流域水空间规划与管理研究——以霍林河流域为例

水资源的更新再生和可持续性存在的能力,是靠水循环过程年复一年、周而复始补给的.维持水的可持续性,保障水循环过程的正常运转,是自然社会持续发展的一项重要任务.水循环过程中,水的类型和资源属性变化与地理地质要素空间组合及其相互作用密切相关,水资源的形成、存在、迁移和转化需要一定的空间介质和场所,以满足水量调蓄、赋存、补给、更新以及水质保护的空间需求.这些空间介质和场所在流域尺度上,是指河流和其支流及与之相连接的湖泊、湿地等各种水体、那些受洪水波及的洪泛平原和部分坡地,以及此范围内的地下含水层系统所共同占据的空间.流域发展过程中,人类往往关注自身社会经济发展需求,而忽略了水系统的空间要求,流域内土地利用程度和范围不断扩大,水流在流域下垫面土层中的垂向和侧向运行路径受阻,干扰了流域中各种径流成分的生成过程和流域下垫面对降水的再分配过程,流域空间上水调节能力降低,滞洪能力减弱,陆地承载水量越来越少,加剧了水资源的时空分布不均,流域水质恶化,生物多样性降低,严重威胁着水资源安全.基于此,在流域水空间概念的基础上,提出流域水空间规划原则和规划程序,并以霍林河流域为例,建议对干旱和半干旱区流域采用水空间规划和管理措施,试图通过规范流域水空间管理,实现流域水和土的联合管理.

Study on the Spatial Planning and Management of Water in Watershed——A Case Study in the Huolin River Basin

Renewable and sustainability capability of water resources is sustained by water cycle. Therefore, it is necessary for social sustainable development to maintain the sustainability of water resources and conserve the process of water cycle. Changes of water types and attributions are closely related to geographical and geological factors in their spatial combinations and interactions. The formation, existence, movement and transformation of water resources need certain indispensable mediums and spaces to satisfy the spatial requirements of regulation, storage, recharge and renewal of water volume and of water quality conservation. At the scale of catchment, these mediums and spaces are regarded as rivers and their tributaries, lakes, wetlands and other waters, floodplains, some slopes directly affected by flood, and corresponding aquifers. When a catchment is developed, people often put much more attention to human development so as to improve social and economic conditions, but the spatial requirements of environment and water system are generally ignored, thus the degree and extent of land use is continuously increased, the lateral and vertical pathways of water flow are built up, and the runoff process and redistribution of rainfall are disturbed. Moreover, the water readjustment capability of lands in a catchment is reduced, and the water resources security is threatened. In this paper, the planning fundamental and planning procedure of water space in watersheds are put forward based on the catchment water space concept, and a case study on the spatial planning and management of water in the Huolin River Basin is carried out. It is suggested to take spatial planning and management measures of water in the river basins in arid and semiarid areas so as to achieve the integrated management of water and land resources in river basins.