硝酸盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系及叶片呼吸速率的影响

本试验以黄瓜(新泰密刺)为试材,通过水培方式研究了不同NO3-浓度处理对黄瓜幼苗根系及叶片呼吸速率的影响。结果表明,56 mmol/L浓度硝酸盐处理的黄瓜幼苗根系及叶片的呼吸速率随处理时间的延长与CK(14 mmol/L)相差不大,其中叶片在处理后1天时略有上升,但差异不显著;140 mmol/L浓度硝酸盐处理的黄瓜幼苗根系及叶片的呼吸速率随处理时间的延长则呈明显的先上升后下降的趋势,且叶片的下降趋势更为明显。     

硝酸盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长及镁、铁、铜、锰、锌含量的影响

以黄瓜(新泰密刺)为试材,通过水培方式研究了14(CK)、56(T-1)、140 mmol/L(T-2)3个NO3-浓度处理对黄瓜幼苗生长及Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn五种矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明:处理12 d后,3个浓度水平的黄瓜株高、叶面积均随处理浓度的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势;从处理期间元素含量的变化可知,随着硝酸盐浓度的增加黄瓜幼苗根、茎、叶中Mg、Fe和Mn的的含量均有不同程度的下降,而Cu的含量则有不同程度的增加,Zn的含量则是先增加后下降;相关性分析表明,硝酸盐处理下黄瓜幼苗生长与Zn、Fe、Cu含量显著相关,其中与Zn为正相关,与Fe、Cu为负相关。     

硝态氮处理对雪菊幼苗生长及代谢的影响

【目的】筛选出适宜雪菊幼苗生长的硝态氮肥施用量。【方法】以雪菊为试验材料,选用硝态氮(Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O)为供试肥料,采用盆栽试验,按照完全随机区组设计,设置6个硝态氮处理水平,每盆硝态氮的施用量分别为0 (CK),0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30 g/kg营养土,研究不同硝态氮处理对雪菊幼苗生长及代谢产物的影响。【结果】不同硝态氮处理对雪菊幼苗生长及代谢产物均有一定的影响。硝态氮施用量为0.25 g/kg时,雪菊幼苗的株高表现最佳,为7.26 cm;硝态氮施用量为0.3 g/kg时,雪菊幼苗的鲜重、茎粗、幼苗分枝数、SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量表现最佳,SPAD值和可溶性蛋白质含量分别为48.92和8.86 mg/g。硝态氮对雪菊幼苗可溶性糖有一定促进作用,在硝态氮施用量为0.25 g/kg时,可溶性糖含量最高,为32.63％。对照的雪菊幼苗根冠比、根长、叶片中绿原酸、总黄酮以及根中总黄酮含量最高,叶和根中总黄酮分别为90.70和34.77 mg/g,叶片中绿原酸含量为10.85 mg/g。硝态氮施用量为0.3 g/kg时,雪菊幼苗中PAL活性最低,与对照相比降低10.76％。【结论】少施或不施硝态氮有利于提高雪菊幼苗叶片PAL活性,增加幼苗根和叶的总黄酮和绿原酸含量,但少施或不施硝态氮对雪菊幼苗的生长以及干物质积累有明显的抑制作用。硝态氮施用量以0.25～0.3 g/kg营养土为宜。     

氮肥对尖叶菠菜硝酸盐积累的影响

研究了不同尿素施用量对尖叶菠菜生物量、硝酸盐含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响.结果表明:3项指标均随着尿素用量的增加而增加,与对照相比,差异极显著.从保证产量、减少成本和降低硝酸盐污染综合考虑,菠菜尿素施用量以少于33.7kg/667m2为宜.     

茶多酚对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生理特性的影响

[目的]为解决干旱问题提供资料,并为茶多酚在蔬菜生产上的应用提供依据。[方法]以黄瓜为材料,研究干旱胁迫下不同浓度的茶多酚对黄瓜幼苗氮代谢相关酶活性、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量的影响。[结果]干旱胁迫降低了黄瓜幼苗中可溶性糖、蛋白质的含量和GS活性。不同浓度的茶多酚均能增加干旱胁迫下可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量,提高GS的活性,促进氨的同化。低浓度(0～20μg/ml)茶多酚处理,可溶性糖含量随浓度的增加而增高。20μg/ml茶多酚浓度的处理效果最好,可溶性糖和蛋白质含量、GS活性分别比CK2(干旱胁迫)提高了15.67%、40.63%、27.98%。茶多酚可以促进干旱胁迫下硝酸还原酶的活性,20μg/ml的处理效果最佳,活力增强了114.94%。[结论]不同浓度的茶多酚处理均能增强干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶和硝酸还原酶活性,提高可溶性糖和蛋白质含量。20μg/ml为喷叶最佳处理浓度。     

光/暗转换对小麦幼苗硝酸还原酶活性的影响

用小麦幼苗为材料研究了光／时间转换对植物硝酸还原酶活性（NRA）的影响，研究结果表明，光在很大程度上调控小麦幼苗硝酸还原酶的活性，一经暗处理，小麦幼苗体内NRA在10min内显著下降，恢复光照处理后NRA又很快上长，暗处理幼苗与光处理幼苗硝酸还原动态有明显差异，尤其在测定时间为2min时差异最大，暗处理后植株硝酸还原酶对Mg^2 抑制的敏感性增强，短时间暗处可引起NRA的快速下降，而随后给予光照NRA又能快速提高，研究结果说明暗处理后该酶的调节特性发生变化。     

硝酸钙泥、硝酸镁泥肥料化的土壤效应

利用盆栽试验研究了硝酸钙泥、硝酸镁泥及其与有机、无机肥料配合下对土壤肥力性状的影响。结果表明:施肥处理使土壤pH值、含盐量、有机质和全氮含量增加。其中Ca+W和Mg+W处理的土壤含盐量和全氮含量与CK处理之间差异显著,含盐量分别增加了0.202个百分点和0.162个百分点,全氮含量分别增加了54.68%和51.23%;Ca+Y和Mg+Y处理的土壤pH值、有机质含量与CK处理之间差异显著,pH值分别增加了0.38和0.36,有机质分别增加了70.51%和31.63%。由此可见,硝酸钙泥、硝酸镁泥与无机肥料或者有机肥料配合施用对土壤具有良好的改良作用,其次为与无机有机肥料配合施用。但盐分是影响硝酸钙和硝酸镁泥肥料化的主要因素。因此,硝酸钙泥、硝酸镁泥可与有机、无机肥料配置成复混肥料实现农业资源化利用,但须合理施用。     

小麦不同生育期硝酸还原酶活性的测定

[目的]测定小麦不同生育期硝酸还原酶活性。[方法]通过水培法对小麦种子进行培养,并采用活体法对其全生育期叶片和根部的硝酸还原酶活性进行了测定。[结果]小麦叶内NRA呈现＂S＂型增长,生长前期和末期无明显增长,而抽穗期至开花期NRA急剧增长;小麦根内NRA在抽穗期达到最高,然后逐渐降低。[结论]为合理施肥及指导育种提供了参考。     

Grafting Enhances Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Through Regulating Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidative System

An experiment was carried out to determine plant growth, mineral uptake, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, and antioxidant of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Xintaimici） under copper stress, either ungrafted or grafted onto the rootstock （Cucurbitaficifolia）. Excess Cu inhibited growth, photosynthesis, and pigment synthesis of grafted and ungrafted cucumber seedlings and significantly increased accumulation of Cu in roots besides reducing mineral uptake. Cu concentration in roots of grafted cucumber plants was significantly higher than that of ungrafted plants and obviously lower in leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） significantly increased in cucumber leaves under Cu stress and resulted in lipid peroxidation, and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation were greatly decreased by grafting. Activities of protective enzymes （superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione reductase, GR） and the contents of ascorbate and glutathione in leaves of grafted plants were significantly higher than those of ungrafted plants under Cu stress. Better performance of grafted cucumber plants were attributed to the higher ability of Cu accumulation in their roots, better nutrient status, and the effective scavenging system of ROS.     

盐胁迫对石榴和樱桃脯氨酸含量和硝酸还原酶活性及电导率的影响

本文以石榴和樱桃为试验材料,测定两树种在不同盐浓度胁迫下的3个生理指标的反应。樱桃受低盐胁迫时，能大量迅速合成脯氨酸。低盐胁迫并没有刺激石榴叶片内脯氨酸酸的合成，高盐胁迫刺激了石榴叶片内脯氨酸的合成。石榴和樱桃受盐胁迫时，硝酸还原酶的活性均有显著提高。盐协迫伤害了细胞膜，使膜透性增大，这种盐害反应比较缓慢。     

滨海盐碱地夏玉米氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮累积特征

通过田间小区试验,研究滨海盐碱地区玉米氮肥利用效率及施氮对土壤硝态氮的影响。结果表明,滨海盐碱地区施氮135kg/hm2(T1)、270kg/hm2(T2)、405kg/hm2(T3)玉米产量分别比不施氮处理(CK)提高24.28%、44.39%和46.74%,差异均达显著水平;T1、T2、T3每千克N增产量分别为10.33、9.44、6.63kg;养分平衡结果显示,CK、T1氮素亏缺,T2稍有盈余,T3大量盈余;氮肥利用效率T2最高为19.94%。通过建立玉米施肥效应模型,获得试验条件下最佳经济施肥量为342.7kg/hm2。土壤表层(0~20cm)硝态氮质量分数随氮肥使用量的增大而升高,T1、T2、T3与CK相比分别增加82.9%、181.8%及320.5%,且各处理之间差异均达显著水平。20cm以下各处理硝态氮质量分数均随土层深度的增加而降低,同一土层硝态氮质量分数均表现随使用量越大值越高。0~80cm土层硝态氮累积量T1、T2、T3与CK相比分别增加65.6%、161.1%、285.7%;回归分析表明,硝态氮累积量与氮肥施用量呈极显著线性相关关系。因此,滨海盐碱地区应采取相应措施提高氮肥利用率,降低肥料投入量,以实现经济与生态效益的双赢。     

茶苗对No_3~-的吸收动力学及硝酸还原酶活性

3个不同品种茶苗吸收NO~-_3的动力学分析表明:k_m值,毛蟹<本山<大叶乌龙;V_max值,大叶乌龙>毛蟹>本山,茶苗经NO~-_3亏缺的溶液预培养2d后置于不同NO~-_ 3浓度的溶液中培养,结果显示:在一定NO~-_浓度范围内,溶液中NO~-_3含量增大,NO~-_3吸收上运速率提高,叶片中的NO~-_3含量增多,硝酸还原酶活性增强.根部NO~-_3的吸收上运速率调节着硝酸还原酶的诱导及其活性。     

蓝光对黄化小麦幼苗NO3^—吸收及硝酸还原酶活性的影响

研究了蓝光对黄化小麦幼苗ＮＯ－３吸收，植株ＮＯ－３含量及叶片硝酸还原酶活性的影响．结果表明，蓝光促进幼苗对ＮＯ－３的吸收，提高幼苗中的ＮＯ－３含量及硝酸还原酶活性，其作用均比红光和白光强．蓝光可能通过促进幼苗对ＮＯ－３的吸收和转运并增大ＮＯ－３代谢库而提高硝酸还原酶的活性．     

蓝光对黄化小麦幼苗NO－3吸收及硝酸还原酶活性的影响

研究了蓝光对黄化小麦幼苗ＮＯ－３吸收，植株ＮＯ－３含量及叶片硝酸还原酶活性的影响．结果表明，蓝光促进幼苗对ＮＯ－３的吸收，提高幼苗中的ＮＯ－３含量及硝酸还原酶活性，其作用均比红光和白光强．蓝光可能通过促进幼苗对ＮＯ－３的吸收和转运并增大ＮＯ－３代谢库而提高硝酸还原酶的活性．     

Evaluation of the Role of Mixed Amino Acids in Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation in Leafy Radish by Using 15N-Labeled Nitrate

In this paper, the role of mixed amino acids in nitrate uptake and assimilation was evaluated in leafy radish by using ^15N labeled nitrate. The mixtures of alanine, β-alanine, aspartic acid, asparagines, glutamic acid, glutamine, and glycine were sprayed to plant leaf two or four times. The activity of the enzymes related to the process of NO3- reduction （nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase） was affected differently depending on the application rate of mixed amino acids. Applying mixed amino acids increased the fresh weight, dry weight, and N yield. The NO3 content was reduced to 24-38%, but no significant differences were observed in amino acids and proteins. In addition, the nitrogen derived from fertilizer and the ^15N-NO3-recovery rate increased to 2-8% and 15-47%, respectively. These results strongly suggest that the positive effect of mixed amino acids on nitrate uptake and assimilation might be attributed to the regulation on NO3- uptake and assimilation, but not to the preference for amino acids as sources of reduced nitrogen.     

反射仪-硝酸根试纸法现场速测蔬菜硝酸盐水平及其应用

通过结球甘蓝、白菜和黄瓜的田间试验,研究了用反射仪-硝酸根试纸法田间现场速测黄瓜、白菜和结球甘蓝叶柄汁液硝酸根含量与土壤硝酸根含量、施氮量、蔬菜食部硝酸盐含量和产量的关系。结果表明,结球甘蓝心叶外第3展开叶叶柄中段、白菜心叶外第2展开叶叶柄中段、黄瓜心叶下第3叶叶柄中段、叶柄汁液硝酸盐浓度与施氮量和产量都有极显著和显著相关性,灵敏地反映了蔬菜及其土壤的硝酸盐水平。用于3种蔬菜氮素营养诊断推荐追肥,氮肥用量比常规高产施氮量减少40.7%￣66.4%,从而最大限度地控制过量化肥对蔬菜和环境的污染。结球甘蓝播种后40d心叶外第1、2和3展开叶叶柄汁液硝酸盐浓度与土壤硝酸根含量极显著和显著线性相关。反射仪-硝酸根试纸法现场测定外叶叶柄汁液硝酸盐含量与按GB/T15401-94的方法实验室测定可食部分硝酸根含量极显著线性相关。反射仪-硝酸根试纸法快捷简便,是蔬菜氮素营养诊断和蔬菜硝酸盐含量监测的理想的现场速测技术。     

Effect of Salt Stress on Nitrogen Assimilation of Functional Leaves and Root System of Rice in Cold Region

The aims were to investigate the effect of salt stress on key enzyme activity of nitrogen metabolism and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen response to salt stress.Two rice cultivars,Mudanjiang 30 (sensitive cultivar) and Longdao 5 (salt-tolerant cultivar),were treated with different salt concentrations (CK 0%,S1 0.075%,S2 0.15%,S3 0.225% and S4 0.3%).The results showed that the activities of nitrate reductase (NR),glutamine synthase (GS),glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the functional leaves and roots of rice in cold region presented a single peak curve change and the peak occurred in the heading stage;compared with those of the CK,the activities of NR,GS and GOGAT of rice in cold region decreased,but the activity of GDH increased in the heading stage under salt stress.The variation for key enzyme activity of nitrogen metabolism was the highest under S4 treatment.The activities of NR,GS and GOGAT in the functional leaves significantly decreased compared with those in roots;the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the functional leaves and roots of rice in cold region presented a single peak curve change and the peak occurred in the heading stage;compared with that of the CK,the concentration of nitrate nitrogen decreased in leaves and roots,the concentration of ammonium nitrogen decreased and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in roots increased under salt stress.The variations for the activities of NR,GS and GOGAT in the functional leaves and roots of Longdao 5 were less than those of Mudanjiang 30 under the same concentration of salt stress.     

水分胁迫对玉米幼苗氮素代谢的影响

以 3种抗旱性不同的品种为材料研究了水分胁迫对玉米幼苗氮代谢的影响 ,结果表明 :在水分胁迫下 ,玉米叶片可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性逐渐下降 ,正在生长中的新叶比已停止生长的老叶下降幅度更大 ;在短期水分胁迫下 ,根系中可溶性蛋白及硝酸还原酶活性略有升高 ,随着胁迫时间的进一步延长而急剧下降。抗旱性弱的品种可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性在水分胁迫下下降的幅度较抗旱性强的品种大     

黄瓜幼苗耐低温指标研究初报

通过研究低温对黄瓜幼苗的影响，发现在低温条件下，黄瓜幼苗叶片叶绿素含量明显下降，其相对减少量与黄瓜耐低温能力呈负相关；大部分品种（系）可溶性蛋白质含量增加，低温下可溶性蛋白质含量及相对增加量与黄瓜耐低温能力表现为正相关。在低温条件下保持较高的叶绿素含量和ＮＲ活性是黄瓜植株保持较大生长量的基础。经相关分析，ＮＲ活性及其相对减少量与黄瓜耐低温能力呈显著相关，是鉴定黄瓜耐温能力的较好指标。并对植物耐低温能力的复杂性做了分析。