节节麦和黑麦杂种F1及双二倍体中基因组变异分析

人工合成的双二倍体在遗传和植物育种中有重要作用。为探讨远缘杂交后代双二倍体育性提高及其细胞学稳定的分子机制,利用ALFP、MASP技术对节节麦-黑麦杂种及其双二倍体S₁~S₄代的基因组变异进行了分析。该双二倍的S₁~S₄代体细胞染色体数2n = 28的植株的比例从57.1%提高到92.5%,2n = 28的植株的花粉母细胞减数分裂中期二价体平均数目从11.7提高到12.25,平均结实率从24.5%提高到51.3%。利用两套分别扩增重复序列和单拷贝序列的酶切引物组合EcoR I/Mse I (E-M)、Pst I/Mse I (P-M)对节节麦–黑麦杂种F₁和双二倍体S₁~S₄代扩增表明,基因组序列变异主要发生于F₁代,且以序列消除为主。E-M和P-M引物扩增带中, 节节麦基因组在F₁代的序列消除带数占各代总消失带数的70.00%和52.95%,而在黑麦基因组为96.88%和81.64%。MSAP分析表明节节麦和黑麦杂种和加倍能够导致节节麦和黑麦基因组序列甲基化状态改变,以甲基化为主,仅发生在F₁和S₁代。在S₂~S₄代中没有检测到甲基化变异。     

四倍体小黑麦新种——节节麦-森林黑麦双二倍体

节节麦-森林黑麦双二倍体系作者用原产河南和伊朗的节节麦(Triticum tauschii,DD,2n=14)作母本,分别与引自英国的森林黑麦(Secale sylvestre,RsRs,2n=14)杂交,经染色体加倍而合成的四倍体小黑麦新种。其染色体组为DDRsRs,2n=28。     

节节麦×黑麦的属间杂种的植株形态及细胞学研究

<正> 节节麦(Aegilops squarrosal)2n=14,染色体组型为 DD。黑麦(Secale cere-ale)2n=14,染色体组型为 RR。为了合成包含有 DD 和 RR 染色体组的异源四倍体,我们于1979～1981年进行了节节麦×黑麦的杂交工作,并且获得了杂种 F_1幼苗,本文仅就杂种幼苗的产生及形态学和细胞学研究作一初报:     

偏凸山羊草的核型和C-带研究

通过对偏凸山羊草的核型和C-带分析研究表明,偏凸山羊草的D染色体组与节节麦的D染色体组很相似,其可能来自于节节麦;M^V染色体组臂比较大,有2对普通小麦所没有的近端着丝粒染色体,且所显C-带带型与普通小麦的染色体组有明显区别。     

节节麦与野生燕麦杂种F2研究

节节麦Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14与通北野燕麦Avena Fatua L.2n=6x=42杂交,F_1代为双二倍体,2n=56。F_2代主要群体为双二倍体,2n=56。有一部分为2n=27Ⅱ,也出现一部分为2n=54,有2～4个单价体。出现个别的7倍体类型,穗型属斯卑尔脱小麦型,结实率极低,不足0.5%,籽粒饱满,100粒重4.75克。PMC染色体构图为2n=21Ⅱ 7Ⅰ。出现极少数的5倍体类型,株型和穗型类似节燕双二倍体,但结实率极低,染色体构图为2n=14Ⅱ 21Ⅰ。并出现普通小麦型,共2株,株高78.1和81.5厘米,籽粒基本饱满,100粒重4.34克和3.92克。PMC染色体构图为2n=21Ⅱ。     

节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种核型分析

节节麦(Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14)与通北野燕麦(Avena fatua L.2n=6x=42)杂交,F_1自然加倍成8倍体,8倍体播成的F_2代,遗传性基本一致,PMC镜检表明,染色体数为2n=28Ⅱ。用F_2所结的种子进行根尖细胞核型分析,结果发现8倍体中包含有全套的节节麦和野燕麦的染色体。节节麦中有1对随体染色体.2对近中部着丝点染色体,4对中部着丝点染色体。野燕麦有3对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体,8对近中部着丝点染色体,5对中部着丝点染色体。而节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种,有4对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体.10对近中部着丝点染色体,9对中部着丝点染色体。核型分析结果表明,节节麦与野燕麦杂交合成的8倍体,是节节麦与野燕麦的双二倍体。     

山西省临汾市2006年节节麦发生原因浅析

2006年山西省临汾市小麦田节节麦发生普遍,一些乡镇小麦产量损失严重。本文分析了节节麦发病原因,给出了防治节节麦发病的策略,为今后节节麦防治提供依据。     

小麦种子繁殖与节节麦的防治

近年来节节麦对小麦生产的危害呈现增长趋势,种子生产流通环节也成为节节麦扩散的一种主要途径。加强种子繁育各环节的防治与管控,是减少扩散、降低节节麦发展危害的有效途径。在小麦种子繁育过程中,加强繁种基地的严选、原始繁材的把控、扩繁过程中的防控、加工储存流通等环节的检验,是提高种子质量、断绝种子生产流通中节节麦扩散的主要方法。田间综合防治技术结合优质良种的持续使用,能够切断节节麦的传播,减少其对小麦生产所造成的危害。     

麦田恶性杂草节节麦的危害与防除研究

介绍了节节麦的形态特征与习性,分析了节节麦的发生原因与产生的危害,提出了节节麦的综合防除技术措施。     

节节麦对铝的耐性评价

为了评价节节麦在普通小麦耐铝方面的应用价值,设置了pH4.50和pH4.50+50/μmol/L Al3+"以及pH4.50+100μmol/L Al3+3种水培营养液处理45份节节麦.结果表明,再生根伸长量以及耐铝指数在节节麦居群间存在较大的遗传变异.再生根伸长量以pH4.50的最长,pH4.50+100μmol/L Al3+的最短,pH 4.50+50μmol/L Al3+的居中.pH4.50+50μmol/L Al3+的耐铝指数变异范围为0.18～0.49,平均值为0.33.pH4.50+100μmol/L Al3+的耐铝指数变异范围为0.09～0.32,平均值为0.18;节节麦材料在50μmol/L Al3+的苏木精染色除As 65和As 88的染色程度相对较轻(为2级)外,其余染色均较深(为3级),而中国春的染色程度更轻(为1级);综合耐铝指数以及苏木精染色结果认为,所有节节麦都不耐铝,发现耐铝节节麦可能性较小.因此,节节麦可能不是小麦的耐铝抗源之-.     

Fertility and segregation of the amphidiploid Phaseolus vulgaris L. x P. coccineus L. and its behaviour in backcrosses

Summary Amphidiploidy was induced by colchicine treatment of cuttings from the F₁ interspecific hybrid Phaseolus vulgaris L. x Ph. coccineus L.. Pollen stainability rose from about 50% in the raw amphidiploid to 76% in some C₅ individuals; similar improvement in seed fertility was also observed. It is suggested that both genic and chromosomal factors are implicated in the control of fertility in the amphidiploid.The amphidiploid is apparently unable to cross successfully with either parental species; difference in ploidy level is apparently an effective isolating mechanism between the amphidiploid and its parents.     

Moricandia arvensis 与甘蓝型油菜属间杂种的获得及其生物学特性研究

以C_3作物甘蓝型油菜作父本与野生C_3—C_4中间型植物Moricandia arvensis作有性杂交,经子房培养和胚性芽挽救,获得了4个属间杂种,经腋芽繁殖使杂种群体增至数百株。RFLP分析结果显示,杂种核DNA具有两个亲本的特征指纹,而其细胞质中仅含母本Moricandia arvensis的线粒体DNA指纹。杂种多具33条染色体,为双亲配子染色体数之和。虽然杂种植株在大多数形态特征上表现为双亲的中间类型,但在某些性状上明显趋向某一亲本。杂种植株的一般特征是半匍匐性,浅裂叶,开浅黄花。其以CO_2补偿点很高,为C_3类型。花粉母细胞减数分裂不正常,有多价体产生。杂种雌雄性皆不育。用秋水仙素将杂种加倍为双二倍体后,仍然雄性不育。对进一步向芸薹属作物基因组中导入C_3-C_4基因的技术途径进行了讨论。     

The genotypic and phenotypic interaction of wheat and rye storage proteins in primary triticale

The creation of new triticale germplasm from its wheat and rye progenitors is an important source of potentially beneficial alleles. This research focused on the inheritance of glutenin and secalin alleles in triticale and their interaction in the hybrid offspring in terms of both subunit expression and gluten strength. Multiple crosses between five durum lines and two inbred rye lines were performed to create a set of 23 fertile amphidiploid lines. The SDS-PAGE banding patterns of the denatured HMW glutenins, LMW glutenins, HMW secalins and 75k γ-secalins (termed secaloglutenin) were compared to their exact parental plants, and their SDS-sedimentation was evaluated. Secaloglutenin subunits were simply inherited and expressed in all primary triticales. The few observed variations in banding patterns were accounted for within measured heterogeneity of the exact rye parental plants, for which the secalin alleles were thoroughly described. However, the possibility remains that mixed protein oligomers were formed between polymeric and monomeric storage proteins at the ultrastructure level. Furthermore, significant differences in the gluten strength of primaries derived from different durum parents were observed. This research suggests triticale of high gluten strength can be obtained by selection of parents with favourable glutenin alleles.     

硬粒小麦与偏凸山羊草部分双二倍体的核型研究

通过硬粒小麦（AABB，2n＝28）与偏凸山羊草（DDMvMv，Zn＝28）杂交，今成选育出遗传上相对稳定的部分双二倍体。利用核型分析，初步鉴定出该部分双二倍体具有编凸山羊草的染色体组，从而证实了杂种的真实性。该部分双二倍体的获得为将硬粒小麦，特别是偏凸山羊草的优异基因向小麦转移奠定了基础。     

The characterization of autoallotetraploid hybrids between Iris ensata Thunb. and I. laevigata Fisch.

The characteristics of autoallotetraploid hybrids obtained from the cross between Iris ensata cv. Raspberry Rimmed (4X) and amphidiploids of I. laevigata × I. ensata were examined and compared with those of their parents. The color of inner and outer perianths in the autoallotetraploids were bluish purple and similar to those of the amphidiploid parent. However, the autoallotetraploids exhibited low pollen fertility. In addition, the autoallotetraploids were characterized by 17 or 19 anthocyanins and had high resemblance to their parents in the anthocyanin expression. Among these anthocyanins, malvidin 3RGac5G and petunidin 3RGac5G were regarded as major anthocyanins in the autoallotetraploids and their parents, but the differences in the ratios of malvidin 3RGac5G:petunidin 3RGac5G between the autoallotetraploids and their parents were ca. 2:1 for the former and ca. 1:1 for the latter. No viable hybrid seeds were obtained from the reciprocal crosses between I. ensata (2X and 4X) and the autoallotetraploids. Finally, the interspecific cross-breeding of I. ensata using the autoallotetraploids is discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

花生栽培种与野生种(Arachis oteroi)人工杂交双二倍体的创制和鉴定

花生野生种是改良花生栽培种的重要基因资源。为了利用野生花生的抗性基因,本研究利用花生栽培品种豫花9331与二倍体野生种A.oteroi人工杂交,借助胚拯救和染色体秋水仙素加倍,创制一个双二倍体杂种Am E-4,并利用荧光原位杂交和分子标记技术准确鉴定了该双二倍体。观察结果表明,Am E-4的叶片与豫花9331存在显著差异,而主茎高、侧枝长和总分枝数等性状与豫花9331差异不显著。Am E-4开花期较豫花9331推迟60 d,结实性与荚果发育状况较差,不利于Am E-4的育种利用。同时,开发了57个追踪Am E-4中A.oteroi染色体的显性或共显性SSR标记,为创制和鉴定花生栽培种A.oteroi易位系或渐渗系奠定分子基础。     

Production and characterization of an amphidiploid line between Brassica rapa and a wild relative Diplotaxis tenuifolia

Intergeneric hybridization was performed between Brassica rapa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia following embryo rescue. Twenty-three F₁ hybrid plants were developed from the cross B. rapa  ×  D. tenuifolia and confirmed to be amphihaploids with 21 chromosomes in mitosis. Chromosome doubling of F₁ hybrids by colchicine treatment resulted into five amphidiploid plants which exhibited (20–21)_II + (0–2)_I at metaphase I (MI) of pollen mother cells. Sib-crossing and/or open-pollination among amphidiploid plants for more than four generations resulted in the development of an ADt-06 line with reproductive systems capable of maintaining an amphidiploid line. The ADt-06 line was intermediate in some morphological traits between two parental species, and was characterized by a slightly pungent taste as a physiological trait. Analyses for genomic DNA confirmed that this line was a hybrid between two species. This new amphidiploid ADt-06 line could be a useful genetic resource for the breeding of new leafy salad vegetables.     

小麦-中间偃麦草2A/6St代换系014-459的分子细胞遗传学鉴定

中间偃麦草是小麦遗传改良的有用资源,育成了大量的小麦-中间偃麦草附加系、代换系及部分双二倍体。中4是小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体,很方便与普通小麦杂交并被广泛用于小麦的遗传改良。014-459是中4与普通小麦杂交后代,具有一些特殊特性,材料014-459与一些普通小麦杂交,无论正反交,其F1表现为不育,而与另一些普通小麦的杂交F1表现为可育,此外,材料014-459粗蛋白和湿面筋含量很高。基于014-459的这些特性,猜测其可能具有中间偃麦草染色体片段,为此对014-459进行了细胞学鉴定。FISH和GISH以及PLUG标记分析用来分析材料014-459的染色体组成情况。连续的FISH和GISH试验证实小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二部体中4与小麦杂交后代品系014-459的1对小麦2A染色体被来自中间偃麦草的1对St染色体代换, PLUG标记分析证实这1对St染色体属于第6同源群,可能来自中间偃麦草的St染色体被代换进小麦中造成了材料014-459的一些特性。对品系014-459的分子细胞遗传学鉴定对促进中间偃麦草6St染色体在小麦中利用及小麦品质改良有积极作用。     

Risk assessment of outcrossing of transgenic rapessed to related species:

Summary The risk for a gene dispersal is reported for reciprocal crosses between a transgenic rapeseed variety resistant to the herbicide phosphinotricin and five related species. The first stages after pollination were cytologically observed and fertilized ovaries were established in in vitro culture for the production of interspecific hybrids. A similar classification was observed for the index of pollination compatibility and embryo yield. From the 243 embryos produced, 109 plantlets were obtained in a greenhouse. All the interspecific combinations tested were able to produce hybrid plants. A higher number of hybrids was obtained when rapeseed was used as the female parent. The hybrids had the expected triploid structure except for two amphidiploid, B. napus × B. oleracea, and one amphidiploid, B. napus × S. arvensis, plants with 56 chromosomes. The triploid hybrids were sterile or partially fertile but two of the amphidiploid plants, B. napus × B. oleracea, were fully fertile. The cytoplasm source did not seem to affect the fertility of the hybrids.     

Assessment for salinity tolerance through intergeneric hybridisation: Triticum durum × Aegilops speltoides

Summary Triploid hybrid embryos (AABB × SS = ABS) were produced by crossing two moderately salt-tolerant wheats, namely Triticum turgidum durum and Aegilops speltoides subsp. speltoides. The embryos were rescued by culturing on agar No. 1. Chromosome doubling was achieved by using 0.05% colchicine. The resulting hexaploid plants grew to maturity, and produced a considerable amount of seed (≈40,000). The synthetic hexaploid (C₂) was tested for salinity tolerance, grown at 0, 100, 125, 150, 160, 170, 180 and 200 mM NaCl in a standard nutrient solution for 2 weeks. The criterion of salt tolerance was root growth in different NaCl concentrations. The amphidiploid material showed greater salinity tolerance than either parent, suggesting the presence of different genes for tolerance in the parents.