型分别为AABBDD、AABBdd、AAbbDD、AAbbdd、aaBBDD、aaBBdd、aabbDD和aabbdd。利用这些基因型探讨了不同Wx基因对直链淀粉含量及面条感官品质的影响。结果表明,各系的直链淀粉含量为0.9%~24.8%,系间差异显著;糯小麦型(aabbdd)直链淀粉含量最低,双缺失型和单缺失型其次,双缺失型中aaBBdd型含量最高,单缺失型中AAbbDD型含量最低,表明Wx-B1对直链淀粉的合成作用最大。糯小麦型面条的色泽、表观、软硬度、黏性、韧性得分以及总分显著低于其他类型及轮回亲本扬麦01-2;单缺失型面条的色泽、表观得分、总分显著高于轮回亲本扬麦01-2,其中aaBBDD型面条品质表现突出,与市售优质面条粉“雪花粉”制作的面条得分相当,而其他7种基因型及轮回亲本扬麦01-2的面条评分均显著低于雪花粉。说明可以通过遗传操作Wx基因培育优质面条小麦品种。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...