Sewage sludge and refuse composts as peat alternatives for conditioning impoverished soils: Effects on the growth response and mineral status of Petunia grandiflora

A glasshouse pot experiment is described comparing the growth reponse, nutritional , status and heavy metal content of Petunia grandiflora in an impoverished acid sandy soil amended with peat or composted sewage sludges and refuse. The composts consistently out-performed peat as soil améliorants because of greater nutrient availability. However, results indicated that rates of application of composts to soil should be adjusted according to the conductivity of the applied material and the salt tolerance characteristics of the plant species to be grown to avoid detrimental effects on plant growth. There were no phytotoxic effects on plant growth due to contamination of the composts with heavy metals irrespective of the level of incorporation into soil, indicating that proposed lower metal limits for composts compared with sewage sludge would be unnecessarily restrictive to compost use. Composted sewage sludges and refuse are shown to have considerable potential for use in the amenity and landscape industry for improving impoverished soils.     

蘑菇渣和园林废物堆肥复配基质在黄瓜育苗上的应用效果

以腐熟的蘑菇渣堆肥、园林修剪废物堆肥、草炭、蛭石为原料,通过将蘑菇渣堆肥与园林废物堆肥以不同比例替代草炭后对复配基质的理化特性及普通白菜生长的影响筛选出适宜的配方,并以草炭∶蛭石=7 V∶3 V为对照,探讨该配方对黄瓜幼苗生长指标的影响。结果表明,蘑菇渣堆肥∶园林废物堆肥∶草炭∶蛭石=3 V∶4 V∶7 V∶6 V为最佳基质配方;受EC值过高的影响,蘑菇渣堆肥和园林废物堆肥替代草炭最大比例不宜超过40 %;所获配方基质培育出的黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、干物质积累和壮苗指数等指标均显著优于对照。     

香菇菌糠作栽培基质对番茄幼苗生长的影响

以香菇菌糠为基本栽培基质,将其分别与土壤、煤渣和珍珠岩等混合,研究在干旱胁迫下不同基质配比对番茄幼苗期生长的影响。结果表明:不同处理下番茄幼苗的萎蔫率大小依次为T3相似文献   

Effect of the duration of composting on the amount of compost produced and the yield of mushrooms

Prolonging duration of composting, especially of Stage II (peak-heating), increased loss of material, reduced bulk density and resulted in a lower weight of compost prepared per tonne of original straw,Yield of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) per tonne of prepared compost was unaffected by prolonging Stage II, but was reduced when expressed per unit area, per tonne of compost filled, or per tonne of original straw, because of loss of materials and reduced bulk density.Fruit bodies of a weed mould, Coprinus sp., were more numerous during mushroom cropping on composts which had been prepared with the shortest Stage II, but there was no correlation between occurrence of Coprinus sp. and the yield of mushrooms per tonne of prepared compost.A basis is proposed for comparing composts prepared by a wide variety of methods.     

控释肥对菇渣基质电导率及容器苗生长的影响

通过木槿容器苗栽培试验,研究了控释肥、控释肥+少量普通复合肥(BB肥)、普通复合肥、营养液对菇渣基质电导率及木槿苗叶片数、枝条长度、最大叶面积、叶绿素含量、植株鲜重等生长指标的影响。结果表明:普通肥料处理前期菇渣基质电导率过高,后期电导率偏低,木槿容器苗生长不理想;控释肥处理前期菇渣基质EC值稍低,但后期木槿各项生长指标与营养液处理相当;控释肥加入少量普通复合肥制成的BB肥,养分释放与木槿容器苗的养分需求基本一致,木槿生长总体优于其他施肥处理。控释肥施肥方法简单,效果理想,是基质容器育苗值得推广的一种施肥方法。     

甜瓜有机生态型无土栽培基质的筛选

以金美丽甜瓜品种为试材,炉渣、菇渣、黄沙等为栽培基质材料,用发酵秸秆反应堆、复合肥代替营养液,进行甜瓜有机生态型无土栽培试验,分析比较5种配方组合基质对甜瓜生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,甜瓜无土栽培基质以泥炭∶珍珠岩∶菇渣∶炉渣(9∶3∶4∶4)+(2kg发酵生物秸秆反应堆+0.5kg复合肥)/m2配方最佳,在甜瓜幼苗生长期主蔓最长,采收后单果质量最大,相应的果实纵径、横径和果肉厚度均达到最大值,中心可溶性固形物为13.1%,折合667m2产量高达3264.3kg,显著高于对照和其他处理;其次为泥炭∶珍珠岩∶菇渣(9∶3∶8)+(2kg发酵生物秸秆反应堆+0.5kg复合肥)/m2配方。     

Natural bee-honey based biostimulants confer salt tolerance in onion via modulation of the antioxidant defence system

Plant biostimulants are an emerging trend of crop management products which can enhance nutrient uptake, plant growth and productivity under various abiotic stresses. The ability of diluted bee-honey extract (DHE) to enhance the tolerance of onion plants to salinity stress has been investigated. Two-season field experiments were consecutively conducted in 2015/16 and 2016/17 to study the effect of 25–50 g/L DHE foliar application on growth, yield, physio-biochemical attributes, and antioxidative defence of two onion cultivars (i.e. Giza^Red and Giza-20) grown on a saline soil (EC = 8.81 dS m^?1). Results exhibited that DHE significantly increased biomass production, bulb yield and water use efficiency, leaf photosynthetic and pigments contents. Additionally, DHE applicati\on also improves osmoprotectants, membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC), and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants of both onion cultivars in comparison with untreated control plants. In general, both cultivars showed a similar response to the DHE. Results of this study highlighted the potential impact of DHE as a promising plant bio-stimulant for overcoming the harmful effects of soil salinity stress by increasing the activity of plant antioxidative defence systems     

Relation between the initial nitrogen content of mushroom compost and the duration of composting

With a 3-day duration of Stage I of composting, an initial nitrogen (N) content of about 1.4% of the dry matter resulted in a shorter time in Stage II and a 14-day earlier start to cropping than a 2.4% N content. In 6 weeks cropping from each compost, the yields of mushrooms were similar.Following 13 and 23 days in Stage I, initial N content had little or no effect on the duration of Stage II or on the start of cropping, but the yield of mushrooms was greater from composts with the higher N content. These results support the proposition that with increasing duration of composting a higher initial N content of the compost is acceptable, and probably desirable, for preparing a successful compost.A direct relation between duration of composting and losses of water and dry matter from the compost was confirmed.The occurrence of Coprinus spp. (ink caps) fruit bodies during mushroom cropping was not a good indication of subsequent yield of mushrooms.     

氮磷钾与有机肥配施对番茄产量品质及土壤酶活性的影响

以‘辽园多丽’番茄为试材,在长期定位施肥条件下研究氮磷钾与有机肥配施对产量、品质及土壤酶活性的影响。研究结果表明：氮磷钾肥配施有机肥能够提高番茄维生素C、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量并且提高番茄产量;钾肥对番茄维生素C和可溶性固形物含量影响显著,磷肥对提高可溶性糖含量起着关键作用,番茄产量受氮肥影响最为显著。氮磷钾肥配施有机肥,能够提高土壤酶活性,配施氮肥能显著提高过氧化氢酶活性;磷肥对提高转化酶、蛋白酶活性具有关键作用。番茄产量、品质与土壤酶活性具有一定的正相关,土壤转化酶对番茄品质影响最多。     

Effects of repeated applications of municipal solid waste compost and fertilizers to three lowbush blueberry fields

Field experiments were initiated in May 1999 and continued through 2002 to investigate the application of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and fertilizers to lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) fields. Three sites were selected: Debert, N.S. (Truro sandy loam) and two sites near Musquodoboit, N.S. (both Rawdon gravely loamy sands). Treatments at each site were in a randomized complete block design with six treatments (control [no fertilizer], NK fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, and three rates of MSW compost) blocked four times. Compost treatments provided the equivalent of 100, 200 and 400 kg ha⁻¹ of total N. The experimental objectives were to evaluate soil and plant response to the compost and to determine whether it could be used as an alternative to the traditional chemical fertilizers. Yield, soil fertility, and leaf and fruit nutrients were examined following the four years of treatment applications. The MSW compost had a significant effect on pH and soil extractable levels of P, K and Ca, and influenced N and K levels in leaf samples. Fruit yield and nutrient content, except for Mn, were not affected by the treatments. In general, the compost treatments provided equivalent amounts of plant essential nutrients without negatively influencing trace element absorption.     

中国北方地区双孢蘑菇栽培新技术

针对双孢蘑菇栽培周期长、原料日趋紧张、劳动成本高、产量低等问题,开展新型菇房、配方、覆土技术、发酵技术试验示范。结果表明,新型菇房可用于周年生产;新型玉米芯配方,一次发酵时间分别比对照缩短4 d和6 d,产量达到到10.29 kg·m-2,在5%水平上差异显著,每平方米的成本由3元下降为0.4元;新型覆土配方,产量比黄土高37.33 kg,比草炭土产量高41.17 kg,在5%水平上差异显著。     

金针菇菌糠堆肥生产有机肥研究

研究金针菇菌糠配合鸡粪和堆肥菌剂规模化生产有机肥的方法。结果表明:研究获得的肥料产品有机质达到51%、全氮2.15%、全磷1.76%、全钾1.89%或总养分5.8%、pH值8.5、此外蛔虫卵死亡率、大肠杆菌数以及汞、砷、镉、铅、铬含量等均符合生物有机肥的标准,说明菌糠非常适合用于生产有机肥。     

植保康对普通白菜生长发育和营养品质及土壤状况的影响

采用田间施药方法,研究了不同浓度植保康对大棚中普通白菜生长、硝酸盐含量、营养品质及土壤性质的影响。结果表明,施用植保康后,普通白菜叶片数、最大叶面积和产量均有所提高,其中以植保康施用量22.5 kg?hm-2的效果最为明显。在营养品质方面,不同浓度植保康的施用效果不同,22.5 kg?hm-2处理的植株硝酸盐含量最低,而15.0 kg?hm-2处理的植株VC含量较高。添加植保康有效降低了土壤全盐量,提高了土壤微生物数量。综合各项因素,生产中植保康施用量以22.5 kg?hm-2为最佳。     

不同生育期施用微生物菌剂对设施番茄生产和土壤养分的影响

摘要：为了探究不同生育时期施用微生物菌剂对番茄生长及土壤养分的影响，采用田间小区试验方法，设置在定植期、缓苗期、膨果期施用含有巨大芽孢杆菌、胶冻样类芽孢杆菌的微生物菌剂处理，分析不同处理对番茄产量、品质以及土壤速效养分（氮、磷、钾）含量的影响。结果表明：定植期施用颗粒微生物菌剂，可使番茄增产34.11%；缓苗期施用液态微生物菌剂，可使番茄增产27.10%；颗粒微生物菌剂和液体微生物配合施用，可使番茄增产23.36%；同时，颗粒剂和液态剂型配合施用，番茄果实VC含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量可分别显著提高49.85%、0.33%、45.07%、26.05%、134.82%，土壤硝态氮含量、铵态氮含量、速效磷含量和速效钾含量分别显著提高29.08%、27.93%、59.71%和64.01%；因此，颗粒型和液态型微生物菌剂的适宜施用时期分别为定植期和缓苗期。     

番茄秸秆不同还田方式对番茄生长及土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽定量等氮还田的方法,研究番茄秸秆直接还田和堆肥还田对番茄生长、产量、果实品质、土壤碳氮含量及酶活性的影响。结果表明:番茄秸秆直接还田处理在还田60 d内对番茄植株生长有化感抑制作用,抑制作用在60 d后减弱,还田110 d后能促进番茄植株生长,显著提升果实品质,提高土壤全碳、全氮含量。番茄秸秆堆肥还田处理能够持续促进番茄植株生长,改善果实品质,显著提高番茄产量,土壤全碳、全氮含量及C/N显著提高,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性显著提高。在生产中番茄秸秆堆肥可直接作为肥料施用,且肥效优于鸡粪,番茄秸秆直接还田则需要至少60 d的腐解才能减弱对番茄生长的抑制作用。     

Response of eggplants grown in recirculating nutrient solution to salinity imposed prior to the start of harvesting

Summary

The effects of exposing eggplants grown in recirculating nutrient solution to salt stress (6.1 dS m^–1) from planting until the beginning of harvesting, on plant growth, yield and macronutrient status was investigated. The salinity was imposed by adding to a basic nutrient solution either additional nutrients at two cation ratios or NaCl. The results showed that the exposure of plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting reduced both vegetative growth during that time and early fruit yield, but the depression of the latter was more severe. The restriction of the early yield was a result of a reduced mean fruit weight due to a lower fruit water content. The detrimental effects of salinity on the mean fruit weight disappeared 25 d after discontinuing the salinity treatments. As a result, the total yield obtained after five months of harvesting was not influenced by exposing the plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting. The salinity source had no specific effect on plant growth. Moreover, the increase of salinity up to 6.1 dS m^–1 did not cause any specific nutritional imbalance or toxicity to the plants, irrespective of the salts used to achieve it. It is suggested that the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution may be raised to 6.1 dS m^–1 to control excessive vegetative growth in eggplants grown hydroponically. However, salt treatment should be terminated either at the first harvest, if the total yield is more important than the early yield, or three weeks earlier, if the opposite is true.     

不同用量生物有机肥对苦瓜枯萎病防治及 土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

将生防菌剂与腐熟有机肥混合制成生物有机肥（BOF）,采用盆栽的试验方法,研究了不同
用量的生物有机肥对苦瓜枯萎病的防效和对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用生物有机肥可显
著降低枯萎病的发生,对照CF 的防病效果指定为0 时,BOF1、BOF2、BOF3 处理的防病效果分别达到
22.21%、38.91% 和44.45%;在有效养分相同的条件下,BOF2 处理的茎粗、叶长、叶宽和植株干质量均
显著高于CF 处理,表现出了显著的促生效果。施用生物有机肥后土壤细菌和放线菌数量增加、真菌和尖
孢镰刀菌数量减少,均与对照CF 差异显著;在本试验条件下,生物有机肥的施用量越大,其防病和促生
效果越明显。BOF 处理的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性均高于CF 处理,并随着生物有机肥用量的增
加而更明显,而过氧化氢酶活性变化则不明显。表明生物有机肥的施用可以改善土壤微生物区系,提高土
壤酶活性,改善苦瓜生长的土壤环境条件,减少枯萎病的发生。     

The significance of thermophilic fungi in mushroom compost preparation

When mixtures of wheat straw and organic nitrogen supplements were composted at 40° C in a simple small-scale, 1-phase composting system, initial inoculation with several species of thermophilic fungi resulted in a large improvement in the suitability of the composts for the cultivated mushroom. Ammonia levels fell rapidly and the ability of the composts to support competitor fungi was reduced. The species Torula thermophila, Cooney and Emerson, was particularly effective in bringing about these changes, and showed considerable potential as a rapid-composting organism. Composting was also accelerated by using a supplement such as sewage sludge, which had a low potential for producing ammonia. The inoculation of thermophilic fungi into conventional mushroom compost at the start of Phase II had little beneficial effect, probably because an adequate microflora of suitable composting organisms, including thermophilic fungi, was already present. If this microflora was first severely reduced, then a large effect from inoculating thermophilic fungi could be demonstrated. The results also indicated that the toxicity of ammonia to micro-organisms other than the mushroom could be an important feature of mushroom composting.     

Structural differences in wheat (Triticum aestivum), hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Miscanthus (Miscanthus ogiformis) affect the quality and stability of plant based compost

Physical properties as well as process parameters were examined in three different composts based on plant residues. The wheat compost was a mixture of clover-grass and wheat straw in a ratio of 3:5, the Miscanthus compost was composed of the same materials and contained Miscanthus straw in addition in a ratio of 3:2.5:2, and the hemp compost was based on clover-grass, wheat and hemp straw also in a ratio of 3:2.5:2. The wheat and Miscanthus composts both had an initial C/N ratio of 26 and process parameters such as nitrogen losses and mineralisation pattern did not differ between the two compost types. The hemp compost had a much lower initial C/N ratio of 16 as the hemp straw was harvested fresh, resulting in higher losses and more mineralised nitrogen during composting. Particle size distribution was determined by image analysis of scanned samples. No differences were observed between the percentages of particles in the selected length intervals, however, the largest number of particles was observed in the Miscanthus compost. Particles in the hemp compost had more uneven surfaces than the other composts and had the highest water retention capacity. Thus, the geometry and surface characteristics of the particles and the pores created are important in determining the suitability of plant based growing media.