橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病病原菌的生物学特性

通过对橡胶多主棒孢进行生物学特性研究,结果表明:菌丝生长的适宜温度范围为25～30℃,最适温度为30℃;最适pH范围为4～8;菌丝在以麦芽糖为碳源和以KNO3为氮源的培养基上生长最好。分生孢子萌发的适宜温度范围为20～35℃,最适温度为25℃;水滴是孢子萌发的必要条件;在不同的pH条件下分生孢子萌发无明显差异;分生孢子在果糖中萌发率最低。     

葡萄拟尾孢菌分生孢子萌发特性及病菌致死温度

葡萄拟尾菌分生孢子萌发适温为 15～35℃ ,最适25℃。分生孢子和菌丝高温致死温度分别为50℃10min和54℃ 10min。分生孢子对 pH适应范围较广 ,萌发适宜pH为5～9,在 pH 7时最佳。不同光照条件下 ,散射光对分生孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用 ,而荧光利于孢子萌发。分生孢子萌发对相对湿度的要求较高 ,RH低于93%不能萌发。在不同营养液里分生孢子均能萌发 ,其中葡萄叶汁对孢子萌发有促进作用 ,以 1%葡萄叶汁的刺激作用最强 ,孢子萌发率最高 ,萌发速度也最快 ,6h后萌发率即达82.00%。     

荔枝炭疽病菌生物学特性的研究

 本文主要研究了温度、湿度、pH值、光照、营养对荔枝炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响。该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为8~38℃,最适28℃;产生分生孢子的温度范围为12~36℃,最适28~32℃;分生孢子萌发的温度范围为8~38℃,最适28~32℃。在pH 3~10的范围内该菌均能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH 5~6;产生分生孢子最适pH3~4,分生孢子萌发最适pH 6~7。分生孢子在饱和湿度或水滴中萌发快,相对湿度低于85%时不能萌发。光照处理对该菌生长发育无显著性影响。葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、果糖对分生孢子萌发有促进作用。分生孢子的致死温度为50℃ 10 min,菌丝体的致死温度为60℃ 30 min。     

马铃薯早疫病菌分生孢子萌发条件的研究

为了明确马铃薯早疫病菌分生孢子萌发的条件,研究了温度、湿度、pH、光照、营养条件等对马铃薯早疫病菌分生孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,分生孢子在水滴中于30℃1 h即可萌发,8 h后达到萌发高峰,萌发率为98.4%;萌发的最适温度为30℃;相对湿度85%以上均可萌发,水滴中萌发率最高;pH6~10的条件利于分生孢子萌发;紫外线对分生孢子萌发有抑制作用;无机氮源中的铵态氮和尿素对孢子萌发有抑制作用,有机氮源中半胱氨酸和谷氨酸对孢子萌发有抑制作用;山梨糖不利于分生孢子萌发;光照对分生孢子萌发也有抑制作用;分生孢子致死温度是57℃。     

辣椒褐斑病菌生物学特性研究

本文对辣椒褐斑病病原菌Cercospora capsici Heald et Wolf的生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明,不同的营养、温度、pH等条件对菌丝生长和孢子萌发有显著影响。病菌菌丝的生长以PDA培养基为最适;适宜温度为20~25℃,最适温度为25℃;最适pH为8.0~9.0,光照对菌丝生长没有明显的促进作用,菌丝致死温度及时间为55℃ 10 min。分生孢子萌发适宜碳源为1%的蔗糖溶液,适宜氮源为1%的甘氨酸溶液;孢子萌发适宜温度为20~30℃,最适温度25℃;最适pH为5~6,光照对孢子萌发没有明显的促进作用,分生孢子致死温度及时间为52℃10 min。     

小麦白粉菌无性阶段生物学特性研究初报

 小麦白粉菌分生孢子萌发的温度范围为-2~34℃,最适为10~17℃。分生孢子离体后在2℃ 5天,7~17℃ 3天,20℃ 2天都还有侵染力。分生孢子在0~100%的湿度下都可以萌发,湿度愈大萌发率愈高,尤以在水面萌发率最高。分生孢子侵入寄主的湿度必须在65%以上,湿度愈大发病愈重。分生孢子在pH2.2~12.4的范围内都可以萌发,以pH4.2~7.7最适。紫外光对分生孢子有强裂的杀伤作用。在直射阳光下分生孢子的寿命比散光和黑暗条件下短。分生孢子荫发必须要有充足的氧气。光照能促使分生孢子的形成。在自然条件下,分生孢子形成有昼夜变化的规律,白天形成的孢子数比夜间形成的孢子数约大3倍。分生孢子传播的有效距离力15公里以上,传播的有效高度大于979公尺。     

布朗李叶枯病菌生物学特性研究

对布朗李叶枯病菌(Macrophoma kawatsukai Hara)生物学特性研究表明,该菌最适生长和产孢的培养基为布朗李果汁。菌丝生长和产孢的最佳碳源分别为蔗糖、麦芽糖和果糖;氮源分别为酪氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天门冬酰胺和半胱氨酸。菌丝生长最适温度25℃,最适pH5～7;分生孢子形成最适温度25～30℃,最适pH8,饱和湿度有利于产孢,阳光照射形成分生孢子器最多,紫外光照射对分生孢子器形成有一定的抑制作用。孢子萌发最适温度为20～30℃,最适pH6～9,相对湿度为90%～100%,以在水滴中萌发最好。布朗李杆煎汁和布朗李果汁对孢子萌发有促进作用。     

环境因素对芸苔链格孢生长发育的影响

研究结果表明,芸苔链格孢(Alternaria brassicae)在0—35℃下均可萌发,最适温度15—20℃。菌丝在0—30℃下均能生长,最适温度20—25℃;孢子及菌丝的致死温度为50℃,10分钟。该菌对湿度要求较严格,相对湿度在90％以上时孢子才能萌发,最适相对湿度为98％;病菌在相对湿度达93％时可以侵染,98％以上最适。脱落后孢子曝露在室内(相对湿度约63％)经1小时萌发率下降32.4％,4小时下降80％。耐旱能力较差。一般情况下紫外光能促进该菌产孢,但是对某些菌系的促进作用不明显。过长的紫外光照射对该菌产孢不利,照射160分钟孢子萌发率下降近80％。麦芽糖、蔗糖为该菌的最佳碳源;硝态氮、有机氮是该菌的良好氮源。pH值为4—6时有利于分生孢子萌发,强酸、强碱对分生孢子萌发有抑制作用。     

枸杞褐斑病菌Stigmella lycii生物学特性研究

枸杞小黑梨孢褐斑病自2010年在甘肃省枸杞种植区发现以来已扩展至甘肃省各枸杞种植区,关于其病原枸杞小黑梨孢Stigmella lycii的生物学特性研究国内外尚属空白。本研究通过植物病理学常规方法测定了该菌的生物学特性,结果表明,该菌菌丝生长的温度范围为10~35℃,最适25℃;产孢的温度范围为20~25℃,最适25℃;子囊孢子和分生孢子萌发的温度范围及最适温度分别为5~30℃(最适20℃)和0~35℃(最适25℃)。连续光照有利于菌落生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发,光暗交替有利于子囊孢子萌发;pH 4.0~10.0范围内菌丝均可生长,最适为pH 6.5,产孢的pH范围为6.0~7.0,最适6.5,pH 4.5~9.2条件下孢子均可萌发,最适pH为7.0;子囊孢子和分生孢子分别在相对湿度95%和75%以上可萌发,水中萌发最好;枸杞叶片浸渍液、葡萄糖液等营养条件对孢子萌发有一定促进作用。本研究结果为枸杞小黑梨孢褐斑病后续研究提供一定的理论依据,同时为制定枸杞褐斑病的综合防控措施提供了一定的技术支撑。     

杨树水泡型溃疡病的发生及病原菌生物学特性的研究

 杨树水泡型溃疡病分布广泛,严重为害杨树。分生孢子是主要的侵染源。病菌由伤口、皮孔或表皮侵入寄主。每年5~6月为春季发病高峰,9月为秋季发病高峰,秋季发病较春季为重。孢子的飞散高峰在8~9月。病害的消长与降雨量和相对湿度密切相关,雨季孢子飞散较多,分生孢子萌发的最适温度为25~30℃,子囊孢子萌发的最适温度为20~30℃。分生孢子萌发要求水分,在黑暗下发芽率高。病原可潜伏侵染,一般在2~3年生枝干上侵染较多,7~9月是潜伏侵染的高峰。除杨树外,还能为害多种阔叶树。病原在麦芽糖和蛋白胨培养基中菌丝生长较旺盛,在蔗糖和硝酸钾培养基中有利于分生孢子器形成,杨树树皮汁液能促进分生孢子发芽。     

湿度调控对番茄灰霉病菌侵染的影响

 番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytes cinerea)的分生孢子萌发需要高湿的环境,一般要求相对湿度在80%以上或水滴中萌发最好。在适温下,随着湿度的增加,病菌致病性增强,孢子在相对湿度85%以上、菌丝在相对湿度80%以上的高湿环境能够发生侵染,并形成危害性的软腐斑。在一天中高湿的时间直接影响番茄灰霉病的发生,高湿(相对湿度超过85%)时间8h以上病菌才能够连续侵染。     

新疆首次报道轮枝镰孢菌引起骏枣果实黑点病

Black spot disease was found on fruits of Jun jujube in Hetian area, Xinjiang, in June,2010. The typical spots on fruits were round or suborbicular, concave slightly,dark brown and the diameter was about 4 mm. The colony grew fast with irregular edge on PSA medium, while relatively slow with smooth edge on PDA medium. The colonies were white at the early stage, slightly pink finally and flocculent on the both culture medium. The conidia arranged chain shape and the spore chain was basipetal. The rDNA ITS sequence,cyt b gene sequence and EF-1α gene sequence were amplified and analyzed. The result showed that the homology was above 99% between the isolate and Fusarium verticillioides strains based on the three DNA sequences. By morphology combining with molecular biology techniques,the pathogen of Jun jujube black spot disease was identified as F. verticillioides. It is the first report on jujube disease caused by F. verticillioides in the world.     

甘谷县春季空气中小麦条锈菌孢子动态的监测及其与气象因素的相关性分析

为了解甘谷县春季空气中小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici夏孢子的动态变化、孢子密度与病情的关系以及气象因素对孢子密度和病情的影响,利用孢子捕捉器和定量PCR法对2013—2015年春季甘谷县南山和北山地区空气中小麦条锈菌夏孢子密度的动态变化进行监测,同时调查病情和记录相同时间段的气象因素,并利用Pearson和Spearman等级相关进行相关分析。结果显示,甘谷县南山和北山地区春季夏孢子动态变化趋势相似,均在5—6月出现孢子密度的峰值。南山和北山地区空气中的孢子密度与各地区田间病情指数显著相关,且相关系数分别达到0.851和0.931。除2013年外,空气中孢子密度与温度、光照呈正相关,而与相对湿度、降水量呈负相关;南山地区田间病情指数与光照、温度和降水天数显著相关,北山地区田间病情指数则仅与平均相对湿度显著相关。根据空气中小麦条锈菌夏孢子的监测并结合当地的气象因素有助于制定合理的病害防治策略,实现对小麦条锈病的定点和定期防治。     

基于聚氨酯海绵载体的棘孢木霉固体发酵培养基筛选

以棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum THGY-01(CGMCC No:22422)为试验菌株,对其在聚氨酯海绵载体上固体发酵产孢的培养基种类、浓度及促进产孢元素进行了筛选与优化.以聚氨酯海绵载体的单位质量产孢量为指标,通过单因素试验法对11种碳源、6种氮源和14种无机盐(8种含大量元素,6种含微量元...     

白枸杞瘤螨的虫瘿特点、分布及对枸杞的危害

本文调查了内蒙古托克托县白枸杞瘤螨为害引起的虫瘿在枸杞植株不同方向枝条,不同相对位置枝条,同一枝条上不同部位叶片上的分布,及螨虫对枸杞叶片和果实造成的为害。结果表明,白枸杞瘤螨有较重为害西北方向枝条的倾向。枸杞生长中后期,虫瘿的分布多集中在植株的上、中部和枝条端部的嫩叶上。白枸杞瘤螨为害形成的虫瘿直径在1~7.5mm之间,不同大小虫瘿出现的频率呈正态分布,直径2~4mm的虫瘿占绝大多数。虫瘿直径与其内活螨数量有一定的相关性,虫瘿直径小于4mm时,直径与其内活螨数量呈正相关趋势;直径大于4mm时,呈负相关。受害叶的叶长、叶宽、叶面积及果实的纵径、横径、重量均显著减小,受害叶的叶长、叶宽约为正常叶的3/4,叶面积约为正常叶面积的1/2,干果重量减少11.5%。     

丹皮酚对植物病原真菌的体外抑制作用

为揭示丹皮酚在牡丹体内的抗菌机制,采用生长速率法测定了丹皮酚对供试病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用;用涂布平板法测定了丹皮酚对供试病菌孢子萌发及形成的影响。结果表明,丹皮酚含量与病菌菌落直径线性增长及菌丝生物学产量的相对抑制率呈正相关,在丹皮酚含量0.08、0.4mg/mL培养液中培养禾谷丝核菌和茄病镰刀菌5天,对菌丝干重的抑制率分别为79.81%和55.08%。丹皮酚对供试病菌的孢子萌发无作用,但孢子萌发后,其芽管基部膨大、顶端膨大及中间局部膨大。丹皮酚推迟病菌分生孢子梗的形成时间,降低分生孢子的形成数量,在0.20、0.24mg/mLPSA培养基上培养玉蜀黍赤霉和茄病镰刀菌10天,对分生孢子形成的抑制率分别为100%和33.33%。     

串珠镰刀菌细胞壁多糖激活寄生菌纤细齿梗孢的孢子萌发

 利用碱抽提法从串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)菌丝细胞壁得到多糖粗提物。该多糖提取物可以激活寄生于串珠镰刀菌上的活体寄生真菌纤细齿梗孢(Olpitrichum tenellum)的孢子萌发,多糖浓度为0.2 mg/m L时,萌发率达80.5%。纤细齿梗孢的孢子仅在存在该多糖提取物的条件下才能萌发,在马铃薯-葡萄糖或葡萄糖-酵母液体培养基上不能萌发,一些糖、氨基酸、无机盐、维生素不能促使其萌发,光也不影响萌发。纤细齿梗孢孢子萌发最适p H是7.0,最适温度25℃。结果表明,串珠镰刀菌菌丝细胞壁多糖可能在激活纤细齿梗孢孢子萌发中起重要作用。     

Spatial Patterns of Viable Spore Deposition of Gibberella zeae in Wheat Fields

ABSTRACT An increased understanding of the epidemiology of Gibberella zeae will contribute to a rational and informed approach to the management of Fusarium head blight (FHB). An integral phase of the FHB cycle is the deposition of airborne spores, yet there is no information available on the spatial pattern of spore deposition of G. zeae above wheat canopies. We examined spatial patterns of viable spore deposition of G. zeae over rotational (lacking cereal debris) wheat fields in New York in 2002 and 2004. Viable, airborne spores (ascospores and macroconidia) of G. zeae were collected above wheat spikes on petri plates containing a selective medium and the resulting colonies were counted. Spores of G. zeae were collected over a total of 68 field environments (three wheat fields during 54 day and night sample periods over 2 years) from spike emergence to kernel milk stages of local wheat. Spatial patterns of spore deposition were visualized by contour plots of spore counts over entire fields. The spatial pattern of spore deposition was unique for each field environment during each day and night sample period. Spore deposition patterns during individual sample periods were classified by spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) statistics and Mantel tests. Both analyses indicated that the majority (93%) of the spore deposition events were random, with the remainder being aggregated. All of the aggregated patterns were observed during the night. Observed patterns of spore deposition were independent of the mean number of viable spores deposited during individual sample periods. The spatial pattern for cumulative spore deposition during anthesis in both years became aggregated over time. Contour maps of daily and cumulative spore deposition could be compared with contour maps of FHB incidence to gain insights into inoculum thresholds and the timing of effective inoculum for infection.     

卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503固态培养条件优化

为了提高卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503在固态培养中的产孢量,采用单因素筛选试验和响应面法对卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503固态发酵条件进行优化。在单因素试验确定最适含水量、接种量、培养温度和培养时间的基础上,应用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析方法优化出最佳固态培养条件为:固态培养基含水量为55%,接种量为15mL/100g,培养温度为27℃,培养时间为7.5d,在此条件下卵孢白僵菌NEAU30503烘干前单位产孢量达到36.72×10~8孢子/g。此方法适用于小型企业和生产单位对白僵菌的快速生产。     

Quantifying and Modelling the Mobilisation of Inoculum from Diseased Leaves and Infected Defoliated Tissues in Epidemics of Angular Leaf Spot of Bean

Daily multiplication factor (number of daughter lesions per mother lesion per day) values were experimentally measured in four replications of a monocyclic experiment on angular leaf spot (ALS) of bean, where sources of inoculum were artificially established within a bean canopy, on the ground (defoliated infected leaves), or both. Daily multiplication factor of lesions in the canopy (DMFRc) was higher than that of infectious, defoliated tissues (DMFRd) in all replications. Both DMFRc and DMFRd were strongly reduced under dry compared to rainy conditions. Under rainy conditions for spore dispersal DMFRd was about two to three times smaller than DMFRc. Defoliated leaves may nevertheless represent a significant source of infection, depending on the amount of infectious tissues. Mother lesions within the canopy generated more daughter lesions in the medium (or lower) layers of the canopy than at its upper level (DMFRc higher at the medium and lower layers of a canopy), whereas DMFRd values seemed to decrease with height in the canopy. A mechanistic simulation model that combines host growth and disease-induced defoliation was designed to simulate the respective contributions of the two components of the dual inoculum source of a diseased canopy (infected foliage and defoliated infectious tissues), and varying infectious periods in both sources. Simulations suggest that higher DMFRc values have a large polycyclic effect on epidemics whereas that of DMFRd is small, and that large effects of the infectious period of lesions in the canopy are found when DMFRc is high. Simulations using experimentally measured DMFRc and DMFRd values indicated much stronger epidemics in rainy compared to dry conditions for spore dispersal, but disease persistence in the latter. The implications of considering a dual source of inoculum in the course of a polycyclic process are discussed with respect to epidemic thresholds.