涂林吉（苏云金）芽胞杆菌伴胞晶体毒素对捻转血矛线虫虫卵的致死作用

从感染捻转血矛线虫山羊的直肠内取粪便，分离出虫卵，置单克隆板孔中，再往各孔中加入系列浓度的涂林吉（苏云金）芽胞杆菌（ＹＢＴ－１９５３）伴胞晶体毒素溶液，置２５℃培养２４ｈ。结果表明，当伴胞晶体毒素总蛋白为１２０μｇ／ｍＬ时，虫卵死亡率为９９．４％，０．６％未死的虫卵孵出的第１期幼虫也因毒素的作用而全部死亡。本研究表明，涂林吉芽胞杆菌（ＹＢＴ－１９５３）伴胞晶体蛋白对捻转血矛线虫虫卵具有较强的毒力。     

捻转血矛线虫纯净3期幼虫制备方法的改进

从自然感染羊体内获得捻转血矛线虫雌虫后,收集其子宫中的虫卵进行培养,再将纯净的第3期幼虫感染保种山羊,于虫卵排出高峰期大量收集粪便,进行幼虫培养,可获得大量纯净的捻转血矛线虫第3期幼虫。     

崇明白山羊寄生虫病调查和消长动态的研究

对上海市崇明地区白山羊的寄生虫病进行了调查,危害崇明白山羊的寄生虫主要是捻转血矛线虫。哨羊全年粪便中捻转血矛线虫虫卵数形成的３ 个高峰与月平均最高温度和月降水量曲线形成的３ 个高峰相吻合,证实每年７、８ 月份崇明地区白山羊群中大批羊只消瘦、死亡是由于捻转血矛线虫严重感染引起的,并提出了防治措施的建议。     

崇明白山羊寄生虫病调查与消长动态的研究

对上海市崇明地区白山羊的寄生虫病进行了调查,危害崇明白山羊的寄生虫主要是捻转血矛线虫,哨羊全年粪便中捻转血矛线虫虫卵数形成的３个高峰与月平均最高温度和月降水量曲线形成的３个高峰相吻合,证实每年７,８月份崇明地区白山羊群中大批羊只消瘦,死亡是由于捻转血矛线虫严重感染引起的,并提出了防治措施的建议。     

羊消化道4种易混淆线虫虫卵的形态学观察与比较

为了方便临床上鉴定羊消化道常见且易混淆线虫虫卵并丰富相关资料,试验从羊消化道中采集疑似捻转血矛线虫、夏伯特线虫、食道口线虫和奥斯特线虫共4种线虫,采用形态学和分子生物学方法鉴定虫种,将4种线虫于体外短暂培养后得到纯种虫卵,通过观察虫卵不同发育阶段的胚胎形态变化获取每种线虫虫卵形态特征,并对虫卵的长径、宽径和长宽比进行测定。结果表明：经鉴定4种线虫分别为捻转血矛线虫、绵羊夏伯特线虫、粗纹食道口线虫和普通奥斯特线虫。4种线虫虫卵初期胚胎多呈收缩状态且形似桑葚,在外观形态上具有相似性,均为双层卵壳,多数对称,少数不对称。捻转血矛线虫虫卵呈短椭圆形,颜色较浅;绵羊夏伯特线虫虫卵呈椭圆形,颜色较捻转血矛线虫虫卵深;粗纹食道口线虫虫卵呈长椭圆形,颜色较捻转血矛线虫虫卵深,与绵羊夏伯特线虫虫卵相近;普通奥斯特线虫虫卵亦呈长椭圆形,颜色与捻转血矛线虫相近,较绵羊夏伯特线虫和粗纹食道口线虫虫卵浅。虫卵在生理盐水中培养1～6 d后,捻转血矛线虫、绵羊夏伯特线虫和普通奥斯特线虫依次进入蝌蚪期和幼虫期,但仅凭肉眼依然难以区分虫卵种类;绵羊食道口线虫未观察到含蝌蚪或含幼虫的虫卵,仅在桑葚期观察到胚胎收缩成1团及...     

羊常见肠道蠕虫病的防治

<正>最近,在羊场进行肠道蠕虫感染情况调查时发现,羊捻转血矛线虫、食道口线虫、网尾线虫、毛首线虫及莫尼茨绦虫的发病率较高,要引起养羊场(户)的关注。1羊捻转血矛线虫病羊捻转血矛线虫病是由捻转血矛线虫寄生在羊、牛等反刍动物真胃(皱胃)和小肠内的一种常见寄生虫病,也叫羊捻转胃虫病。1.1病原羊捻转血矛线虫外观呈毛发状,呈淡红色。颈乳突显著,呈锥形,伸向后侧方。头端尖细,口囊小,内有一背矛状小齿。虫卵无色,壳薄,大小     

黑龙江省松花江地区绵羊胃肠道线虫虫卵排出与成虫寄生的季节动态

采用粪便检查法、幼虫培养法和蠕虫学剖检法对黑龙江省松花江地区羊胃肠道线虫虫卵排出与成虫寄生的季节动态进行了研究。结果表明，成年羊胃肠道线虫的虫卵排出量和成虫寄生量于5月出现一次明显的春季高潮，8月又出现一次较小的高峰，而一年的其他时期，虫卵排出量和成虫寄生量很低。羊胃肠道线虫的优势虫种是捻转血矛线虫、哥伦比亚食道口线虫、羊仰口线虫、毛圆线虫和毛首线虫。羔羊粪便中最早检获虫卵的时间是6月下旬，一年内虫卵排出量只在7月下旬出现一次高峰。研究结果对控制黑龙江省羊消化道线虫病有十分重要的意义。     

绵阳地区山羊粪便中捻转血矛线虫的分子鉴定

为鉴定绵阳地区山羊粪便中疑似血矛属线虫虫卵的虫种,本研究提取绵阳地区三个县山羊粪便中疑似血矛属线虫的虫卵DNA 60份,采用PCR技术扩增其核糖体第二内转录间隔区(rDNA ITS-2)基因序列,并与GenBank上公布的捻转血矛线虫同源序列进行比较分析。结果显示:60份疑似血矛属线虫的虫卵DNA样品均得到191bp的ITS-2片段;60条ITS-2序列共形成15条不同的序列,含有17个单变异位点,与GenBank中多株捻转血矛线虫的同源性达95.8%~100%;ML系统发育树显示,本研究得到的15种类型ITS-2序列与已报道的捻转血矛线虫(Haemonchus contortus)聚类形成一个分支。综上可得,60份来自山羊的血矛属线虫均为捻转血矛线虫。     

绵羊捻转血矛线虫流行病学调查及耐药性检测

为调查乌审旗地区捻转血矛线虫感染及耐药性情况,通过粪便中虫卵定性定量及剖检法对乌审旗不同地区的绵羊进行捻转血矛线虫感染情况调查,并开展了驱虫效果比较试验。结果表明,该地区绵羊捻转血矛线虫病流行比较严重,平均感染率和平均感染强度分别为89%和416.92×200个/g,捻转血矛线虫对伊维菌素注射剂和阿苯达唑片剂产生了严重的耐药性。     

羊寄生虫病检测与防控

正1检测对本地羊采用粪便沉淀法或漂浮法检测肠道寄生虫虫卵,结果检出毛首线虫、捻转血矛线虫、食道口线虫、毛圆线虫、莫尼茨绦虫。检测血液寄生原虫,取病羊静脉血或耳尖静脉血涂片,姬姆萨染色后镜检,结果在红血球中查出艾美耳球虫、弓形体、焦虫。体表寄生虫检查发现蜱、螨、虱。2驱虫以药物驱虫为主,每季度驱虫一次或依据查虫结果确定驱虫时间。常用驱虫药物有:吡喹酮、硫双二氯酚、左旋咪唑、丙硫苯咪唑(抗蠕敏)、阿     

苏云金杆菌晶体蛋白不同给药途径对小鼠体内日本血吸虫的作用

将小鼠人工感染日本血吸虫尾蚴 40条 /只 ,30 d后将苏云金杆菌伴胞晶体蛋白以不同的给药方式 (静脉注射、肌肉注射、灌胃、腹腔注射 )给药 ,用药后 15 d剖检查虫。结果发现 ,各种给药方式对小鼠体内的日本血吸虫成虫均有一定的效果 ,但以静脉注射效果最好 ,肌肉注射次之 ,灌胃和腹腔注射效果较差。这表明苏云金杆菌制剂作用于小鼠体内的日本血吸虫时 ,静脉注射是最佳给药途径。     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of diminazene in lactating goats and sheep

The pharmacokinetic aspects of diminazene aceturate were studied in lactating goats and sheep after single intravenous and intramuscular administrations of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. Plasma and milk concentrations were determined by use of reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after ion-pair extraction. Following intravenous injection, the disposition of diminazene in goats and sheep conformed to a two-compartment model with rapid distribution and slower elimination phases. Values of (t1/2 beta) were obtained indicating a slower final disappearance of the drug from plasma of sheep (21.17 h) than in goats (16.39 h). Diminazene concentrations were maintained for more than 4 days in the plasma of goats and sheep. In both species of animals, diminazene was rapidly absorbed following intramuscular administration of 3.5 mg/kg b.wt. The peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 7.00 and 8.11 micrograms/ml and were attained at (Tmax) 0.92 and 1.12 hours in goats and sheep, respectively. The elimination half-life (t1/2el) of diminazene after intramuscular administration was shorter in goats (16.54 h) than in sheep (18.80 h). Systemic bioavailabilities (F%) of diminazene after intramuscular administration were 94.94% and 82.64% in goats and sheep, respectively. Diminazene could be detected in milk of goats and sheep within 10 min post-injection. Milk concentrations of the drug were lower in goats than in sheep and were detected for 5 and 6 days following both routes of administration, respectively.     

Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in normal and Escherichia coli infected chickens

1. Disposition kinetics were compared in healthy chickens and in chickens naturally infected with E. coli following the intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration of chloramphenicol in a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. 2. Lower serum chloramphenicol concentration in diseased chickens were reported after intravenous injection, but they were higher than normal 30 min after intramuscular and oral administration. Following intravenous injection the volume of distribution was increased in diseased chickens. 3. The biological half-life in normal chickens was 8.32 +/- 0.5 h and was prolonged in diseased birds (26.21 +/- 0.2 h). The body clearance of chloramphenicol was reduced in diseased chickens. 4. The rate of absorption of chloramphenicol was delayed after administration via the oral route but the extent of absorption was increased. The maximum concentration was higher and it was reached after a longer time in diseased than in normal chickens after administration by both intramuscular and oral routes.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌伴胞晶体蛋白对猪体内蛔虫的作用及其血液生理生化指标的分析

感染性猪蛔虫卵以每头份3000个卵的量感染断奶仔猪，于第3天开始肌肉注射不同剂量苏云金芽胞杆菌晶体蛋白（insecticidal crystal proteins，ICPs），每天1次，连续4d。同时测定猪血液生理生化指标，饲喂2个月后收集猪粪便计算虫卵数。结果显示，感染猪出现咳嗽、发热等临床症状，GOT、GPT、ALP、LDH等指标明显升高，经ICPs治疗后又恢复正常。粪便检查，ICPs高剂量组（16．08mg）的EPG（每克粪便虫卵数）为0，而ICPs低剂量组（9．45mg）的EPG为394，未经ICPs作用对照组EPG为2113，差异极显著（P〈0．01），证明ICPs对猪体内猪蛔虫具有较好的杀灭作用。     

Depletion of colistin in eggs following medication of laying hens

The depletion of colistin in eggs was determined separately for the albumen, the yolk and the whole egg after oral and intramuscular administrations of colistin sulphate. Residues were assayed by an agar plate diffusion method with Bordetella bronchoseptica ATCC 4617 as test organism. Colistin residues were not detected after drug administration by the oral route, but could be detected in the yolk until eight days after intramuscular injection. The total amount excreted represented 0.9% of the dose applied.     

Isometamidium in goats: disposition kinetics, mammary excretion and tissue residues

The pharmacokinetics of the antitrypanosomal drug isometamidium were studied in lactating goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight, in a crossover design at an interval of 6 weeks. Following intravenous administration, the half-life of the disappearance of the drug from plasma during the terminal phase was 3.2 h, and the mean residence time was 2.4 h. The apparent volume of distribution averaged 1.52 l/kg, and the mean total body clearance was 0.308 l/kg/h. After intramuscular administration, the absolute bioavailability was low, averaging 27%. This was consistent with a low mean maximum concentration of 24 ng/ml which occurred after 6 h. No drug was detectable (less than 10 ng/ml) in milk samples collected over a period of 14 days following drug administration by either the intravenous or intramuscular route. In tissues analysed when the goats were killed 6 weeks after administration of the second dose, no drug was detectable (less than 0.4 micrograms/g wet tissue) in the liver, kidney and muscle. However, at the injection site, drug concentrations varied from less than 0.4 to 18.8 micrograms/g wet tissue.     

Pharmacokinetic profile of cefotaxime in goats

Cefotaxime was once administered in goats via intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous routes for determination of blood and urine concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time curve indicated two compartments open model, with an elimination half-life value (t1/2 beta) of 22.38 +/- 0.41 minutes. Both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes showed lower values i.e. 38.64 and 69.58 minutes. The lower apparent volume of distribution of cefotaxime in goats than one liter/kg elucidated lower distribution in tissues than in blood. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 77.8 +/- 1.7 and 44.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml at 29.6 and 40.4 minutes, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection was 1.08 and 1.25, respectively. The cefotaxime concentration remained in urine 24 hours longer after subcutaneous injection than after intramuscular administration.     

Influence of E. coli infection on the disposition kinetic of nalidixic acid in broiler chickens.

The pharmacokinetic data of nalidixic acid were investigated in normal and E. coli infected chickens. The highest serum concentration were reached after 2 hours with t0.5 (ab) of (1.706 +/- 0.1 min in normal and 2.030 +/- 0.11 min in diseased) and (1.72 +/- 0.11 min in normal and 1.416 +/- 0.044 in diseased chickens) following oral and intramuscular administration, respectively. The elimination half-life t0.5 (beta) were (2.514 in normal and 2.35 hr in diseased) and (2.567 hr in normal and 2.672 hr in diseased) respectively. Following intravenous injection the kinetic of nalidixic acid followed two compartments open model with t0.5 of (6.27 and 9.15 hr), Vd (0.45 and 0.79 L/kg), Cltot (8.86 and 13.32 ml/kg/min) in normal and E. coli infected chickens, respectively. Administration of nalidixic acid twice daily for 5 successive days in a dose level of 25 mg/kg b. wt. by oral and intramuscular routes showed a cumulative behaviour.     

Pharmacokinetic profile of cefotaxime in goats

Cefotaxime was administered to goats intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously to determine blood and urine concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time curve indicated a two compartment open model, with an elimination half-life value (t1/2 beta) of 22.38 +/- 0.41 minutes. Both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes showed slower values, that is, 38.64 and 69.58 minutes. The apparent volume of distribution of cefotaxime in goats was less than 1 litre kg-1 and suggested a lower distribution in tissues than in blood. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injections peak plasma cefotaxime concentrations were 77.8 +/- 1.7 and 44.0 +/- 0.8 micrograms ml-1 at 29.6 and 40.4 minutes, respectively. The average bioavailability of cefotaxime given by intramuscular and subcutaneous injection was 1.08 and 1.25 times the intravenous availability, respectively. The cefotaxime concentration remained in urine 24 hours longer after subcutaneous injection than after intramuscular administration.     

Pharmacokinetics of difloxacin in goats

The pharmacokinetic properties of difloxacin following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration in goats were investigated. Difloxacin was administered in a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for both routes and was assayed in biological fluids (serum and urine) to determine its concentrations, kinetic behaviour and systemic availability. Following a single i.v. injection, the serum difloxacin level was best approximated to follow a two-compartment open model using weighted non-linear regression analysis. The elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) was 6.3 +/- 0.11 h. The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) was 1.1 +/- 0.012 L/kg and the total body clearance (Cltot) was 0.13 +/- 0.001 L/kg/h. Following a single i.m. administration, difloxacin was rapidly absorbed and the mean peak serum concentration (4.1 +/- 0.23 micrograms/ml) was achieved 1 h post administration. The extent of serum protein binding of difloxacin in goats was 13.79 +/- 1.02% and the systemic availability was 95.4 +/- 1.17%. Following i.m. injection of difloxacin at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg b.wt for 5 consecutive days, the drug could not be detected in serum and urine at 4th day from the last injection.