陇东盆地白垩系地下水运移研究

陇东盆地气候干旱、降雨稀少,盆地内分布着复杂的地下水含水层,如何有效的评价地下水资源量,怎样合理的开发利用地下水资源成为亟待解决的问题。因此,以白垩系环河组地下水为例,在研究区沿泾河和马莲河共采集水化学样25组,同位素样30组,通过对比分析地下水与地表水水化学样和同位素样的测试结果,来探讨陇东盆地白垩系地下水的控制因素和运移规律。陇东盆地白垩系地下水水化学、同位素特征表明:地下水源于大气降水,向斜两翼为现代降水,向斜核部多为古地质历史时期大气降水;地下水从东西两翼顺层汇集到天环向斜核部,在盆地中部地区河流下游地段排泄于河流或流出盆地;盆地西翼地下水径流交替较东翼快。受陇东盆地地层结构的影响,白垩系地下水向斜核部运移缓慢。     

太原盆地地下水系统水化学-同位素特征研究

太原盆地孔隙水与周边岩溶水、砂岩裂隙水有密切的水力联系。本文应用示踪元素均衡分析的方法对盆地地下水系统之间的转化关系进行了定量研究。结果表明,太原市区以北地区主要接受岩溶水补给,其补给量占总补给量的30%以上。盆地东侧大部分地区以裂隙水补给为主,其中文水东南至平遥一带裂隙水补给量最高,占总给量的60%以上;应用环境同位素分析方法对盆地孔隙水的起源与更新能力进行了研究分析。指出含水层埋藏深度在50m以内的浅层水,主要接受大气降水和地表水的补给,更新周期在60年以下,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在50—200m之间的为混合水,是深层古水与浅层现代水混合形成,与现代水交换比例在40%以上,更新能力较强;含水层埋深在200m以下的,为深层古水,更新能力较差。     

敦煌月牙泉域地下水系统水文地球化学特征分析

选择河西走廊西端的月牙泉域作为研究对象,通过样品采集测试,对研究区内的水化学特征、环境同位素和水文地球化学过程进行了系统分析。结果表明：大气降雨（包括冰川融水）形成的出山河水是区内潜水的主要补给来源,二者存在密切的成因联系,局部地区受断裂构造或越流影响并受祁连山前深部地下径流侧向补给;党河灌区地下水的蒸发作用微弱,以人工开采为主要排泄方式,其他浅层地下水以蒸发为主要排泄项;地下水化学成分的演化受到碳酸和硅酸盐岩溶滤作用的影响;岩盐、石膏和硅酸盐岩的溶解作用、方解石和白云岩的沉淀作用以及蒸发作用是控制地下水盐分的主要因素,且在流域水循环过程中存在不同程度的混合作用。研究结果可为月牙泉生态保护与恢复提供科学依据。     

河西走廊平原区地下水中氟的富集规律及成因探讨

河西走廊平原区北部及部分山前地段浅层地下水氟含量高,以该水为饮用水源的当地居民氟中毒病较为严重。平原区地下水氟含量在平面上由南到北呈现出从低氟水到高氟水的区域性水平分带规律;在垂向上,细土平原高氟水带浅层水氟含量较高,下部分布质与量均佳的中低氟承压水,呈现为上高下低的规律。平原区周围含氟矿物与氟矿物及深层循环地下水为氟的主要物质来源,地下水的补给、径流与排泄条件,干旱气候,封闭的北部低洼地形及水化学环境等综合因素促成了氟的富集。     

苏干湖盆地地下水氢氧稳定同位素特征及其意义

苏干湖盆地位于疏勒河流域西端,是西北干旱区独立的内流盆地。文中利用盆地内不同水体的氢氧稳定同位素样品,分析了盆地内不同水体氢氧同位素特征,揭示了盆地内水资源形成与水环境演化规律,对干旱区水资源研究有重要意义。盆地中部泉水及地下水接受出山河水大量入渗补给,地下水循环交替迅速,氢氧同位素组成与出山河水相似,是地下水的主要径流通道;党河南山、阿尔金山、安南坝山及赛什腾山山前戈壁带地下水接受山区季节性洪流补给,地下水循环交替缓慢,具贫重同位素特征;大苏干湖西端地下水同位素组成介于苏干湖湖水与山前戈壁带地下水,具富集重同位素的特征,表明大苏干湖西端地下水接受湖水的渗漏补给。受强烈蒸发影响的水体,具高矿化、富集重同位素的特征,同位素组成与盐分含量呈正相关变化,未受蒸发影响的水体,具贫重同位素的特征,同位素组成与盐分含量呈负相关变化。     

中国干旱区浅层地下水的形成、分布与运移

地球陆地浅层地下水的形成过程是大气降水、地表水与地下水相互转化的过程.主要依赖山区河流出山口径流维系生存和发展的中国干旱区,浅层地下水的形成过程完全不同于我国东部湿润区和青藏高寒区.研究表明:中国干旱区山地地下水以降水(雪冰融水)入渗补给为主,且最终转变为地表水补给河流,并参与平原盆地浅层地下水的形成过程;而盆地平原浅...     

中国西北中小型盆地天然地下水水化学特征——以公婆泉盆地为例

研究分析干旱气候条件下甘肃北山公婆泉盆地天然地下水水化学成分特征,结合水文地质条件与水化学特征Piper三线图表明:研究区存在4种类型地下水,白垩系深层水中钙镁离子含量相对高于其他类型水.地下水氚同位素结合水化学特征较好地区分了水源点的水文地质属性.氢氧同位素表明,该区地下水来源于大气降水,第四系浅层水受到强烈的蒸发作用,发生了一定程度的氧漂移,并影响"混合水"的同位素组成.最后分析了地下水主要离子的来源,以及地下水形成过程中所受到的溶滤、沉积和蒸发等水文地球化学作用.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南区环河组地下水水岩作用研究

文中以揭示鄂尔多斯盆地南区白垩系环河组地下水水化学场的形成机理为主要研究目的。在了解鄂尔多斯盆地水文地质条件的基础上,分析了环河组地下水水化学演化特征,应用Phreeqc软件对其进行了水-岩作用的地球化学模拟,定量分析研究了该区地下水的演化过程、形成机理,并进一步分析了南区环河组地下水的补、径、排关系。得出结论为:在水流模拟路径上主要发生了石膏、岩盐、斜长石、钾云母或钾长石的溶解反应和阳离子交替吸附作用,导致地下水的TDS不断增大;其间,受总排泄带位置及东西两侧径流的影响,使水化学演化方向、径流方向产生朝向总排泄带的"向心"偏转,因此,环河组大体上以马莲河入泾河汇入口附近为中心,形成半个向心椭圆状的地下水流动系统。该结论对盆地南区地下水流动系统的划分、边界界定,具有特殊意义。     

渭河陕西"二华"段浅层地下水水化学特征

渭河流经陕西华阴、华县(二华)段,通过对"二华"地区浅层地下水取样分析,系统研究其地下水化学成分的空间变化及演变规律.结果表明:"二华"地区浅层地下水主要接受秦岭山前地下水的补给,靠近渭河沿岸地区,接受渭河的侧向补给.地下水的补给、径流、排泄区水化学类型主要从HCO3·S04-Ca·Mg经S04·HC03-Na·Ca过...     

基于主导离子分类的呼和浩特盆地浅层地下水化学特征研究

根据主要离子的毫克当量百分比是否超过50%,将呼和浩特盆地浅层地下水化学类型划分为主导离子型和无主导离子型,并在此基础上利用Piper三线图和各种离子比例系数对研究区浅层地下水的化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,浅层地下水阳离子水化学类型具有较强的水平分带性,阴离子中HCO3主导型水分布十分广泛。Ca主导型水全部为HCO3主导的低矿化度水,主要受溶滤作用控制;大黑河冲湖积平原中西部HCO3主导的Na主导型水的形成受阳离子交换作用和脱硫酸作用影响,该区域湖相沉积环境为其提供了有利的物质基础和环境条件;无主导阳离子型水和Mg主导型水的水化学组成是Ca主导型水向Na主导型水演化的中间状态。     

基于GRID的流域动态水平衡模型研究

水量平衡研究是水资源评价、规划与管理的基础。以往的水平衡模型大多是基于流域、子流域,为了以网格为单元动态模拟水平衡过程,在本文中利用GIS工具建立了基于GRID的泾河流域动态水量平衡模型,该模型空间尺度为1km×1km网格,时间尺度为月。模型的率定是利用泾河流域马莲河把口水文站的1995至1997年逐月实测径流数据,由此获取了模型的主要参数。模型率定结果表明模拟径流曲线与实测径流曲线的变化趋势基本吻合,模拟值和监测值的中值绝对误差为6.72m3/s,相关系数为0.932。最后,将所建模型用于泾河流域逐月逐网格的降水、蒸发、土壤蓄水与地下蓄水,以及形成的径流总量的动态模拟。模拟结果表明泾河流域的径流量主要集中在流域南部与中部,流域北部径流相对较低,这与流域降水分布关系密切。泾河流域的土壤蓄水与地下蓄水量的分布类似,且与径流有一定相关性。该模型模拟精度较高,基本可以满足水资源评价、规划与管理的要求。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠周围主要河流水文序列特性分析

本文在利用数理统计方法分析塔克拉玛干沙漠周围主要河流水文特征基础上，重点利用时间序列分析方法，从时间域和频率域上分别分析了这些河流序列内部结构特征，通过分析初步认为本区河流水量是基本稳定的，各河流的年径流序列基本呈独立随机序列。在此基础上建立了随机模拟模型，从而为模拟本区河流径流变化规律，以及本区水资源合理开发利用提供了决策分析基础。     

Impacts of climate change and human activities on water resources in the Ebinur Lake Basin,Northwest China

Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle. In recent years, significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China. In this paper, variations of runoff, temperature, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, lake area, socio-economic water usage, groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K) mutation test, the cumulative levelling method, the climate-sensitive method and land-use change index. In addition, we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water quality. The results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015, despite a decrease in reference evapotranspiration. The Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher altitude. Runoff at this station increased significantly with climate warming. In contrast, runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human activities. Runoff decreased without obvious fluctuations. The contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87% and 58.94%, respectively; and the contributions of human activities were 53.13% and 41.06%, respectively. Land-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015: urban and rural constructed lands, saline-alkali land, bare land, cultivated land, and forest land have expanded, while areas under grassland, lake, ice/snow and river/channel have declined. Human activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and desertification. From 1961 to 2015, both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year; groundwater levels have dropped significantly, and the water quality has deteriorated during the study period. In the oasis irrigation area below the runoff pass, human activities mainly influenced the utilization mode and quantity of water resources. Changes in the hydrology and quantity of water resources were driven primarily by the continuous expansion of cultivated land and oasis, as well as the growth of population and the construction of hydraulic engineering projects. After 2015, the effects of some ecological protection projects were observed. However, there was no obvious sign of ecological improvement in the basin, and some environmental problems continue to persist. On this basis, this study recommends that the expansion of oasis should be limited according to the carrying capacity of the local water bodies. Moreover, in order to ensure the ecological security of the basin, it is necessary to determine the optimal oasis area for sustainable development and improve the efficiency of water resources exploitation and utilization.     

甘肃梨园河流域地下水来源及其水化学特征

通过分析水化学与氢氧稳定同位素的关系,研究梨园河流域地下水的补给机理和水化学演化规律。地下水总溶解固体（TDS）自西南向东北递增,最大值为1 258 mg/L。沿流程方向,深层地下水的水化学类型由Ca-HCO₃→Ca-Mg-HCO₃、Mg-SO₄→Na-SO₄型。浅层地下水的水化学类型由Ca-HCO₃→Mg-HCO₃-SO₄→Mg-SO₄型。地表水的水化学类型无分异,主要为Ca-HCO₃型。深层和浅层地下水沿途均发生了水岩融滤作用。Na⁺含量沿程增大,一是地下水中Ca²⁺与岩石中Na⁺发生阳离子交换作用,二是硅酸盐矿物的风化作用产生Na+。Phreeqc软件模拟显示,深层地下水中方解石先沉淀后溶解;CO₂、石膏、白云石和岩盐溶解。浅层地下水中,方解石由不饱和逐渐变为饱和;石膏、岩盐一直溶解。地下水的δ²H和δ¹⁸O值大部分位于大气降水线上方,反应了山区现代降水或雪冰融水通过出山地表径流补给,交替更新快,且深层地下水向上补给浅层地下水和地表水。地表、地下水相互转化是该区水循环的主要特征。     

Stable oxygen-hydrogen isotopes reveal water use strategies of Tamarix taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert,China

Tamarix taklamakanensis,a dominant species in the Taklimakan Desert of China,plays a crucial role in stabilizing sand dunes and maintaining regional ecosystem stability.This study aimed to determine the water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert under a falling groundwater depth.Four typical T.taklamakanensis nabkha habitats(sandy desert of Tazhong site,saline desert-alluvial plain of Qiemo site,desert-oasis ecotone of Qira site and desert-oasis ecotone of Aral site)were selected with different climate,soil,groundwater and plant cover conditions.Stable isotope values of hydrogen and oxygen were measured for plant xylem water,soil water(soil depths within 0–500 cm),snowmelt water and groundwater in the different habitats.Four potential water sources for T.taklamakanensis,defined as shallow,middle and deep soil water,as well as groundwater,were investigated using a Bayesian isotope mixing model.It was found that groundwater in the Taklimakan Desert was not completely recharged by precipitation,but through the river runoff from snowmelt water in the nearby mountain ranges.The surface soil water content was quickly depleted by strong evaporation,groundwater depth was relatively shallow and the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively low,thus T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the middle(23%±1%)and deep(31%±5%)soil water and groundwater(36%±2%)within the sandy desert habitat.T.taklamakanensis mainly used the deep soil water(55%±4%)and a small amount of groundwater(25%±2%)within the saline desert-alluvial plain habitat,where the soil water content was relatively high and the groundwater depth was shallow.In contrast,within the desert-oasis ecotone in the Qira and Aral sites,T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the deep soil water(35%±1%and 38%±2%,respectively)and may also use groundwater because the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively high in these habitats and the soil water content was relatively low,which is associated with the reduced groundwater depth due to excessive water resource exploitation and utilization by surrounding cities.Consequently,T.taklamakanensis showed distinct water use strategies among the different habitats and primarily depended on the relatively stable water sources(deep soil water and groundwater),reflecting its adaptations to the different habitats in the arid desert environment.These findings improve our understanding on determining the water sources and water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert.     

诺木洪河年径流规律初探

青海省柴达木盆地资源丰富，盆地南部具有相对丰富的水资源，诺河的河流实给，水充情势极为相似。属盆地第六大河的诺木洪河处在南部各大河的中心因此研究该河的径汉规律，对盆地南总乃至整个盆地的水资源研究具有重要意义。     

新疆天山北麓奎屯河流域径流变化特征研究

奎屯河流域水资源总量为17.83×108m3,其中地表径流量为16.21×108m3,占水资源总量的90%以上。因此,研究径流补给来源及变化特征有助于掌握水资源的变化趋势,为水资源的开发利用提供可靠的依据。本文采用奎屯河流域各水文站径流系列资料,选取变差系数、年际极值比、集中度、集中期等参数,分析了奎屯河流域径流补给特性、来源、年内分配规律及年际变化特征。分析结果表明:奎屯河流域径流补给具有地带性和多样性特点,补给来源主要以冰川融水和雨水补给为主;年内分配极不均匀,集中程度高;年际变化相对稳定,变幅小,多年呈微弱增加趋势。     

石羊河中下游河岸带植被对地下水位变化的响应

通过对石羊河中下游河岸带的地下水位定位观测及植被和土壤水盐含量调查发现：河岸带地下水位与河床横向间距呈正相关;在长流水河段的河岸带,以植被类型、物种丰富度和植被盖度与河床间距的关系,判断河流影响地下水位距河床的范围约为130 m,但对于河岸带植被作用距河床横向间距可达500 m。在断流河段,距古河床0~200 m区间内分布河岸植物种。虽然石羊河下游断流,但河流地貌影响地下水位,有利于植物生长。调查区域内有5个植被型,12个群系和29个群丛,河岸带发育隐域植被类型。当地下水位≤2 m时,沼泽草甸发育;当地下水位3~6 m时,以芦苇、赖草和骆驼蓬为建群种的盐化草甸发育;地下水位≤14 m时,则柽柳灌丛繁茂。石羊河的径流量丰欠影响河岸带地下水位变化,河岸带植被组成、结构和分布响应地下水位埋深。
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流域水空间规划与管理研究——以霍林河流域为例

水资源的更新再生和可持续性存在的能力,是靠水循环过程年复一年、周而复始补给的.维持水的可持续性,保障水循环过程的正常运转,是自然社会持续发展的一项重要任务.水循环过程中,水的类型和资源属性变化与地理地质要素空间组合及其相互作用密切相关,水资源的形成、存在、迁移和转化需要一定的空间介质和场所,以满足水量调蓄、赋存、补给、更新以及水质保护的空间需求.这些空间介质和场所在流域尺度上,是指河流和其支流及与之相连接的湖泊、湿地等各种水体、那些受洪水波及的洪泛平原和部分坡地,以及此范围内的地下含水层系统所共同占据的空间.流域发展过程中,人类往往关注自身社会经济发展需求,而忽略了水系统的空间要求,流域内土地利用程度和范围不断扩大,水流在流域下垫面土层中的垂向和侧向运行路径受阻,干扰了流域中各种径流成分的生成过程和流域下垫面对降水的再分配过程,流域空间上水调节能力降低,滞洪能力减弱,陆地承载水量越来越少,加剧了水资源的时空分布不均,流域水质恶化,生物多样性降低,严重威胁着水资源安全.基于此,在流域水空间概念的基础上,提出流域水空间规划原则和规划程序,并以霍林河流域为例,建议对干旱和半干旱区流域采用水空间规划和管理措施,试图通过规范流域水空间管理,实现流域水和土的联合管理.     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.