白洋淀内不同土地利用类型土壤重金属分布特征与污染评价

  目的  白洋淀作为雄安新区生态共同体的重要组成部分,在“白洋淀生态环境治理和保护规划”中,淀区内陆地将被淹没。为科学评价淹没后陆地对白洋淀水体的环境影响,从淀区不同土地利用类型土壤重金属元素分布特征及污染程度评价两个方面开展了研究工作。  方法  以淀区内现有陆地0 ~ 20 cm土壤为研究对象,以砷、汞、镉、铬、铅、镍、铜、锌重金属元素为研究要素,以统计分析、污染负荷指数法和地质累计指数法评价为分析手段,对淀区内陆面重金属元素统计特征和污染程度进行分析和评价。  结果  淀区内陆地土壤重金属元素背景值显著高出区域背景值,污染程度总体为轻度污染;农业用地类型土壤重金属污染元素最多, 铜、镉、汞是本区陆地土壤中背景值高、污染贡献最为显著的元素。  结论  淀内陆地土壤重金属元素含量均低于国家标准（GB 15618—2018）和（GB 36600—2018）中土壤筛选或管控的标准,环境承载力仍有一定缓冲容量;重金属元素间的相关性特征主要由地质背景因素控制,但也明显受到土地利用类型改变的影响。     

有色金属采选冶基地周边土壤中重金属纵向分层研究

土壤中重金属元素的纵向分布特征是土壤自身理化性质和外界环境影响下的综合反映,探寻这个特征对于了解土壤中重金属污染程度和研究修复治理技术意义重大。本研究通过对大型有色金属采选冶企业下风向7种不同土地利用类型的土壤进行纵向采样分析,对重金属元素Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的纵向分布及累积指数进行了研究,为进一步探寻重金属元素的环境行为及来源,了解重金属污染现状,制定修复方法提供技术参考。研究结果表明:研究区域土壤中重金属含量整体上受到了外源干扰,不同用地类型与不同深度土层重金属含量大小关系不一,证明了不同植被与不同土壤性质对重金属迁移有影响;研究区域重金属整体下移较为活跃,Cr元素表现最为明显;土壤样本中重金属含量均高于内蒙古土壤背景值,重金属元素有不断富集的趋势。     

不同农业用地类型对土壤性质和土壤环境的影响——以北京市延庆县为例

选择北京市延庆县为研究区域,通过对不同农业用地类型的土壤进行采样和分析,研究了延庆县不同农业用地类型对土壤性质和环境的影响,以期为北京市土壤的农业可持续利用提供依据。结果表明,研究区域粮田、菜地、果园的土壤pH值、有机质和碱解氮含量均显著低于林地;4种不同农业用地类型中表层土壤的As,Cd,Cr含量平均值分别超出北京市土壤背景值0.93,0.09和15.3 mg/kg。粮田、菜地耕作层的重金属含量高于林地和果园,内梅罗指数和单项污染指数评价表明这4种土壤利用类型尚属清洁。尽管研究区目前重金属污染程度较低,最高值仅为警戒值的74%,但其单项污染指数显示该地区土壤重金属累积速度较快。粮田土壤中As,Cd元素含量较退耕林地分别增加了20.9%和38.5%。如不加以控制,土壤重金属污染状况会进一步加剧。     

草甘膦对重金属污染土壤中铜、锌淋溶的研究

草甘膦分子结构中含有膦酸基、羧基和胺基等,具有强的络合重金属离子的能力,从而影响重金属在土壤中的环境化学行为.本文采用土柱淋溶方法,研究了不同浓度草甘膦溶液( 0、5 、20 和 50 mg/L)对污染土壤中重金属溶出的影响.草甘膦的存在降低了淋滤液的pH,增加了淋滤液中Cu和Zn的含量.逐层采样并分析了土壤中重金属的生物有效性含量,发现草甘膦的存在增加了土柱下层土壤重金属的生物有效性浓度.大量使用草甘膦会导致污染土壤中重金属的溶出,进而污染地下水.     

中碱性镉污染农田原位钝化修复材料研究进展

农田土壤重金属污染威胁人类健康,其修复成为环境领域的研究热点。钝化修复因具有修复速率快、成本低、操作简单、不影响农业生产等特点,广泛应用于大面积重金属污染农田尤其是酸性农田修复治理中。相应,针对酸性重金属污染土壤的钝化修复材料也得到了广泛研究,然而,针对中碱性重金属污染土壤的钝化材料研究相对较少。从无机类、有机类以及复合型3种类型的修复材料概述了钝化修复材料在中碱性Cd污染土壤中的研究进展。总结了中碱性重金属污染土壤钝化修复材料以选用复合型材料为宜,且以钙镁磷肥、椰壳生物炭、油菜秸秆生物炭、腐殖酸形成有机-无机复合效果较好且经济环保。其次,从钝化剂的合理施用、风险评估等方面提出展望,以期为中碱性农田土壤重金属污染修复提供参考。     

稀土元素对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的影响及其机理研究进展

随着稀土的持续开采和在各领域中的广泛应用,稀土进入土壤环境的风险逐渐增大,导致稀土与重金属的复合污染问题,其中稀土元素对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的影响研究也开始受到关注。研究已表明,外源稀土可以显著影响土壤与植物系统中重金属的赋存形态和迁移分布特征,可缓解重金属对植物的毒性,也可能和重金属产生协同毒害作用。分别从浓度-剂量、作用时间、稀土或重金属元素种类、稀土元素的施用方式和施用时间以及植物品种等方面详细综述了稀土元素对土壤-植物系统中重金属行为影响的主要因素及其机理的研究进展。最后,对稀土影响土壤-植物系统中重金属行为的研究现状进行了总结并展望了其研究前景。     

天津市不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染特征及评价

[目的]查明天津市土壤重金属污染的现状及污染源,为防治土壤重金属污染提供理论依据。[方法]选择天津市工业用地、一般农田、水源地、养殖场及蔬菜基地土壤为研究对象,共采集146个样品。通过分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤重金属含量,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价重金属污染程度,并对重金属的来源进行解析。[结果]天津市土壤整体污染水平相对较轻,但土壤中均存在不同程度的重金属积累。Pb,Ag和Cd重金属污染面积较大,超标率分别为84.25%,76.71%和68.49%。不同土地利用类型影响到重金属的积累程度和积累类型。在研究区的5种土地利用方式中,蔬菜基地土壤中总重金属的累积程度最高,主要重金属包括Cd,Hg,As,Cr,Cu,Ni,V,Mn,Co和Ag等。工业用地土壤中的Zn污染显著高于其他土地利用方式,而农田土壤和畜禽养殖场土壤中的Pb污染较显著。[结论]天津市土壤污染水平相对较轻。但从土地利用方式来看,工业用地、农田和畜禽养殖场土壤Pb及Zn等污染较重,在土地利用和管理中应该予以关注。     

重庆市绿地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

选取重庆市主城区公园绿地、住宅绿地、道路绿地三种典型绿地利用类型,测定了绿地土壤中8种重金属(Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr、As和Hg)的含量,利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法分析了不同绿地土壤重金属污染特征和程度,并对绿地土壤重金属进行了健康风险评价。总体来讲,研究区绿地土壤中Hg、As、Cd和Pb的平均含量高于重庆市土壤背景值,是背景值的1.2~1.3倍,其余重金属平均含量均低于背景值,且绿地土壤重金属主要受人为因素影响。不同类型城市绿地土壤重金属污染特征差异明显,Cd和Pb在研究区3种类型城市绿地土壤中均出现了富集现象,以道路绿地的富集最为严重,且三种类型绿地土壤属于轻度污染。研究区绿地土壤存在As和Cr的致癌风险,暴露途径以经口直接摄入为主,虽暂未对人体产生非致癌性危害,仍要加强防范。     

中国耕地土壤重金属污染概况

依托收集的耕地土壤重金属污染案例资料,建立了我国138个典型区域的耕地土壤重金属污染数据库,并利用《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准作为评价标准,测算了我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概况.研究表明:(1)我国耕地的土壤重金属污染概率为16.67％左右,据此推断我国耕地重金属污染的面积占耕地总量的1 /6左右;(2)耕地土壤重金属污染等别中,尚清洁、清洁、轻污染、中污染、重污染比重分别为68.12％,15.22％,14.49％,1.45％,0.72％;(3)8种土壤重金属元素中,Cd污染概率为25.20％,远超过其他几种土壤重金属元素;此外,也有一些区域发生Ni,Hg,As和Pb土壤污染,但是Zn、Cr和Cu元素发生污染的概率较小;(4)辽宁、河北、江苏、广东、山西、湖南、河南、贵州、陕西、云南、重庆、新疆、四川和广西14个省、市和自治区可能是我国耕地重金属污染的多发区域,特别是辽宁和山西的耕地土壤重金属污染可能尤其严重.     

南通市城市边缘带土壤重金属污染现状及评价

通过对不同土地利用方式下的7个样区进行系统的采样测定,对南通城市边缘带土壤重金属富集与污染状况进行了分析与评价。结果显示,研究区土壤未发生明显的重金属污染。但3个样区的土壤有轻度的重金属污染现象,Zn是发生富集最普遍的元素,约76%的样点土壤Zn富集指数>1,18%的样点土壤出现Zn的轻度污染。Cu、Pb等重金属元素导致的污染也在零星样点被发现。方差分析表明,土地利用方式不是导致研究区土壤重金属含量空间差异的主要因素,而土壤类型、样区空间环境与土壤重金属含量及富集、污染有相对密切的关系。     

Influence of Atmospheric Oxygen on Heavy Metal Mobility in Sediment and Soil (7 pp)

Background  

Aims. Pollution of sediment and soil by heavy metals is still an environmental problem. In order to assess the actual environmental risk, the mobile and biologically available content of heavy metals needs to be determined rather than the total content. This requires an analytical strategy preserving the actual binding forms of the heavy metals. Sampling and sample preparation are usually carried out in the presence of oxygen. As a consequence, oxidation of the metal and/or its binding partners is possible under these conditions, changing the original binding character. Therefore, sampling and sample preparation must be performed under inert conditions. The influence of atmospheric oxygen on the heavy metal mobility in sediment and soil for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn is shown for samples of different origin. By means of a case study, an alternative for the extensive inert sampling and sample preparation is given; also, a mobility correction factor for the heavy metals mentioned is determined.     

南方几种水稻土重金属污染下的土壤呼吸及微生物学效应

采集南方几种重金属污染下的水稻土,通过室内培养的方法研究土壤CO2排放的动态变化以及微生物学指标的差异。结果表明,在60d的培养期内,前7d土壤呼吸速率较高,占了整个排放量的30．89％～64．37％,并且这一阶段重金属对土壤呼吸速率的影响最大。重金属对土壤微生物生物量的影响表现出增加、抑制与无显著性差异的结果,而重金属对微生物熵及微生物代谢熵（qCO2）的影响却是极显著的,同时表现出增加与降低的不同结果。这说明土壤呼吸以及不同的微生物学指标,在长期的复合重金属污染条件下,其表现并不一致,微生物熵与代谢熵用于基本性质差异较大的土壤时,对重金属的响应更为灵敏。此外,土壤重金属的累积还能提高土壤中有机碳的含量。     

Changes in Chemical Species of Copper Added to Brown Forest Soil in Japan

Heavy metals are present as various chemical species in soil environments. Chemical species of heavy metals determinate their behavior in soil, so they must be more important concern than total contents in treating problems about heavy metal polluted soil. Microbial activity is thought to be one of the factors that affect chemical speciation of heavy metals. Although some possible microbial mechanisms have been suggested, their effects on heavy metals have not previously been thoroughly studied. In this study, we investigated whether microorganisms contribute to the fractionation of Cu in a forest soil. Copper-enriched, sterilized forest soil samples were buried at their places of origin, and subsamples were collected for analysis 3, 10, 17, 30, 60, and 90 days after burial. Tessier’s sequential extraction was employed to analyse Cu fractionation. Until two months after burial, the added Cu remained nearly unchanged. But a dramatic change was found in soil subsamples after three months. In both the A and B horizons, the carbonate fraction of Cu increased and the residual fraction decreased. We also found that clay minerals and persistent organic matter are important binding substances of Cu in the residual fraction. The change from residual to carbonate fraction could be caused by microbial activity.     

小麦根际Cr(Ⅵ)的还原

Reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) to Cr(Ⅲ) was studied in a fresh wheat rhizosphere soil (kuroboku, high humic Andosol) pretreated with a basal fertilizer consisting of (NH₄)₂SO₄, P₂O₅ and KH₂PO₄ and with K₂Cr₂O₇ by using a rhizobox system. The rhizosphere exerted a positive effect on Cr(Ⅵ) reduction. Part of the reason was the decrease of pH in the rhizosphere due to application of (NH₄)₂SO₄, implying that application of physiologically acid fertilizers would reduce Cr(Ⅵ) toxicity to plants.     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter on the Solubility of Heavy Metals in Sewage‐Sludge‐Amended Soils

Abstract

Sewage‐sludge‐amended soils generally contain elevated levels of organic matter and heavy metals compared to control soils. Because organic matter is known to complex with heavy metals, the solubility behavior of the organic matter in such soils may exert a significant influence on the solubility of the metals. Little is known about such a process. Using batch experiments in which the solubility of organic matter in a heavily sludge‐amended soil was artificially manipulated, we show that the solubilities of the heavy metals copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) show a strong positive relationship to the solubility of organic matter, particularly at high pH. The results suggest that under field conditions, spatiotemporal variations in the solid–solution partitioning of organic matter may have a bearing on the environmental significance (mobility and bioavailability) of these heavy metals.     

土壤酶对重金属污染的响应及指示研究进展

土壤酶在关键元素生物地球化学循环、动植物健康维持、环境污染净化等方面起着不可替代的重要作用,同时还是土壤污染程度评价的辅助指标之一。然而,由于土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的差异,以及研究方法的多样化,导致重金属与土壤酶活性之间的关系十分复杂,阻碍了土壤酶在土壤质量和健康评价中的应用。系统阐述了重金属污染对土壤酶的生态毒理效应,及其对土壤酶催化动力学特征的影响,构建了土壤-重金属-微生物对土壤酶作用的概念模型,并探讨未来的研究趋势和方向。土壤酶活性测定高效、便宜,且对重金属污染敏感,是极具潜力的土壤重金属污染评价的生物学指标,但仅采用土壤酶活性可能高估或低估重金属的生态毒性,加之当前对土壤酶的选择、活性的测定均缺乏统一的标准,致使难以建立重金属毒性阈值与土壤理化性质或土壤重金属有效性之间的定量关系,最终导致土壤酶在土壤污染生态风险评价中存在争议。未来亟需通过新技术和数学模型,深入揭示不同类型土壤中酶对重金属胁迫的响应机理,构建土壤性质与毒性阈值关系的经验模型,可为加强土壤酶在土壤质量和健康评价中的应用提供重要的理论依据。     

Reaction of sewage farm soils to different irrigation solutions in a column experiment 2. Heavy metals and their leaching

Heavy metal polluted soils from a recent and a former sewage farm were studied in a 2.5 years‐column experiment under various irrigation regimes and/or liming treatment. The copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the soil and the leaching of these elements were studied. The amounts of the metals leached differed markedly between both soils, however, the effect of various irrigation treatments was less pronounced. The heavy metal content in the soil solid phase depended on the organic carbon content, however these dependencies differed for both soils as well as for particular metals. In lower soil horizons, the amount of heavy metals bound by unit mass of organic carbon was constant. It was assumed that the same amount of the heavy metals can be bound by the unit mass of the DOC. Under this assumption the amount of the DOC in the former sewage farm soil was in general too small to carry all heavy metals leached. Therefore leaching of their cationic forms has been postulated. The amount of the DOC in the present sewage farm soil could carry more heavy metals than these being leached. Therefore, an undersaturation of the DOC in heavy metals could occur in this soil.<?show $6#>     

固化/稳定化修复后土壤重金属稳定性及再活化研究进展

固化/稳定化技术是一种经济、有效、快捷的重金属污染主流修复技术,随着我国以风险管控为主导策略的土壤污染防治工作的推进,该技术正发挥着极其重要的作用。固化/稳定化技术处置后土壤中的重金属并未移除,存在再活化的风险。本文对固化/稳定化技术特点、修复效果评估方法、评价标准等进行了系统总结,概述了修复后重金属赋存形态、生物有效性、微观形态等特征,着重阐述了冻融、水环境和酸雨淋溶3类环境胁迫下重金属的再活化行为和影响因素。在此基础上,讨论了当前固化/稳定化修复后土壤和场地环境监管体系构建的现状、不足和发展需求,提出需注重修复后重金属环境行为、再活化定量化等研究方向。     

Toxic effect of cadmium and nickel on soil enzymes and the influence of adding sewage sludge

Sewage sludge is increasingly used as an organic amendment to soil, especially to soil containing little organic matter. However, little is known about the utility of this organic amendment in the reclamation of soil polluted with heavy metals. We studied the effects of adding sewage sludge on enzymatic activities of a semi-arid soil contaminated with Cd or Ni in the laboratory. The activities of urease, phosphatase, β-glucosidase and protease-BAA were measured in soil containing concentrations of Cd or Ni in the range 0–8000 mg kg⁻¹ soil, and their inhibition was compared with those of the enzymatic activities in the same soil amended with sewage sludge and containing similar concentrations of the heavy metals. The inhibition was tested for three different incubation times to determine changes in the effect of the heavy metals on hydrolase activity with the time elapsed after contamination. Ecological dose (ED) values of Cd and Ni were calculated from three mathematical models which described the inhibition of the enzymatic activities with increasing concentrations of heavy metal in the soil. For urease and phosphatase activities, the ED values for Cd and Ni increased after application of sewage sludge to soil, indicating a decrease in Cd and Ni toxicity. The other two enzymes (β-glucosidase and protease-BAA) were less sensitive to Cd or Ni contamination, and it was more difficult to determine whether addition of sewage sludge had affected the inhibition of these enzymes by the heavy metals.     

Effect of Fluctuating Hydrological Conditions on the Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soils of a Freshwater Estuary in the Netherlands

The objective of this study was to measure the mobility of heavy metals in freshwater estuary soils that are seasonally inundated and to characterize the distribution of sulfide precipitates in these soils. Precipitation and dissolution of labile sulfides may account for changing pore water concentrations of heavy metals in freshwater wetland soils that are subject to temporary flooding or fluctuating groundwater levels. The presence of authigenic zinc- and iron-(mono)sulfide in this type of soils during periods with a high groundwater level was demonstrated by electron microprobe analyses. Because sulfide precipitates are strongly associated with root remnants, fresh soil organic material may be an important intermediary in the sulfur cycling and, consequently, in the behavior of heavy metals in these freshwater soils. Oxidation of labile sulfides may be partly responsible for the increased zinc and sulfate concentrations in the pore water during periods with low groundwater levels. Heavy metals may also be mobilized by degradation of their host phase organic matter during periods with high biodegradation.