烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲的生物活性

为探索椰心叶甲防治的新方法,室内测定了烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲的胃毒、杀卵和触杀作用。结果表明：烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫具有很强的胃毒作用,24和48 h的LC50值分别为1.25和0.52 mg/L;对椰心叶甲也有显著的杀卵作用,在供试浓度为0.5～5 mg/L时,对椰心叶甲卵孵化率和幼虫存活率均在50%以下;烯啶虫胺对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫也有一定的触杀作用,其24和48 h的LC50值分别为0.188和0.178 mg/L。烯啶虫胺具有防治椰心叶甲的潜力。     

软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲的杀虫活性

室内测定了软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲的生物活性。结果表明,软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫具有很强的毒杀作用,48 h、72 h的LC50值分别为0.466和0.173 mg/mL;在供试浓度为0.75～2 mg/L时,对椰心叶甲也有显著的杀卵作用,其卵孵化率和幼虫存活率均在45%以下;对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫还有明显的抑制生长发育作用,表现为体重和体重增加量显著下降,幼虫龄期和蛹期延长,化蛹率和成虫羽化率显著降低;此外,软枝黄蝉提取物对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫还有一定的触杀作用,48和72 h的LC50分别为5.780和3.754 mg/mL。     

山蒟对椰心叶甲的生物活性研究

研究了山蒟对椰心叶甲不同虫态的杀虫活性,旨在丰富防治椰心叶甲的植物源农药。采用胃毒法测定山蒟石油醚提取物对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫及成虫的生物活性。结果表明,山蒟对椰心叶甲5龄幼虫LC50为3.871 0 mg/mL;对成虫为11.496 5 mg/mL;采用触杀法测定山蒟对椰心叶甲卵的毒杀活性,对卵孵化抑制LC50为4.768 5 mg/mL,山蒟抑制卵发育到1龄末幼虫的LC50为3.766 7 mg/mL。     

软枝黄蝉杀虫活性成分的分离及鉴定

为进一步探讨软枝黄蝉杀虫活性成分,以菜青虫为靶标昆虫,采用生物活性示踪法分离鉴定软枝黄蝉杀虫活性成分,采用小叶碟添加法测定活性成分对菜青虫幼虫的杀虫活性;3种活性成分鉴定分别为黄蝉花定、黄蝉花辛和黄蝉花素。活性测试结果表明,3种活性成分对菜青虫5龄幼虫均有很强的拒食作用,处理后48 h AFC50值分别为0.071,0.045和0.103 mg/mL,同时,3种化合物对菜青虫还有较强的毒杀作用,其中,以黄蝉花素毒杀作用最强,其LC50值仅为0.026 mg/mL,优于对照药剂川楝素(0.033 mg/mL);环烯醚萜类化合物可能是软枝黄蝉主要的杀虫活性成分。     

椰甲截脉姬小蜂对椰心叶甲及其寄主植物挥发物的行为反应

采用Y型嗅觉仪,测定椰甲截脉姬小蜂(Asecodes hispinarum)雌成虫对离体0~72 h未受害椰子心叶、不同头数为害的椰心叶甲(Brontispa longissima)幼虫-椰子心叶复合体、不同时间椰心叶甲幼虫-椰子心叶复合体、机械损伤心叶、成虫为害心叶、3龄幼虫-心叶复合体、3龄幼虫为害去虫叶、幼虫+粪便及挥发物标样的行为反应,并对椰子挥发性化学物质作了GC-MS测定。结果表明:(1)离体0~72 h未受害椰子心叶挥发物对椰甲截脉姬小蜂没有显著的引诱作用。(2)10、15、20头/叶3龄椰心叶甲幼虫为害24 h后,幼虫-椰子心叶复合体挥发物对椰甲截脉姬小蜂有显著的吸引作用,其它为害头数的复合体对椰甲截脉姬小蜂没有显著的吸引作用。(3)10头3龄椰心叶甲幼虫为害20~48 h,幼虫-椰子心叶复合体挥发物对椰甲截脉姬小蜂有显著的吸引作用,其它受害时间吸引作用不显著。(4)受害椰子心叶去除幼虫和粪便前后,挥发物对该蜂的引诱作用没有显著差异;未受害心叶、机械损伤心叶、3龄幼虫和粪便对椰甲截脉姬小蜂没有显著的吸引作用。(5)GC-MS分析结果表明,3龄幼虫为害前后,椰子心叶挥发物的含量和成分发生了变化,受害后增加了4种成分:(E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、未知物2、未知物3和苯甲酸乙酯4种物质。(6)椰子挥发物标准品(E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯在5×10-2μL/μL和5×10-3μL/μL浓度下,对椰甲截脉姬小蜂有显著的引诱作用,其它浓度对椰甲截脉姬小蜂没有显著的吸引作用。由此可见,椰子心叶受椰心叶甲为害后,诱导的挥发物质为椰甲截脉姬小蜂寻找寄主提供化学信息。     

丁香酚对斜纹夜蛾的杀虫活性研究

室内测定丁香酚对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的杀虫活性。结果表明,丁香酚对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫有较强的拒食作用,24和48 h的AFC50值分别为0.631和0.478 mg/mL;对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫也具有一定的毒杀作用,处理后6和9 d的校正死亡率分别为41.44 %和68.10 %(5 mg/mL);在供试浓度为5 mg/mL时,对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫有明显的抑制生长发育作用,表现为幼虫的体重和体重增加量明显减少,幼虫死亡率增加,蛹重和化蛹率显著低于对照。     

植物乙醇提取物对椰心叶甲生物活性的影响

定了假药、菠萝蜜、含羞草、飞机草、白花篙、腰果等6种植物乙醇提取物对椰心叶甲各龄幼虫和成虫的拒食活性、发育历期和成虫寿命的影响,以及对实验种群增长的控制作用。结果表明,所试植物乙醇提取物中假药乙醇提取物对椰心叶甲的拒食活性最好,在0.01g血L浓度下,1~5龄幼虫及成虫的拒食率分别为91.52%、71.34%、60.98%、48.98%、43.75%和67.38%。植物乙醇提取物处理后,椰心叶甲发育历期延长。0.01g血L假药乙醇提取物处理后,椰心叶甲完成1代所需时间为73.58d,明显长于对照的43.34d;而同浓度腰果乙醇提取物处理,椰心叶甲完成1代所需时间为48.6d,与对照无明显差异。对实验种群的作用因子生命表分析,结果表明,各植物乙醇提取物主要影响了椰心叶甲生殖力下降、卵不孵化和广2龄幼虫死亡,导致种群增长趋势下降,其干扰作用指数分别为0.0108、0.0386、0.1764、0.2458、0.3437和0.5179。     

钩枝藤生物碱对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性

探讨钩枝藤总生物碱及3个单体化合物[(1)Ancistrocline,(2)5′-O-demethylhamatintine,(3)N-methylphylline]对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性,旨在开发新型植物源农药。采用浸虫法测定钩枝藤总碱对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒杀活性和采用饲料混毒法测定钩枝藤单体化合物对斜纹夜蛾初孵幼虫毒杀活性。结果表明：钩枝藤总碱对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用,其第3天和第5天的LC50值分别为2.61 mg/mL和0.91 mg/mL。单体化合物对斜纹夜蛾初孵幼虫具有明显的抑制生长发育作用,其中以化合物(2)抑制作用最强,主要表现为化蛹率（23.33％）、羽化率（13.33％）显著低于对照（化蛹率90.00％、羽化率86.67％）。     

4种植物源农药对食用菌重要害虫黑腹果蝇的生物活性测定

采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了4种植物源农药(苦参碱、鱼藤酮、藜芦碱和除虫菊素)对食用菌重要害虫黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster Meigen)的生物活性.结果表明:苦参碱、鱼藤酮、藜芦碱和除虫菊素对黑腹果蝇卵的LC50分别为243.355 mg/L、17.703 mg/L、3.360 mg/L和17.548 mg/L;对幼虫的LC50分别为40.166 mg/L、19.782 mg/L、5.604 mg/L和89.972 mg/L;对成虫的LC50分别为12.823 mg/L、8 302.520 mg/L、7 000.039 mg/L和102.377 mg/L.说明4种植物源农药中藜芦碱对黑腹果蝇卵和幼虫的生物活性最高,而苦参碱对成虫的杀虫活性高,2种药剂在食用菌害虫防治实践中均具备较好的应用前景.     

锡兰肉桂的杀螨活性及有效成分

室内测定锡兰肉桂提取物对几种害螨的杀螨活性及其作用方式,并在活性跟踪的基础上,通过萃取、柱层析、核磁共振和质谱等方法对其有效成分进行分离及鉴定。结果表明,锡兰肉桂不同部位乙醇提取物均有一定的杀螨活性,其中叶和树皮的提取物活性最高。叶乙醇提取物对朱砂叶螨、皮氏叶螨、比哈小爪螨均有毒杀作用,其24h的LC50值分别为0.885、0.641、1.308g/L;对皮氏叶螨和朱砂叶螨还具有一定的杀卵作用,LC50分别为0.604、1.167g/L。从叶提取物中分离鉴定出活性成分丁香酚和松油烯-4-醇。丁香酚对皮氏叶螨表现出较高的毒杀活性,24h的LC50值为0.243g/L。而松油烯-4-醇则对皮氏叶螨的毒杀作用低于丁香酚,24h的LC50值为0.639g/L。分析认为,丁香酚可能为锡兰肉桂叶中主要的杀螨活性成分之一。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.