锰钼组合在盐藻生长与物质积累中的作用

研究了微量元素锰、钼的不同质量浓度组合对盐藻细胞生长与物质积累的影响.试验结果表明,培养液中适当锰钼质量浓度的组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累有促进作用,而锰钼质量浓度过高或过低则都是相对不利的.在试验的9种锰钼质量浓度组合中,以培养液中4 mg/L锰和60 μg/L钼质量浓度组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累促进作用最好,它可使培养液中的盐藻细胞密度、蛋白质积累量和β-胡萝卜素积累量均达到最高.培养液中6 mg/L的锰和80 μg/L的钼质量浓度组合可使单个盐藻细胞中β-胡萝卜素、蛋白质积累量最高,但可能仅是在锰、钼过多的逆境条件下,盐藻细胞的适应性反应.     

铜对盐藻生长与物质积累的调控作用

实验研究了不同浓度的铜对盐藻细胞生长与物质积累的调控作用。结果表明:培养液中供给铜过多或过少都不利于盐藻细胞的生长与物质积累。以培养基中125μg/L的铜浓度对盐藻细胞生长、蛋白质合成与β-胡萝卜素积累的促进作用最大。这一铜浓度可用于盐藻的生产性培养。当培养液中铜浓度较高(175μg/L)或较低(25μg/L)时,单个盐藻细胞中的蛋白质与β-胡萝卜素含量较高,但因培养液中细胞密度较低,盐藻细胞积累的物质总量仍然较少。在铜浓度较高或较低的逆境条件下,盐藻可能通过适应性反应形成了逆境蛋白质与胡萝卜素等。     

锌锰组合对盐藻生长和蛋白质、β－胡萝卜素积累的影响

为了探索培养盐藻的微量元素条件,实验研究了微量元素锌、锰的不同浓度组合对盐藻细胞生长与物质积累的影响。结果表明,培养液中适当锌锰浓度的组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累有促进作用,而锌锰浓度过高或过低则都是相对不利的。在试验的9种锌锰浓度组合中,以培养液中6mg/L的锌和4mg/L的锰浓度组合对盐藻细胞的生长和物质积累促进作用最好,它可使培养液中的盐藻细胞密度、蛋白质积累量和β-胡萝卜素积累量都达到最高。培养液中8mg/L的锌和6mg/L的锰浓度组合可使单个盐藻细胞中β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累量都最高,但可能仅是在锌、锰过多的逆境条件下,盐藻细胞的适应性反应。     

VB6对盐藻色素形成、细胞生长和蛋白积累的影响

将盐藻接入不同质量浓度的VB6培养液中,检测其对盐藻色素形成、细胞生长与蛋白质积累的影响。试验结果表明,VB6对盐藻的作用效应表现为低质量浓度促进高质量浓度抑制。能够使盐藻β-胡萝卜素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b形成最多、细胞繁殖最快、蛋白质积累量最大的VB6质量浓度为250μg/L。在此质量浓度下,每个细胞中的蛋白质含量相对较低,这可能是由于盐藻细胞快速繁殖所致。     

盐藻过氧化氢酶对盐的适应性及其与物质积累的关系

将盐藻分别接于NaCl质量浓度为40、80、120、160、200g/L的培养液中,置光照培养箱中培养,分析盐藻过氧化氢酶对盐的适应性及其与物质积累的关系。结果表明,在NaCl质量浓度为40～120g/L和120～200g/L的范围内,盐藻过氧化氢酶活性与NaCl质量浓度分别具有正负相关性;在盐度为120g/L时,盐藻过氧化氢酶活性最高。盐藻过氧化氢酶是一种高盐适应酶,活性与盐藻细胞密度、叶绿素形成和蛋白质积累呈正相关关系。在盐藻过氧化氢酶活性最高时,盐藻物质积累量最多。     

6-BA与盐藻生长的关系

试验结果表明,在6-BA质量浓度较低时,6-BA与盐藻生长正相关;在6-BA质量浓度较高时,6-BA与盐藻生长负相关;培养液中1.5 mg/L的6-BA是盐藻的最佳促生长质量浓度,且6-BA对盐藻生长的促进效果可被萘乙酸(NAA)提高.     

陈化介质对盐藻生长与物质积累的影响

为能更好地培养利用盐藻，向培养基中添加不同组分的陈化介质进行对比试验。试验结果表明，陈化的原介质和煮介质，不仅均极显著抑制盐藻细胞的生长增殖，而且均极显著抑制盐藻细胞叶绿素和β-胡萝卜素的形成，而原介质和煮介质相比，他们的作用差异性不显著。陈化的蛋介质对盐藻细胞的生长增殖、叶绿素和β-胡萝卜素的形成无显著作用，而对盐藻细胞蛋白质积累有显著促进作用，可能是蛋介质中的蛋白质起了营养物质的作用。陈化介质中失去平衡的矿质营养元素和盐藻细胞的其他代谢产物等可能是抑制盐藻细胞生长与物质积累的主要原因。     

柠檬酸铁对盐生杜氏藻生长和色素积累的影响

研究了柠檬酸铁对2株盐生杜氏藻OUN04和盐生杜氏藻OUN09生长和色素积累的影响。试验结果表明,盐生杜氏藻OUN04生长最适的Fe浓度为0.05 mmol/L,密度达1.115×106cell/ml,对照组为8.29×105cell/ml,0.25 mmol/L Fe组密度最低(7.0×105cell/ml);最大β-胡萝卜素含量(83.2mg/g)出现在0.25 mmol/L Fe浓度组中,对照组(63.4 mg/g)最低;Fe浓度为0.25 mmol/L时有最大的chll_a含量(98.4 mg/g),对照组为80.2 mg/g;建立了杜氏藻对Fe吸收的动力学方程。盐生杜氏藻OUN09生长最适的Fe浓度为0.05 mmol/L(密度1.31×106cell/ml),对照组为1.185×106cell/ml,最大β-胡萝卜素含量为130.2 mg/g(0.05 mmol/L Fe组),对照组为70.4 mg/g,pH值变化和Fe的吸收情况与盐生杜氏藻OUN04相似。     

C、N、P比例对2株盐藻生长和生化组成的影响

采用正交设计法研究了C、N、P比例对2株盐藻OUN04和OUN05生长、β-胡萝卜素积累、叶绿素a合成、脂肪酸组成、蛋白质含量的影响。试验结果表明,适当调节C、N、P比例可以促进盐藻OUN04生长、β-胡萝卜素积累、叶绿素a合成,盐藻OUN04最大细胞密度114.2×104个/ml、β-胡萝卜素最大含量100.4 mg/g、叶绿素a最高含量144.6 mg/g分别出现在C、N、P比例为12∶1∶0.05、12∶2∶0.1、12∶1∶0.05的处理组中,且均与对照组差异显著;适当调节C、N、P比例也可以提高盐藻OUN04脂肪酸和蛋白质含量。盐藻OUN05细胞最大密度101.2×104个/ml、β-胡萝卜素最高含量109.2 mg/g、叶绿素a最高含量108.7 mg/g分别出现在C、N、P比例为6∶2∶0.05、6∶0.5∶0.1、12∶2∶0.1的处理组中,且均与对照组差异显著;最大蛋白含量34.41%出现在6∶1∶0.05的处理组中,但与对照组(33.17%)差异不显著。     

盐藻醛缩酶的盐适应性及其与物质积累的关系

在不同N aC l质量浓度下培养盐藻,分析盐藻醛缩酶的盐适应性及其与物质积累的关系。试验结果表明,在NaCl质量浓度为40～120 g/L时,盐藻醛缩酶活性与盐度具有正相关性;在NaCl质量浓度为120～200 g/L时,盐藻醛缩酶活性与盐度具有负相关性;在NaCl质量浓度为120 g/L时,盐藻醛缩酶活性最高。盐藻醛缩酶是一种高盐适应酶。盐藻醛缩酶活性与盐藻细胞密度、叶绿素形成和蛋白质积累均呈正相关关系。在盐藻醛缩酶活性最高时,盐藻物质积累量最多。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.