新疆野生油菜与甘蓝型油菜属间杂种分子鉴定

采用蕾期剥蕾授粉的方法,成功获得了新疆野生油菜和甘蓝型油菜属间杂种.杂种F1植株之间形态表现一致,介于双亲之间,并且具有明显的杂种优势.从F1群体中随机选取9株进行RAPD分析,扩增出的带型完全一致,并且是父母本随机扩增DNA片段的综合,说明这9株全为真杂种.试验结果表明,蕾期授粉可以克服新疆野生油菜和甘蓝型油菜属间杂交的不亲和性,利用RAPD分子标记技术可以快速有效地鉴定远缘杂种.     

甘蓝型油菜与萝卜属间杂种的获得及分子鉴定

通过蕾期重复授粉和子房培养克服甘蓝型油菜与萝卜属间杂交障碍，提高杂种获得率。从组合湘油15×萝卜、681A×萝卜和742×萝卜分别获得12、28和18粒种子，前两组合分别得到21和11株F1代植株,而从组合 742×萝卜未得到再生植株。F1植株形态有些相似于母本，有些则不同于双亲。SSR分析显示，由湘油15×萝卜所获得的21株F1植株中有10株是真杂种。     

新疆野生油菜与野芥品质性状的比较研究

对新疆野生油菜和加拿大野芥（ＳｉｎａｐｉｓａｒｖｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）的含油量，脂肪酸组成，蛋白质含量，氨基酯组成和硫代葡萄糖甙组成等研究结果表明，新疆野生油菜和加拿大野芥的品质性状差异不大，新疆野生油菜与野芥的相比，两种野生油菜与甘蓝型低芥酸油菜相比较，虽然某些成分有些差异，但这些性状在目前利用价值不大。     

新疆野生油菜、野芥和黑芥的遗传分化及系统演化研究

利用HPLC法对284份种子硫代葡萄糖甙组成分析表明，新疆野生油菜依据中特征硫代葡萄糖甙组成可划分为9类，91．2％的新疆野生油菜种子主要含羟基苄硫甙，8．8％的新疆野生油菜种子主要含丙烯基硫甙，与黑芥和芥菜型油菜特征硫代葡萄糖甙组成一致。RAPD分析将新疆野生油菜、野芥和黑芥划分为3簇，表明新疆野生油菜、野芥和黑芥之间存在明显的遗传距离，相对而言，新疆野生油菜与野芥间的遗传距离较近，与黑芥的遗传距离较远。新疆野生油菜可依据RAPD聚类分析结果划分为4簇，其中第1、2和4簇主要由来源于新疆塔城地区的新疆野生油菜组成，种子主要含丙烯基硫甙，第3簇为新疆巩留及其周边地区的新疆野生油菜,种子主要含羟基苄硫甙。研究为阐明我国芥菜型油菜起源进化途径提供了新的证据。     

萝卜与甘蓝型油菜和黑芥的远缘杂交亲和性研究

2004年利用3个甘蓝型油菜品种和1个黑芥品种与日本樱岛大根萝卜进行正反交，以研究远缘杂交的亲和性。试验结果表明：萝卜与油菜的远缘杂交存在严重的生殖障碍，F1种子的产生与杂交的组配方式、杂交亲本的基因型有关;授粉子房离体培养能够提高属间杂交种产生的频率;F1植株的形态大多数偏向母本。     

甘蓝型油菜亲本基因型对其与埃塞俄比亚芥的可交配性影响

以10个甘蓝型油菜品种与埃塞俄比亚芥进行了正反杂交。结果表明,甘蓝型油莱与埃塞俄比亚芥的种间可交配性很低,但在反映可交配性强弱的各个性状上,基因型间的差异显著。甘蓝型油菜作母本时,受精频率和结角率都较反交为低,在获得杂种种子和杂种植株上明显优于反交。约2/3的甘蓝型油菜×埃塞俄比亚芥低生活力杂种种子在组织培养条件下能萌发形成植株,反交的萌发率几乎为零。甘蓝型油菜×埃塞俄比亚芥的F_1植株能与甘蓝型油菜回交,与埃塞俄比亚芥回交不亲和。由于种间杂种F_1植株群体中常出现大量的母型植株,且获得的真杂种种子出苗率又很低,因此提出以F_1杂种植株数为基准的可交配指数来衡量种间可交配性高低。     

油菜远缘杂交的遗传育种研究Ⅱ．甘蓝型油菜与芥菜型油菜杂交的亲和性及其杂种一代

甘蓝型油菜与芥菜型油菜杂交亲和性的研究结果表明，影响杂交亲和性的因素有杂交亲本、杂交组合方式和生态环境，芥菜型油菜作母本杂交亲和性高于甘蓝型油菜作母本的组合，昆明夏繁配组的甘芥杂交亲和性比长沙春季配组显著提高。芥甘杂种一代形态发育特性和种子油中主要脂肪酸含量多介于双亲之间，株高、分枝数、花期、棕榈酸和花生烯酸含量有超亲优势。芥甘杂种一代自交结荚结实差，作母本与甘蓝型油菜回交结荚率约２５％，与自由授粉相当，但平均每荚粒数比自由授粉增加约５０％；与芥菜型油菜回交和白菜型油菜杂交的结实性不如与甘蓝型油菜回交。     

属间杂交获得的甘蓝型油菜雄性不育材料的研究

采用蕾期剥蕾授粉的方法,成功获得了新疆野生油菜野油2000-1和甘蓝型油菜Parol属间杂种。杂种F1育性极低,自由授粉条件下获得少量F2种子。在F2群体中成功选择到一株雄性不育株,用Parol做轮回亲本与不育株回交,BC1、BC2和BC3群体中可育株与不育株均呈1﹕1分离。用波里马细胞质雄性不育的保持系和恢复系、681A的保持系和恢复系、隐性核不育86A的保持系及其它33个甘蓝型油菜品系与BC2群体中的不育株测交,测交后代可育株与不育株呈5﹕3分离的组合有20个,呈1﹕1分离的组合有14个,呈3﹕1分离的组合有3个,有一个组合的后代完全可育,表明该雄性不育材料可能为显性核不育。     

芥菜型油菜与诸葛菜属间杂种的获得及鉴定

为探索属间杂交的亲和性以及改良芥菜型油菜油分品质,进行了芥菜型油菜和诸葛菜的属间杂交,杂交 亲本为芥菜型油菜四川黄籽、红叶芥和诸葛菜。将授粉后７ｄ的子房切下消毒后,培养于添加适当植物激素的ＭＳ 和Ｂ５培养基。从３５７４个离体培养的授粉子房中,获得了１８６粒成熟种子,其结籽率为５．２％ 。将种子取出,转接 于ＭＳ培养基（添加２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ６－ＢＡ＋０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ）,获得了单芽和丛生芽。将丛生芽分割为许多单芽,转接到 新鲜培养基中,获得了９６株小苗。杂种一代植株呈中间型,许多性状介于两个亲本之间,花粉育性低,植株结实性 差。ＳＳＲ分子鉴定表明,Ｆ１杂种植株具有双亲的２００、２３０ｂｐ两条特异带,但没有扩增出父母本均没有的新带。获 得的杂种后代植株有可能用于油菜的品质育种。     

甘蓝型油菜与野芥属间体细胞融合杂种后代种皮纹饰亚微结构研究

通过扫描电镜观察,研究了甘蓝型油菜与野芥属间体细胞融合杂种后代与亲本甘蓝型油菜和新疆野生油菜（野芥）的种皮纹饰亚微结构特征,结果表明,甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）、白芥（Sinapis alba）和野芥（Sinapis arvensis）的种皮纹饰具有种的特异性,同一物种内的不同品种具有相同的种皮纹饰亚微结构特征,如甘蓝型油菜黑籽品种中油821与黄籽品系YEP011具有十分相似的网-穴状结构;2份新疆野芥与2份欧洲来源的野芥都具有相同的由向心条纹组成的近六边“回”字型网-穴状结构, 表明新疆野芥与欧洲野芥同属一个物种。甘蓝型油菜与野芥属间体细胞融合杂种7007-4具有与亲本之一甘蓝型油菜中油821相同的网-穴状结构;同属白芥属的野芥（Sinapis arvensis）与白芥（Sinapis alba）的种皮纹饰存在很大差异,说明种皮纹饰不具有属的特异性。 -----------------------------------     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.