不同灌溉条件对黄河下游引黄灌区作物水分关系的影响

在田间试验验证的基础上,利用SWAT2000模型对黄河下游引黄灌区冬小麦、夏玉米在不同灌溉条件下产量、耗水量以及水分利用效率等的时空变化进行了模拟,结果表明,冬小麦缺水情况比较严重,夏玉米生育期降水量基本能满足其耗水量的需求.灌溉对提高作物产量以及耗水量有很大的影响,然而随着灌水量的增加,作物产量以及耗水量增加的幅度并...     

海河流域冬小麦水分生产率特征分析

以海河流域为研究对象,以农田总供水水分生产率(WUEa)和灌溉水分生产率(WUEi)为评价指标,运用对流域内典型灌区的调查资料,计算了海河流域主要作物冬小麦的用水效率并进行特征分析,得到了其水分生产率的分布和变化规律。结果表明,WUEa在田间尺度上均值为1.50 kg/m3、灌区尺度上均值为0.97kg/m3,WUE在...     

黄河下游灌区农田排水再利用效应模拟评价

在田间试验观测基础上,采用SWAP模型分析黄河下游簸箕李引黄灌区农田排水再利用下的土壤盐分季节性变化以及地下水位对土壤盐分剖面分布的影响,模拟农田排水补灌对作物产量的效应。研究结果表明,咸排水补灌引起的土壤盐分积聚主要在冬小麦生长期,夏玉米生长期内并不明显,有效地控制地下水位有助于减少土壤盐分累积量,维系作物根区的盐分平衡。利用含盐量为4mg/cm3以下的农田排水在冬小麦生长后期水分亏缺阶段进行补灌,可在基本不影响随后夏玉米产量的基础上,不同程度地改善冬小麦产量。对缺水严重的黄河下游引黄灌区,农田排水再利用是缓解水资源供需矛盾、改善作物产量的一种有效水管理措施。     

灌溉处理对冬小麦-夏玉米不同品种土壤水分和WUE的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下,于2008—2010年采用不同小麦和玉米品种,研究不同灌溉处理下土壤水分动态及对冬小麦和夏玉米水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。2a试验结果均表明,灌水在不同土层的入渗是一个缓慢的过程,大致以1a为周期,冬小麦生长期间,0~60 cm土层土壤水分变异较大,60 cm以下土层土壤水分夏玉米无法利用是导致灌水利用效率低的原因。通过分析冬小麦和夏玉米的WUE表明,抗旱节水品种的WUE随着灌溉次数的增加而减小,而非抗旱节水品种的WUE则相反;抗旱节水品种的产量在适度水分胁迫下变化不大,而耗水量有所减少,非抗旱节水品种在适度水分胁迫时,产量减少幅度较大,致使WUE有减小趋势。因此,在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的华北地区,选用抗旱节水品种,适度减少灌水次数,可以减少无效灌水的入渗,在不影响产量的情况下,提高WUE。     

交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根长密度分布及水分利用

为了探明交替隔沟灌溉和常规沟灌条件下玉米根长密度的分布规律及水分利用效率(WUE),研究了2种沟灌方式下玉米根长密度的空间分布和水分利用情况。结果表明,玉米根长密度在根区水平向和垂向呈指数分布。交替隔沟灌溉促进了玉米根系的水平向伸展和下扎深度,常规沟灌在垄位的大密度根系分布集中在20～60cm。交替隔沟灌溉增大了根系下扎深度,有利于根系吸收深层土壤水分,在非充分供水条件下提高了作物的水分利用效率,交替隔沟灌溉水分利用效率较常规沟灌提高5%以上。     

干旱环境条件下春小麦适度调亏灌溉的产量效应

在干旱环境条件下,春小麦调亏灌溉不仅具有显著的增产效应(16.6%~25.0%),其节水效果亦很显著(14.0%~22.9%)。无论是小麦籽粒产量,收获指数,还是水分利用效率,调亏灌溉处理与充分供水对照间均存在显著差异,但调亏处理间差异不显著。此外,回归分析发现,试验条件下调亏灌溉春小麦产量与收获指数线性相关,而水分利用效率与收获指数、产量间则呈二次抛物线关系。     

Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain

Limited precipitation restricts crop yield in the North China Plain, where high level of production depends largely on irrigation. Establishing the optimal irrigation scheduling according to the crop water requirement (CWR) and precipitation is the key factor to achieve rational water use. Precipitation data collected for about 40 years were employed to analyze the long-term trend, and weather data from 1984 to 2005 were used to estimate the CWR and irrigation water requirements (IWR). Field experiments were performed at the Luancheng Station from 1997 to 2005 to calculate the soil water consumption and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed the CWR for winter wheat and summer maize were similar and about 430 mm, while the IWR ranged from 247 to 370 mm and 0 to 336 mm at the 25% and 75% precipitation exceedance probabilities for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively. The irrigation applied varied in the different rainfall years and the optimal irrigation amount was about 186, 161 and 99 mm for winter wheat and 134, 88 and 0 mm for summer maize in the dry, normal and wet seasons, respectively. However, as precipitation reduces over time especially during the maize growing periods, development of water-saving management practices for sustainable agriculture into the future is imperative.     

Soil water distribution, uniformity and water-use efficiency under alternate furrow irrigation in arid areas

Soil water distribution, irrigation water advance and uniformity, yield production and water-use efficiency (WUE) were tested with a new irrigation method for irrigated maize in an arid area with seasonal rainfall of 77.5–88.0 mm for 2 years (1997 and 1998). Irrigation was applied through furrows in three ways: alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CFI). AFI means that one of the two neighboring furrows was alternately irrigated during consecutive watering. FFI means that irrigation was fixed to one of the two neighboring furrows. CFI was the conventional method where every furrow was irrigated during each watering. Each irrigation method was further divided into three treatments using different irrigation amounts: i.e. 45, 30, and 22.5 mm water for each watering. Results showed that the soil water contents in the two neighboring furrows of AFI remained different until the next irrigation with a higher water content in the previously irrigated furrow. Infiltration in CFI was deeper than that in AFI and FFI. The time of water advance did not differ between AFI, FFI and CFI at all distances monitored, and water advanced at a similar rate in all the treatments. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient of water content in the soil (CU_s) was used to evaluate the uniformity of irrigated water distribution and showed no decrease in AFI and FFI, although irrigation water use was smaller than in CFI. Root development was significantly enhanced by AFI treatment. Primary root numbers, total root dry weight and root density were all higher in AFI than in the FFI and CFI treatments. Less irrigation significantly reduced the total root dry weight and plant height in both the FFI and CFI treatments but this was less substantial with AFI treatments. The most surprising result was that AFI maintained high grain yield with up to a 50% reduction in irrigation amount, while the FFI and CFI treatments all showed a substantial decrease of yield with reduced irrigation. As a result, WUE for irrigated water was substantially increased. We conclude that AFI is an effective water-saving irrigation method in arid areas where maize production relies heavily on repeated irrigation. Received: 16 October 1999     

Responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) evapotranspiration and yield to sprinkler irrigation regimes

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the main productive regions for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) in China. However, water-saving irrigation technologies (WSITs), such as sprinkler irrigation technology and improved surface irrigation technology, and water management practices, such as irrigation scheduling have been adopted to improve field-level water use efficiency especially in winter wheat growing season, due to the water scarcity and continuous increase of water in industry and domestic life in the NCP. As one of the WSITs, sprinkler irrigation has been increasingly used in the NCP during the past 20 years. In this paper, a three-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of volumetric soil water content (SWC), winter wheat yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) to sprinkler irrigation regimes based on the evaporation from an uncovered, 20-cm diameter pan located 0-5 cm above the crop canopy in order to develop an appropriate sprinkler irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the NCP. Results indicated that the temporal variations in SWC for irrigation treatments in the 0-60-cm soil layer were considerably larger than what occurred at deeper depths, whereas temporal variations in SWC for non-irrigation treatments were large throughout the 0-120-cm soil layer. Crop leaf area index, dry biomass, 1000-grains weight and yield were negatively affected by water stress for those treatments with irrigation depth less than 0.50E, where E is the net evaporation (which includes rainfall) from the 20-cm diameter pan. While irrigation with a depth over 1.0E also had negative effect on 1000-grains weight and yield. The seasonal ET of winter wheat was in a range of 206-499 mm during the three years experiments. Relatively high yield, WUE and IWUE were found for the irrigation depth of 0.63E. Therefore, for winter wheat in the NCP the recommended amount of irrigation to apply for each event is the total 0.63E that occurred after the previous irrigation provided total E is in a range of 30-40 mm.     

Root growth, available soil water, and water-use efficiency of winter wheat under different irrigation regimes applied at different growth stages in North China

Field experiments were conducted at the Luancheng Agro-Ecosystem Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the winter wheat growing seasons in 2006-2007 and 2007-2008. Experiments involving winter wheat with 1, 2, and 3 irrigation applications at jointing, heading, or milking were conducted, and the total irrigation water supplied was maintained at 120 mm. The results indicated that irrigation during the later part of the winter wheat growing season and increase in irrigation frequency decreased the available soil water; this result was mainly due to the changes in the vertical distribution of root length density. In ≤30-cm-deep soil profiles, 3 times irrigation at jointing, heading, and milking increased the root length density, while in >30-cm-deep soil profiles, 1 time irrigation at jointing resulted in the highest root length density. With regard to evapotranspiration (ET), there was no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) difference between the regimes wherein irrigation was applied only once at jointing; 2 times at jointing and heading; and 3 times at jointing, heading, and milking. Compared with 1 and 3 times irrigation during the winter wheat growing season, 2 times irrigation increased grain yield and 2 times irrigation at jointing and heading produced the highest water-use efficiency (WUE). Combining the results obtained regarding grain yield and WUE, it can be concluded that irrigation at the jointing and heading stages results in high grain yield and WUE, which will offer a sound measurement for developing deficit irrigation regimes in North China.     

灌区尺度作物水分利用效率指标研究

在对灌区来水、作物产量和作物需水量尺度分析的基础上,研究了灌区尺度作物水分利用效率指标,结果表明,冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花不同的生育期对采用哪种水分利用效率指标有直接影响;灌溉、降雨、地下水补给等资料较全时,3种作物都采用WUEET;无降雨资料时,冬小麦可选用WUEi近似代替WUEET;正常年份,夏玉米的WUEP0就是WUEET,干旱年份且需夏灌时,夏玉米WUEET由有效降雨量与灌溉量共同产生;棉花不能用WUEi或WUEP0中的任何一种指标反映其真实的水分利用效率,而只能用WUEET确定。     

分根区交替灌溉下水分亏缺对夏玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨玉米节水灌溉方式的理论依据,通过桶栽试验研究了分根区交替灌溉(APRI)方式下,不同生育期水分亏缺对夏玉米生长、干物质累积质量、籽粒产量、总耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:常规灌溉(CI)方式下,苗期和全生育期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积和总耗水量均显著低于充分灌溉,但苗期水分亏缺可以提高WUE.相同的灌水方式和亏缺时期,中度亏缺的根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及籽粒产量均显著高于重度亏缺;相同的灌水方式和灌水水平,苗期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积、根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及总耗水量均显著的低于灌浆期,但籽粒产量和WUE均显著高于灌浆期;相同的灌水水平和亏缺时期,APRI的根干物质质量和总耗水量均显著低于CI的,但APRI的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于CI的.本研究结果表明,APRI在苗期进行中度亏缺有利于营养生长的调控,并达到节水高产,提高WUE的目的.     

微咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态及对作物产量的影响

华北平原农业灌溉用水非常紧缺,水资源日益缺乏与粮食需求日益增多之间的矛盾尖锐。充分利用微咸水资源是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。该文以中国农业大学曲周试验站1997－2005年冬小麦和夏玉米微咸水灌溉田间长期定位试验为基础,研究了充分淡水、充分淡咸水、关键期淡水、关键期淡咸水和不灌溉等5个处理下土壤饱和电导率和含盐量的动态变化,探讨了微咸水灌溉对冬小麦和夏玉米产量的影响。结果表明：土壤水盐动态呈受灌溉和降雨影响的短期波动和受季节更替影响的长期波动;在正常降雨年份,使用微咸水进行灌溉是可行的,不会导致土壤的次生盐渍化;微咸水灌溉虽然导致冬小麦和夏玉米产量降低10%～15%,但节约淡水资源60%～75%。如果降雨量达到多年平均水平以及微咸水灌溉制度制订合理,微咸水用于冬小麦/玉米田间灌溉前景广阔。     

不同灌溉方式对制种玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了畦灌、常规沟灌、隔沟交替灌3种灌溉方式对制种玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,结果表明,不同灌溉方式下,制种玉米产量为8.73~10.87 t/hm~2,耗水量为349.7~625.0 mm,WUE为1.40~3.01kg/m~3。隔沟交替灌溉方式耗水量最低,畦灌方式最高,常规沟灌居中。相同灌溉定额条件下,隔沟交替灌制种玉米产量较常规沟灌增减幅度在-2.43%~10.24%。常规沟灌方式若能保证作物需水关键期的灌溉,适度减少灌水不会造成制种玉米减产。产量构成要素结果表明,行粒数、出籽率、穗长、穗粗、秃尖长、千粒重产量构成要素对产量的累积贡献率达85.54%。在甘肃河西地区,制种玉米全生育期灌水8次(苗期1次,拔节期2次,抽穗期1次,灌浆期2次,乳熟期2次),灌溉定额2 250 m~3/hm~2的隔沟交替灌溉方式(T6处理)能稳定提高产量和水分利用效率。     

Impact of drip and level-basin irrigation on growth and yield of winter wheat in the North China Plain

A field experiment was conducted for 3 consecutive years (2007–2009) to study the effects of two different irrigation methods, that is, level-basin irrigation (BI) and drip irrigation (DI), and different treatment levels on crop growth, yield, and WUE of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the North China Plain (NCP). The results indicate that irrigation methods and treatment levels had significant effects on crop growth and yield of winter wheat. Irrigation amounts significantly influenced plant heights, LAI, and winter wheat grain yields (P < 0.05 level) for both irrigation methods. Further, the DI method significantly improved yield and WUE compared with the BI method (P < 0.05 level) under conditions of deficit irrigation. Without irrigation system investment consideration, crop water productivity was highest when DI was used and irrigations were scheduled when soil water was depleted to 60 and 50 % of field capacity.     

黑龙江西部玉米调亏灌溉的节水增产效应

采取测筒试验,对玉米单生育阶段、连续生育阶段和全生育期进行不同程度的水分亏缺处理,研究了调亏灌溉对玉米耗水量、产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:就单生育阶段调亏而言,产量和耗水量之间呈开口向下的二次抛物线关系,苗期中度水分亏缺(水分控制上限为60%)为最佳的灌水处理模式,玉米产量和水分利用效率分别提高了1.23%和11.95%;连续生育阶段和全生育期调亏均对作物的产量有不利影响;全生育期充分灌溉时的产量最高,但水分利用效率较低。     

宁夏引黄灌区滴灌水肥一体化冬小麦灌溉施肥技术研究

采用2因素3水平正交试验和对比分析了宁夏引黄灌区典型区域内滴灌条件下冬小麦返青后灌溉制度。研究表明：滴灌水肥一体化可以有效的提高冬小麦对水分和养分的吸收,且表层土壤含水率、EC、pH值呈锯齿状变化。冬小麦产量和株高随着灌溉量和灌溉次数的增多而增大,灌溉量和灌溉次数对冬小麦产量呈极显著和显著影响;在滴灌水肥一体化时,冬小...     

遗传算法在节水高效灌溉制度优化中的应用——以冬小麦为例

利用遗传算法对非充分灌溉条件下冬小麦的最优灌溉制度设计进行求解,并提出了与之对应的约束条件及处理方法。以我国华北地区某试验站为例来说明该算法及处理方法的可行性。结果表明,该方法能够实现对冬小麦整个生育期灌溉水量进行合理分配,使冬小麦在缺水敏感期内得到充分灌溉,从而达到节约灌溉用水,提高水分利用效率的目的。     

1957-2017年京津冀主要作物水分利用效率及节水潜力分析

水资源短缺以及农业用水效率不高制约着京津冀一体化国家战略的实施。【目的】提高主要作物水分利用效率,缓解京津冀地区农业水资源矛盾。【方法】基于FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式及有效降水计算公式估算了1957-2017年京津冀地区冬小麦、夏玉米的耗水量及水分利用效率以及冬小麦、夏玉米的节水潜力。【结果】冬小麦、夏玉米水分利用效率呈逐年线性增长趋势。冬小麦、夏玉米水分利用效率仍有20%~30%的提升空间,在产量不变的前提下,京津冀地区可节约水量43.6亿~60.4亿m^3。冬小麦节水潜力高于夏玉米。【结论】可通过改善土壤条件,优化灌溉管理以及秸秆覆盖等措施提高冬小麦及夏玉米的水分利用效率。     

不同灌溉模式对黄淮海平原区夏玉米生产性状及水分利用率的影响

为了探明黄淮海平原区不同灌溉模式对夏玉米生产性状和水分利用效率的影响,2018-2019连续2年设置覆膜浅埋滴灌(T4)、浅埋滴灌(T3)、覆膜滴灌(T2)、地表滴灌(T1)和传统畦灌(CK)等5种灌溉方式实施大田对比试验,测定了玉米株高、叶面积指数(LAI)、地上部干物质累积量、产量及产量构成因素以及水分利用效率(WUE)等指标。结果表明,各滴灌处理玉米株高、LAI、地上部干物质累积量、籽粒产量、穗粒数以及WUE均显著高于CK(p<0.05),但各灌溉处理间有效穗数和千粒重无显著差异(p>0.05)。各滴灌处理玉米性状和WUE整体表现为T4>T3>T2>T1,但T4和T3处理差异不显著(p>0.05),说明浅埋滴灌下玉米覆膜对其生长指标及WUE提升效果不明显。覆膜浅埋滴灌和浅埋滴灌均可显著提高玉米产量和WUE(p<0.05),2018年T4(T3)产量分别较CK、T1、T2高17.2%(15.9%)、9.5%(8.2%)、6.0%(4.9%),水分利用效率高33.3%(31.3%)、12.1%(10.3%)、7.0%(5.3%)。2019年T4(T3)产量分别较CK、T1、T2高10.2%(7.9%)、7.0%(4.8%)、5.2%(3.0%),水分利用效率高30.5%(25.2%)、17.5%(12.7%)、14.8%(10.1%)。覆膜浅埋滴灌和浅埋滴灌均具有节水、增产作用,且二者产量和水分利用效率差异不明显,浅埋滴灌由于地表无覆膜,不仅节约成本且能有效避免残膜污染,因此是黄淮海平原区玉米节本增产的最佳灌溉方式。