优质芹菜新品种‘申芹2号’

‘申芹2号’芹菜是从‘荷兰红芹’和‘黄心芹’杂交后代中经多代分离纯化,选育而成的优质新品种。植株直立,株高55 ~ 60 cm。外叶黄绿色,心叶嫩黄色,叶柄黄绿带红,叶柄长35.6 cm,叶柄宽0.85 cm,叶柄基部宽1.15 cm。质地脆嫩,味清香,富含铁元素和芹菜素,纤维素含量低。生长速度快,定植后50 d开始收获,单株质量266 g,平均产量43 t · hm^-2。耐热性好,适宜长江中下游地区保护地和露地栽培。     

Effect of different rates of composted organic amendment on urban soil properties,growth and nutrient status of three Mediterranean native hedge species

Increasing green space, especially in densely built-up areas is considered to be a valuable climate change adaptation response in order to reduce the threat of high temperatures to human health and comfort and to controlled global greenhouse gas emissions. Practical responses to climate change, under urban conditions, in order to avoid or reduce trees and shrubs vulnerability, can be considered drought resistant planting approaches, as the addition of organic amendeds to soil. The improvement of physical–chemical soil quality is a key step for carrying out xeriscaping programs of urban green spaces in Mediterranean semiarid areas. Organic amendments, particularly compost, have been receiving a renewed attention not only in horticulture but also in the context of restoring disturbed urban soils to address environmental issues as well as to improve trees and shrubs growth. The influence of increasing rates (0, 15, 30, and 45%) of composted sewage sludge (SSC) placed in the plantation hole on both urban soil properties and growth for three native Mediterranean woody hedge species was monitored over a 2-year period after planting. The experiment was supported by a xerogardening project in an urban context under semi-arid conditions. The results indicate that the urban soil physical characteristics were positively influenced by the addition of SSC: the 45% rate showed an increase in both moisture and infiltration values, thereby increasing the volume of plant-available water in the soil. The chemical properties of the amended soils were also directly affected by the SSC rate, but the effect of the compost on organic matter, nitrogen and potassium contents decreased over time. Our results prove that the hedge growth response to the compost treatments is also highly dependent on the rate of compost used. At the end of the trial, in Rhamnus and Myrthus plants 30% compost level guarantees the best performance; in fact, the further addition of 15% of compost led to a significant decrease in hedge and diameter values, in particular in Myrtle. This could be explained by the high pH at 45% compost, which would seem not to suit the physiology of the two species. On the other hand, in Phillyrea plants, the rate of 45% compost gives high performance equal to that of 30%; it would therefore seem that the high pH at 45% compost does not influence the nutritive elements’ absorption and, as a consequence, the growth. The use of composted sludge as an amendment for sclerophyllous could be feasible and, what is more, helpful to mitigate the environmental impact of organic waste disposal. Moreover more natural vegetation can be introduced into urban parks and green spaces in semi-arid environments to encourage sustainable landscaping and xerogardening.     

节瓜新品种‘丰冠3号’

‘丰冠3号’节瓜为优质高产早熟杂交新品种。果实长圆筒形,皮色青绿,长21 ~ 23 cm,横茎7.6 ~ 8.0 cm,肉厚1.4 cm。单瓜质量750 g。肉质嫩滑致密,味微甜。生长势强,耐热性强,适应性广,适合华南地区春、秋季种植。一般产量达60 ~ 70 t · hm^-2。     

Structural differences in wheat (Triticum aestivum), hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Miscanthus (Miscanthus ogiformis) affect the quality and stability of plant based compost

Physical properties as well as process parameters were examined in three different composts based on plant residues. The wheat compost was a mixture of clover-grass and wheat straw in a ratio of 3:5, the Miscanthus compost was composed of the same materials and contained Miscanthus straw in addition in a ratio of 3:2.5:2, and the hemp compost was based on clover-grass, wheat and hemp straw also in a ratio of 3:2.5:2. The wheat and Miscanthus composts both had an initial C/N ratio of 26 and process parameters such as nitrogen losses and mineralisation pattern did not differ between the two compost types. The hemp compost had a much lower initial C/N ratio of 16 as the hemp straw was harvested fresh, resulting in higher losses and more mineralised nitrogen during composting. Particle size distribution was determined by image analysis of scanned samples. No differences were observed between the percentages of particles in the selected length intervals, however, the largest number of particles was observed in the Miscanthus compost. Particles in the hemp compost had more uneven surfaces than the other composts and had the highest water retention capacity. Thus, the geometry and surface characteristics of the particles and the pores created are important in determining the suitability of plant based growing media.     

Compost addition,but not tillage,affects establishment of urban highway plantings

Establishment of roadside plantings is often limited by adverse site conditions, particularly poor soil physical and chemical properties. We compared plant establishment of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and grasses in response to addition of compost and/or tillage before planting in replicated plots at two locations along an interstate highway near Detroit, MI, USA. Plots at each location received one of four site preparation treatments: control (no treatment), compost only (top-dressed with 8 cm of municipal compost), tillage only (soil tilled to 20 cm) or compost + tillage (8 cm of compost added and tilled to 20 cm). Within each site preparation plot, we established sub-plots of 16 selections of shrubs, perennials, and ornamental grasses. Compost addition, plant selection, and location affected (P ≤ 0.05) plant survival, height growth, and % plant cover two years after planting. Tillage did not affect (P > 0.05) plant establishment. Similarly, the interaction of tillage × compost was not significant, indicating that surface application of compost was as effective as tilling compost into the soil. Improved plant establishment with the addition of compost was associated with improved soil and plant nutrition and reduced soil pH and soil bulk density. Within each plant group (i.e., shrubs, perennials, grasses) plant establishment varied widely. Overall, the results indicate that compost addition can improve establishment of diverse roadside plantings, which was associated with improved soil fertility. In contrast, tillage provided comparatively little benefit to plant performance in this trial.     

Citrus hybrid seedlings reduce initial time to flower when grafted onto shiikuwasha rootstock

The long juvenile period of citrus seedlings before flowering is one of the major obstacles in citrus breeding. Under the citrus breeding program of National Institute of Fruit Tree Science in Japan, 299 citrus hybrid seedlings were grafted onto shiikuwasha (Citrus depressa HAYATA) and cultivated. Approximately one-third of the plants flowered two and a half years after grafting. The average length of the main stems of flowering plants was 308 cm, while that of non-flowering plants was 264 cm. Half of the plants having main stem length ≥300 cm formed flowers, while most of the plants having main stem length <210 cm formed no flower. These results indicate that plant vigor influences the flowering and that grafting effectively accelerated flowering. The proportion of flowering plants varied among cross combinations, ranging from 71.4% to 8.0% among the 10 cross combinations used.     

日光温室纸膜覆盖下不同种植模式对番茄产量及根系分布的影响

以番茄为试材,在日光温室越夏茬土壤起垄纸膜覆盖条件下,对番茄单双行种植和株行距参数结构进行了研究,分析了不同种植结构对番茄植株生长、产量、品质及根系空间分布特征的影响,以期探索日光温室纸膜覆盖下番茄适宜种植结构。结果表明:单行种植模式下,随着种植密度的降低,单果质量和单株产量显著增加,最低密度处理(3.00株·m^-2)产量最高。双行种植模式下,密度处理对单果质量和单株产量没有显著影响,因此最高密度处理(3.90株·m^-2)产量最高。在最高密度处理下,番茄在0~20 cm土层的根系占总根系量85%以上,双行模式的根系生物量显著高于单行种植模式,差异主要表现在0~10 cm土层内。单行低密度处理和双行高密度处理产量较高且相近,但双行低密度种植模式利用根系生物量积累,种苗成本低,利于管理,因此在宁夏日光温室番茄越夏南北垄向栽培中,推荐采用3.00株·m^-2密度、单行种植模式。     

The use of green waste compost in peat-based potting mixtures: Fertilization and suppressiveness against soilborne diseases

Twelve commercially produced Dutch green waste composts were evaluated for their suitability to replace 20% (v/v) peat substrate in the cultivation of ornamentals. Salt concentrations were determined in water extracts of the composts and disease suppressive effects were assessed against various soilborne diseases. The Cl-concentration of the compost extract appeared to be the limiting factor for use of the composts in potting mixtures. The Cl-concentrations in 7 and 1 composts, respectively, were too high to replace 20% of peat for growing salt sensitive and moderately salt sensitive plants, according to guidelines set for these groups of plants. The suppressive effects of the composts were tested in peat-based potting mixtures using three bioassays: Phytophthora cinnamomi—lupin, Cylindrocladium spathiphylli—Spathiphyllum and Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1—cauliflower. Disease levels in compost-amended mixtures were compared with the non-amended controls. None of the composts induced suppressiveness against P. cinnamomi; 3 and 9 composts significantly induced suppressiveness against C. spathiphylli and R. solani, respectively. No significant disease enhancement was observed in any of the bioassays. The pH of the potting mixture showed a negative correlation with suppression of the Rhizoctonia disease (R² = 0.56). The effect of pH (pH 4–6) on suppression of R. solani and P. cinnamomi was further studied in non-amended peat. Disease suppression of R. solani in cauliflower decreased with increasing pH in two different kinds of peat, while there was no effect on P. cinnamomi. The suppressive effect of 3 composts was assessed in two experiments against Fusarium wilt in Cyclamen persicum (caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. cyclamini) and Begonia eliator (caused by F. foetens) under near-commercial conditions. None of the composts had a significant effect on Fusarium wilt in Cyclamen. Two and 3 composts significantly induced suppressiveness against Fusarium wilt in Begonia in the first and second experiments, respectively. No significant differences were observed in growth characteristics between Begonia plants grown in compost-amended and non-amended potting mixture in both experiments. In the second experiment, Cyclamen plants grown in compost-amended potting mixture had significant lower number of flowers than plants grown in non-amended potting mixture, which may have been due to lower concentrations of N in the compost-amended potting mixtures. In conclusion, most composts of the origin and composition tested can replace 20% peat in potting mixtures for moderately salt sensitive and salt tolerant plants. Amendment of these composts can contribute to control of Fusarium wilt in Begonia plants.     

Optimizing the lighting regime for Alstroemeria with respect to photoperiod and fluence rates

The Alstroemeria cultivars Diamond, King Cardinal and Libelle were grown for 18 months under five lighting regimes with, and without, soil cooling. The aim was to optimize the daily investment of light energy from artificial sources with respect to photoperiod and photosynthetic fluence rates and to elucidate possible links between reactions to photoperiod and root-zone temperature. The more photons (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) that were supplied to the plants per day (8, 11 and 13 mol m⁻²), the higher was the total production of flowering stems. The total yield from regimes with 13 mol m⁻² day⁻¹ was higher when the light was spread over 20 and 16 h compared to 12 h. In treatments with soil cooling, the plants flowered continuously under all combinations of photoperiods and photosynthetic fluence rates, and the summer and autumn recession in flower production that occurred for non-cooled ‘King Cardinal' and ‘Diamond' was the same under all lighting regimes. It is concluded that it might be more cost-effective to spread the daily investment of light over 20 rather than 16 or 12 h when the total energy budget and CO₂ costs are taken into consideration.     

Growth of Viburnum tinus in peat-based and peat-substitute growing media

To assess the growth of ornamental shrubs in peat alternative substrates, one ornamental species, Viburnum tinus L., was cultivated in a number of different substrates in two climates: a French oceanic (Oce) and a Spanish Mediterranean (Med). In Oce, three mixtures (1/1, v/v) of Finnish peat/yard compost, yard compost/raw coir and Finnish peat/raw coir were used while the expanded perlite/composted manure (1/1), forest compost/composted bark (1/1) and forest compost/cattle manure compost (2/3) were tested in Med. A mixture (1/1) of Finnish peat/pine bark compost was used in both climates as a control. Plants were cultivated at a density of six plants/m² in 4 l containers with drip irrigation. Plant height, dry mass, and leaf area were measured at intervals during cultivation. In Oce, substrates with yard compost or raw coir produced plants of similar size to those in the control substrate. In Med, forest compost/cattle manure compost mixture produced plants with the same height as those in the control mixture and the two other mixtures produced shorter plants. In both climates, substrates ranked the same whether height, dry mass or leaf area were considered. Using those parameters, significant effects of different substrates were revealed. Those effects are related to the substrate characteristics, mainly physical ones. As peat is used in a large range of situations, the experiment showed that substrate performance varies with its use, so alternative substrates can show better performance than those using peat.     

Comparative effects of bark and peat based composts on the occurrence of vine weevil larvae and the growth of containerized polyanthus

A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of inclusion of bark in potting composts on the numbers of vine weevil larvae on polyanthus plants. In 1989 more larvae were recovered from plants grown in peat compost than those grown in bark but these results were reversed when the study was repeated in 1990. Numbers of larvae also increased with higher ratios of bark:peat in composts but declined as the size fraction of bark used increased. The degree to which bark was composted did not appear to materially affect the numbers of vine weevil recovered. A strong, positive, relationship between larval numbers and foliage dry weight was found. Similarly, larval numbers were bigger with greater root development in bark composts. The results are discussed and it is suggested that the use of bark may promote more vigorous growth in polyanthus and thus enable plants to support more larvae.     

Evaluation of Four Commercial Composts on Strawberry Plant Productivity and Soil Characteristics in California

ABSTRACT

Composts can have beneficial effects on strawberry production and these benefits can be dependent on the type of compost used. Four commercial composts were evaluated: cow manure, spent mushroom, yard trimmings, and vermicompost. The nutrient composition, abundance of fungi and bacteria, and microbial activity were determined. Five field trials assessed effects on plant growth, root development, soil microbial activity, nutrient availability, and yield during one growing season. Manure and mushroom compost significantly increased soil electrical conductivity levels to 9.9 ± 1.7 dS/m and 7.3 ± 0.8 dS/m, respectively. Manure, yard trimmings, and mushroom composts shifted soil pH toward optimal levels for up to 7 months. Mushroom compost had the greatest effect on soil nitrate, which was up to 32 mg/kg of soil higher than non-amended soil. Significant effects on yield were more likely to occur where environmental conditions and management practices were less than optimal or compost was not routinely added. Several factors important to plant production were significantly affected by compost: soil salinity, plant establishment, soil nitrate, production curves, soil microbial activity, and soil pH.     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits (Cornus mas L.) grown in Turkey

Cornus mas L. is a naturally growing dogwood species in Anatolia. In present study, physical, chemical and antioxidant properties of cornelian cherry fruits were studied. The fruit weight was in the range of 0.39–1.03 g, fruit length 14.24–22.20 mm, fruit width 9.59–13.21 mm, flesh/seed ratio 1.34 to 6.72. Hunter L values of the samples ranged between 10.82 and 19.69, and a value was between +6.25 and +15.59, and b value was between +3.46 and +6.64. In addition to the levels of dry matter, soluble solids, pH, total acidity, total sugar content, reduced sugar content, unreduced sugar content, ascorbic acid, total anthocyanin and total phenolics were within the range of 15.88–28.19%, 12.50–21.00%, 3.11–3.53, 1.10–2.53%, 76.80–154.00 g kg⁻¹, 52.80–120.00 g kg⁻¹, 0.00–32.30 g kg⁻¹, 0.16–0.88 mg g⁻¹, 1.12–2.92 mg g⁻¹ and 2.81–5.79 mg g⁻¹, respectively. On the other hand, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and EC₅₀ values were between 16.21 mmol g⁻¹ and 94.43 mmol g⁻¹, 0.29–0.69 mg mL⁻¹. Anthocyanin extracts of the fruits were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV–vis detection. Pelargonidin 3-glucoside was the main pigment found in cornelian cherry fruits.     

Micropropagation of Cryptanthus with leaf explants with attached intercalary meristems excised from greenhouse stock plants

By using the leaves with attached intercalary meristems from greenhouse grown stock plants, five cultivars of Cryptanthus were cultured on modified MS media with 4.5 μM NAA and IBA and 3 μM BA to induce adventitious shoot formation from callus tissue. Contamination was 17–21% for explants taken from stock plants which were sprayed weekly with Agribrom and 27–75% for those taken from stock plants which were not treated. More than 99% true to type plantlets were obtained from non-chimeric plants. Green and albino plantlets were obtained from chimeric plants. The chimeric C. ‘Coster's Favorite’ DeCoster also produced a few chimeric plantlets with intermarginal pink stripes in addition to the green and albino plantlets. Most of the non-chimeric plants took a shorter time to produce plantlets of transplantable size (8–12 mm) than the chimeric ones. Except for albino plantlets, survival rate of plantlets exceeded 95%. A minimum average of 500 rooted plantlets can be obtained in a year from a single well-callused leaf explant. The protocol in this report should speed up the mass production and introduction of desirable new cultivars and hybrids of non-chimeric Cryptanthus.     

Plant water stress and K starvation reduce absorption of foliar applied K by olive leaves

Three-month-old mist-rooted ‘Picual’ olive cuttings were transplanted into 2-l plastics pots containing perlite as substrate and fertigated with a complete nutrient solution containing 0.05, 0.1 or 2.5 mM KCl depending on the experiment. In the first experiment, plants were sprayed with RbCl (Rb⁺ is a K⁺ analog) at a rate of 4% at 63 days after transplanting (DAT). Foliar Rb⁺ uptake through leaves increased with K⁺ concentration in the nutrient solution, indicating that foliar Rb⁺ uptake was lower when plants were K⁺ deficient than when they were adequate. On the contrary, it was observed that translocation of Rb⁺ from leaves to other organs of the plant was higher under K⁺ deficiency conditions. In the second and third experiments, when differences appeared on shoot length due to K⁺ nutritional status (0.05 or 2.5 mM KCl) at 63 DAT, a group of plants were subjected to water stress during 7 weeks. On the other hand, another group of plants (control plants) did not receive any water stress treatment during the experiments. After this period of 7 weeks, all plants were sprayed with RbCl at 4%. Leaf K⁺ concentration diminished in water-stressed plants independently of plants nutritional status. Foliar Rb⁺ uptake through leaves was restricted by water stress either in plants with low K⁺ (0.05 mM KCl) or plants with high K⁺ (2.5 mM KCl). Translocation of Rb⁺ from leaves was greater under water stress conditions in both K⁺ nutritional statuses. In conclusion, the results obtained could explain the irregular response in olive trees to foliar K⁺ sprays, particularly, when they grow in rainfed orchards.     

冬瓜新品种‘铁柱’

 ‘铁柱’冬瓜为优质高产耐贮中晚熟杂交种。果实长圆柱形,瓜形一致,匀称,皮色墨绿,浅棱沟,平均瓜长81.3 cm,横径约19.7 cm,肉厚6.5 cm,肉质致密,致密度为1.944 g · cm^-3,囊腔小,平均单瓜质量13.2 kg,可溶性固形物含量约3.68%。田间表现抗枯萎病,中抗疫病和病毒病。春季从播种至收获120 d,产量约90 t · hm^-2。     

除草剂污染堆肥用量对黄瓜生物有效性的影响

化学除草已成为确保现代农业生产不可或缺的技术，但因除草剂会在非靶标植物中残留，进
而导致堆肥和有机肥料产品被除草剂污染，为避免堆肥及其产品在不合理应用时对后茬植物的生长产生不
良影响，造成不可挽回的损失，本试验采用市售基质、普通堆肥和受除草剂污染的堆肥为试材，设置无污
染堆肥处理（C1）、氯氨吡啶酸污染堆肥处理（C2）和二氯吡啶酸污染堆肥处理（C3）3 个处理，在0、5%、
10% 和20% 堆肥不同用量条件下，以黄瓜的出苗率和播种后45 d 时植株的节间距、株高、茎粗、植株干质量、
叶片数、叶面积、叶片卷曲情况和壮苗指数为评价指标。结果表明，受除草剂污染的堆肥对黄瓜种子的萌
发有抑制作用，且堆肥用量越大，出苗率越低，而且黄瓜幼苗表现出严重的除草剂药害症状，植株纤弱，
叶片狭小、卷曲。两种除草剂污染堆肥对黄瓜的影响呈现不同的规律，在堆肥用量相同的条件下，氯氨吡
啶酸比二氯吡啶酸对黄瓜的药害严重，这表明越高效的除草剂随堆肥或有机肥的施用对后茬敏感植物的药
害风险越大。     

Onion growth and yield are influenced by transplant tray cell size and age

Transplant tray cell size (volume) and age of containerized onion (Allium cepa L. cv. ‘Texas Grano 1015Y') transplants were evaluated for effects on survival, root and shoot growth, yield, and size. Transplant ages of 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks and cell volume of 6.5 and 20.0 cm³ were used in Florida, and 6, 8, 10 and 12 wk, and 4.0 and 7.1 cm³ were used in Texas. Total yield in Florida was unaffected by transplant age in two planting seasons, but larger size bulb yield increased with increasing transplant age from 5 to 9 wk in 6.5 cm³ cells, and for 11-wk compared to ≤9-wk transplants in 20.0 cm³ in one season. Seed stem initiation was greatest in bulbs from 11-wk transplants in 20 cm³ cells. Survival in Texas was reduced for 6-wk compared to ≥8-wk containerized transplants. At planting, root number increased linearly with transplant age. Transplant cell volume in Texas did not affect root number, plant height or leaf number, but shoot dry weight was greater for seedlings grown in 7.1 cm³ cells compared to 4.0 cm³ cells. Total, jumbo and large size transplant yields in Texas were higher for 10 and 12-week transplants in 7.1 cm³ cells and 8, 10 and 12-week in 4.0 cm³ cells than yields in younger transplants. Total yields were unaffected by transplant cell volume but seedlings in 4.0 cm³ cells had a 16% decrease of jumbo size compared to those grown in 7.1 cm³ cells. Larger cell sizes are appropriate for 10–12-week transplants. The use of 8–10-week containerized transplants grown in small cell volume may be viable for onion stand establishment. Younger transplants may produce more large bulb yields if grown in larger cells, but they also have greater risk of reduced survival.     

新鲜玉米秸秆覆盖对马铃薯产量及效益的影响

为探究新鲜玉米秸秆在南方马铃薯生产中的应用价值,通过随机区组田间试验研究了6种覆盖栽培方式对马铃薯产量及效益的影响。结果表明,不同覆盖方式对马铃薯单薯质量、商品薯数量比率、薯长径和长短径比有显著影响,其中单薯质量和薯长径对鲜薯产量的直接效应较大,通径系数分别达到258.5和88.7。黑膜下覆盖3 cm厚粉碎秸秆处理的薯长径、长短径比、单薯质量、鲜薯产量和商品薯数量比率分别可达82.95 mm、1.62、0.153 kg、20528 kg·hm^-2和42.0%,黑膜下覆盖6 cm厚粉碎秸秆处理的分别可达82.91 mm、1.62、0.157 kg、19369 kg·hm^-2和41.5%,而黑膜下覆盖9 cm厚整根秸秆处理的则分别为82.36 mm、1.60、0.146 kg、15102 kg·hm^-2和32.5%。与膜下覆土栽培处理相比,黑膜下覆盖3 cm或6 cm厚粉碎秸秆处理的薯长径、长短径比、单薯质量、鲜薯产量以及单薯质量≥100 g的商品薯的产出均无显著差异,仅商品薯数量比率显著降低,而黑膜下覆盖9 cm厚整根秸秆处理的鲜薯产量、商品薯数量比率以及单薯质量≥100 g的商品薯的产出均显著降低。可见,黑膜下覆盖3 cm或6 cm厚粉碎秸秆的马铃薯覆盖栽培的生产表现与常规覆土栽培无明显差异,通过机械化进行膜下覆盖3~6 cm厚新鲜粉碎玉米秸秆的马铃薯覆盖栽培可实现冬种马铃薯的高效生产。     

An evaluation of one example of biotope roof in Japan: Plant development and invertebrate colonisation after 8 years

Biotope roofs in Japan are usually intensive green roofs that primarily include native plants and food plants for invertebrates and a pond and stones to create a wide range of habitats. The study aimed to evaluate the survivability of planted species, and colonisation by plants and invertebrates on a biotope roof and to suggest an appropriate planting design and maintenance scheme to optimize biodiversity benefits. An intensive green roof (150 m², substrate depth of 50 cm) was installed in 2002 on the ninth storey of a building at Chiba University, Japan. Twelve species of trees, 18 species of shrubs and 8 species of forbs (mainly native species) were planted and volcanic stones were used as mulch and to create habitats for invertebrates. No maintenance and no irrigation were applied for almost 8 years. A limited number of tree species, such as Myrica rubra and Cinnamomum camphora could grew well without maintenance and irrigation at a substrate depth of 50 cm. Overall, shrubs grew successfully and a high density planting seemed effective in increasing wind resistance. Most forbs disappeared, probably because of drought and competition with these colonising plants. Eleven plant species spontaneously colonised resulting in domination by Solidago altissima and Miscanthus sinensis. These two species were too aggressive, and selective weeding is required for species richness. In an invertebrate study, 46 species in 11 orders were observed and the highest number of invertebrate species was observed in the pond and shady areas.