微咸水灌溉下土壤水盐动态及对作物产量的影响

华北平原农业灌溉用水非常紧缺,水资源日益缺乏与粮食需求日益增多之间的矛盾尖锐。充分利用微咸水资源是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。该文以中国农业大学曲周试验站1997－2005年冬小麦和夏玉米微咸水灌溉田间长期定位试验为基础,研究了充分淡水、充分淡咸水、关键期淡水、关键期淡咸水和不灌溉等5个处理下土壤饱和电导率和含盐量的动态变化,探讨了微咸水灌溉对冬小麦和夏玉米产量的影响。结果表明：土壤水盐动态呈受灌溉和降雨影响的短期波动和受季节更替影响的长期波动;在正常降雨年份,使用微咸水进行灌溉是可行的,不会导致土壤的次生盐渍化;微咸水灌溉虽然导致冬小麦和夏玉米产量降低10%～15%,但节约淡水资源60%～75%。如果降雨量达到多年平均水平以及微咸水灌溉制度制订合理,微咸水用于冬小麦/玉米田间灌溉前景广阔。     

微咸水灌溉动态安全评价理论及方法研究

针对灌溉水质、土壤安全、经济作物及荒漠植物安全等各项目标,结合灌溉制度、灌水方法、灌溉方式及土壤改良措施等动态因子,就微咸水资源化利用的安全性评价及其指标体系的建立进行了研究,确定了动态安全评价指标体系、评价方法及评价等级并编制了用于微咸水灌溉动态安全性评价的SASI软件。利用该软件对准噶尔盆地南缘莫索湾灌区微咸水农业灌溉的安全性进行了评价。评价结果表明该研究区域内,随着微咸水灌溉年份的增加,棉田土壤及作物虽然仍保持在未受污染的范围内,但污染指数逐渐增大,由此提出改善微咸水灌溉安全状况的措施及建议。     

咸水与淡水联合运用的策略

该文在研究作物耐盐性的基础上,提出咸淡水联合运用的策略——实行咸淡水轮灌与混灌,可以减缓盐分对作物的危害,改善土壤环境,增辟灌溉水源,扩大灌溉面积,夺取农业丰收。     

Conjunctive use of saline and non-saline irrigation waters in semi-arid regions

In arid and semi-arid regions, effluent from sub-surface drainage systems is often saline and during the dry season its disposal poses an environmental problem. A field experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1992 using saline drainage water (EC=10.5–15.0 dS/m) together with fresh canal water (EC=0.4 dS/m) for irrigation during the dry winter season. The aim was to find if crop production would still be feasible and soil salinity would not be increased unacceptably by this practice. The experimental crops were a winter crop, wheat, and pearl-millet and sorghum, the rainy season crops, grown on a sandy loam soil. All crops were given a pre-plant irrigation with fresh canal water. Subsequently, the wheat crop was irrigated four times with different sequences of saline drainage water and canal water. The rainy season crops received no further irrigation as they were rainfed. Taking the wheat yield obtained with fresh canal water as the potential value (100%), the mean relative yield of wheat irrigated with only saline drainage water was 74%. Substitution of canal water at first post-plant irrigation and applying thereafter only saline drainage water, increased the yield to 84%. Cyclic irrigations with canal and drainage water in different treatments resulted in yields of 88% to 94% of the potential. Pearl-millet and sorghum yields decreased significantly where 3 or 4 post-plant irrigations were applied with saline drainage water to previous wheat crop, but cyclic irrigations did not cause yield reduction. The high salinity and sodicity of the drainage water increased the soil salinity and sodicity in the soil profile during the winter season, but these hazards were eliminated by the sub-surface drainage system during the ensuing monsoon periods. The results obtained provide a promising option for the use of poor quality drainage water in conjunction with fresh canal water without undue yield reduction and soil degradation. This will save the scarce canal water, reduce the drainage water disposal needs and associated environmental problems.     

咸水灌溉对基质栽培甜脆豌豆生长及营养品质的影响

【目的】探讨在水资源紧缺地区开展无土栽培咸水灌溉的可行性。【方法】采用基质盆栽试验,以甜脆豌豆为试验对象,设置0.6(淡水)、1.6、2.6、3.6、4.6 g/L共5个矿化度(深层地下淡水掺兑NaCl而成)灌水处理,研究了甜脆豌豆植株地上部和根系生长状况以及豌豆营养品质对咸水灌溉的响应。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,灌溉水矿化度为3.6 g/L和4.6 g/L时出苗率显著(P<0.05)降低,降幅分别为12.5%和31.2%;甜脆豌豆的株高、地上部鲜/干物质量均随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低;在播后16 d时1.6 g/L和2.6 g/L处理的甜脆豌豆根系干物质积累未明显降低,但是在播后32d时咸水灌溉处理的根系干物质较淡水灌溉处理分别降低28.9%、40.5%、52.2%和53.1%;随灌溉水矿化度的增加,甜脆豌豆的根冠比呈增加趋势,豌豆淀粉量呈降低趋势,但2.6 g/L与0.6g/L处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05),豌豆可溶性蛋白量和可溶性糖量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大值均出现在2.6 g/L处理。【结论】开展基质栽培咸水灌溉甜脆豌豆是可行的,但灌溉水矿化度应≤2.6 g/L。     

美国德克萨斯州高地平原区地下水灌溉管理方法研究

德克萨斯州高地平原区是美国灌溉和旱地作物的生产基地,其灌溉水源主要来源于奥加拉拉(Ogallala)地下水含水层。然而,自从1950年灌溉农业发展以来,由于对奥加拉拉含水层地下水的过度开采,使得区域地下水位严重下降,有些地区地下水位下降超过50 m。为了保护地下水资源和实现地下水可持续利用,2000年以来美国德克萨斯州高平原地区在节水压采方面开展了一系列工作,取得了较好的成效。采取的主要措施包括:用德克萨斯州高地平原蒸腾蒸发网络(The Texas High Plains Evapotranspiration Network, TXHPET)进行灌溉及地下水管理,改变作物品种,改进灌溉技术,改变种植结构,保护性耕作方法,加强降雨管理,将小部分灌溉农田转为旱作农田等。该区域1958年的灌溉面积为183万hm~2,1974年灌溉面积达到峰值,为242万hm~2;1989年灌溉面积降为159万hm~2,由于喷灌技术的推广应用,2000年灌溉面积恢复到187万hm~2。1958年大多数灌区为地面灌溉,仅有11%的灌溉面积为喷灌。1974年之后,灌溉总面积在减少,主要灌溉方式转为喷灌,中心支轴式喷灌面积稳步增长。自1989年之后,喷灌在该区域快速发展,2000年喷灌面积已占该区域灌溉面积的72%。早期的喷灌系统在较高压力下运行,自20世纪80年代,低压喷灌系统已全面使用。我国华北地区长期超量开采地下水与美国德克萨斯州高原区地下水超采情况及问题相似。兹系统介绍了美国德克萨斯州高地平原区在地下水超采情况下采取的综合措施拟为我国地下水超采地区的地下水管理工作提供技术与经验参考。     

基于作物生长模型的冬小麦灌溉方案研究

利用作物生长模拟模型(PS123),以黄淮海平原曲周砂壤土种植的冬小麦为例,对2 280个不同淡水灌溉方案和2 055个微咸水灌溉方案进行了模拟研究,分析了不同灌溉方案对作物生产力、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,曲周地区多年冬小麦平均生产潜力为11.27 t/hm2,冬小麦最高生产潜力的最小需水量为240 mm,与目前节水灌溉试验相吻合;通过灌溉方案模拟,提出了在冬小麦生育期淡水灌溉1到4次,获得高产的最佳灌溉方案;在灌溉4次的冬小麦生产体系中,建议冬前用淡水灌溉,返青后可以考虑1～2次微咸水灌。     

微咸水膜下滴灌条件下对棉花耗水规律的研究

在相同灌溉水量条件下,以不同比例混合塔里木盆地干旱区地下咸水（3.56g/l）和地表淡水（0.4g/l）,采用膜下滴灌技术充分灌溉,探求棉花的在微咸水膜下滴灌条件的耗水规律的研究。经研究表明在一处理3的矿化度为分界线下,表现出棉花耗水规律的不同受水盐协迫不同因素影响。     

Analysis on groundwater table drawdown by land use and the quest for sustainable water use in the Hebei Plain in China

Increased water use in the Hebei Plain during the last decades has caused serious groundwater level decline and many geological problems which have become the biggest threat to social–economic sustainability. Thus, to determine the factors resulting in the groundwater decline and to develop a practical plan for long-term groundwater use appear to be necessary in this region. In this paper, a water balance model is used in conjunction with regression techniques to estimate the groundwater recharge coefficient and the specific yield (defined as the ratio of the volume of water that a saturated rock or soil will release by gravity drainage to the volume of rock or soil) and the groundwater withdrawn by different water use sectors and the corresponding drop in the water-table are analyzed. The decline in water-table by different crops and water economic benefit of crops are discussed in detail in order to suggest sustainable use of groundwater resources in the Hebei Plain. Finally, sample policy scenarios are developed to show how groundwater in the Hebei Plain could be used in a sustainable manner. In our study, it is found that agriculture is the major consumer of groundwater, with about 85% of the total groundwater withdrawals, and groundwater depletion is mainly caused by agricultural water use. Production of winter wheat exerts a great negative influence on the groundwater system. Winter wheat is the most water consuming crop and result in significant decline of groundwater table. Water economic benefit of winter wheat is lower than that of other crops and withdrawing winter wheat sown area is rational option to make sustainable use of groundwater. With far-sighted and regional planning, the limited water resource can be used sustainably to generate maximum social benefits. This paper will provide information necessary for land-use planning in a severe water shortage region where farmland is mainly irrigated by groundwater.     

Simulating skimming well techniques for sustainable exploitation of groundwater

The problems of saline water upconing and intrusion are of major concern in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. The withdrawals of fresh water overlying saline groundwater have resulted in inferior quality of pumped water and degradation of the aquifer. The continuous use of such qualitatively inferior water for irrigation has severely affected fertile lands causing agro-economic declination. Nearly 197 billion cubic meters (bm3) of fresh water has accumulated in the form of a thin layer over saline water, and over 20 bm3 of fresh water is being recharged annually in saline zones of the basin. In these situations skimming wells can play an important role in augmenting irrigation supplies and watertable control, as well as alleviating degradation of the aquifer. However, the working efficiency of skimming wells is not fully known. To investigate the effectiveness of various skimming wells, a density dependent finite element numerical model was modified and applied. In the present study an analytical equation was developed by gauging the effects of temperature and viscosity on the hydraulic conductivity of the porous media subjected to the saline water. The new equation was incorporated into the model. Simulations of flow and solute transport towards single, two-strainer, radial, compound and recirculation wells were performed. Physical modelling of such skimming well configurations was undertaken to calibrate the numerical model. The double-strainer well method performed better than the other skimming configurations tested in this study.     

沽源县浅层地下水化学特征及适宜性评价

为查明沽源县浅层地下水水化学特征及水质状况,选取52组样品进行水化学组成分析.运用Piper三线图,确定研究区地下水水化学类型.在此基础上采用了不同的评价方法对该研究区水质现状进行评价.结果表明:该区浅层地下水化学类型主要以HCO₃-Ca型为主;地下水质量综合评价结果显示研究区内18组地下水化学组分是比较高的,适用于农业用水,也可适当处理后作为生活饮用水;16组地下水化学组分高,质量标准评价为Ⅴ类水,不宜作为生活饮用水饮用.为了水资源利用效率,对其进行灌溉用水适宜性评价.通过对16组地下水作为灌溉用水评价,评价结果是DX-39处水质较差,不宜或不太适用于灌溉.研究成果可为该区浅层地下水资源的合理开发和利用提供科学依据,对保证灌溉当地农作物安全有着重要意义.     

Conjunctive use of canal and groundwater in Punjab,Pakistan: management and policy options

Data from 41 watercourses commands in Pakistan show that, as expected, farmers in head end reaches of canals receive more canal water than those in tail end reaches. Contrary to conventional wisdom, however, these head end farmers also use more groundwater than those at the tail end. Overall, groundwater plays a more important role in irrigation than surface water, ranging from 65% dependence on pumped water in head end areas to over 90% in tail end areas. This means that groundwater is no longer supplemental to canal water, but is an integral part of the irrigated agricultural environment. However, the cropping choices of farmers appear to reflect the amount of good quality canal water they receive: head end farmers are able to grow more high value basmati rice in the summer and more vegetables in the winter, leaving tail enders to rely on less valuable crops such as fodder and wheat.Tail end areas are not only deprived of their fair share of surface water: they have to pump proportionately more groundwater which shows decreasing quality towards the tail. Typically, head end areas have groundwater with EC values of less than 1.0 dS/m, rising to over 2.0 dS/m in tail end areas. When the quality of both surface and groundwater used by farmers is examined, only the top 40% of the distributary gets water of adequate quality, the next 40% get below average quality, while the tail 20% of farmers irrigate with water that is classified as saline.Because of higher dependence on more expensive groundwater tail enders use less water per unit area, thereby reducing the leaching requirement. The result is a clear increase in soil salinity from head to tail along distributary canals, and there is some evidence of land abandonment in tail end watercourses due to excess salinity.The implications of these results are far reaching. Government policy includes plans to divert significant quantities of fresh canal water to areas underlain by saline groundwater on the basis that farmers already have adapted to pumping fresh groundwater. The results reported suggest that if this policy were implemented, there is a risk that over-dependence on fresh groundwater could lead to an intensification of the rate of soil salinization and deterioration of quality in areas currently classified as fresh groundwater zones.At present, the location and utilization of privately owned shallow tubewells is not monitored, and thus it is not possible for government agencies to determine just how much water of different qualities is being used. Further, canal water deliveries, public deep well monitoring, watercourse monitoring programs, soil salinity measurements, and agricultural performance monitoring are all scattered among different agencies and organizations, making the task of effective conjunctive management of surface and groundwater even more difficult.Conventional wisdom: Groundwater in Pakistan ... where it exists within the canal system ... is used to supplement surface water supplies to meet peaks in demand. (WAPDA, 1990)     

内蒙古河套灌区咸水灌溉的环境效应分析

研究了咸水灌溉对土壤水盐动态、地下水位、地下水质、作物生长及产量的影响。灌溉水源为黄河水和高矿化度地下水混合。咸水灌溉期间,土壤盐分有所增加,通过控制咸水灌溉定额,以及进行合理的黄河水秋浇灌溉,可以达到年度内土壤盐分动态平衡。咸水灌溉条件下,作物长势及产量基本不受影响。适宜合理的咸水灌溉不会造成环境恶化,而且对缓解河套灌区水资源紧张的矛盾有着重要意义。     

Could deficit irrigation be a sustainable practice for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the Southern Bolivian Altiplano?

The application of deficit irrigation (DI) to stabilize yield and to increase water productivity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) raises questions in the arid Southern Altiplano of Bolivia where water resources are limited and often saline. Rainfed quinoa and quinoa with irrigation restricted to the flowering and early grain filling were studied during the growing seasons of 2005–2006 and 2006–2007 in a location with (Irpani) and without (Mejillones) water contribution from a shallow water table. It was found that the effect of additional irrigation was only significant above a basic fulfillment of crop water requirements of around 55%. Below this threshold, yields, total water use efficiency (TWUE) and marginal irrigation water use efficiency (MIWUE) of quinoa with DI were low. Capillary rise (CR) from groundwater was assessed using the one-dimensional UPFLOW model. The contribution of water from capillary rise in the region of Irpani ranges from 8 to 25% of seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) of quinoa, depending mostly on the depth of the groundwater table and the amount of rainfall during the rainy season. DI with poor quality water and cultivation of crops in fields with a shallow saline groundwater table pose a serious threat for sustainable quinoa farming. To assess the impact of saline water resources, soil salinity and required leaching were simulated by combining the soil water and salt balance model BUDGET with UPFLOW. The results indicate that irrigation of quinoa with saline water and/or CR from a saline shallow water table might, already after 1 year, result in significant salt accumulation in the root zone in the arid Southern Altiplano. A farming system with only 1 year fallow is often insufficient to leach sufficient salts out of the root zone. In case the number of fallow years cannot be increased, leaching by means of an important irrigation application before sowing is an alternative. Although potentially beneficial, DI of quinoa in arid regions such as the Southern Bolivian Altiplano should be considered with precaution.     

Adverse effect of waterlogging and soil salinity on crop and land productivity in northwest region of Haryana,India

In the irrigated areas of semi-arid regions, especially in northwest India, a considerable recharge to the groundwater leads to waterlogging and secondary salinization. In several sub-areas groundwater is mined, water tables fall, and salts are added to the root zone because a high proportion of irrigation water is derived from pumped groundwater of poor quality. Out of 1 million hectares of irrigation induced waterlogged saline area in northwest India, approximately half a million hectares are in the state of Haryana. Taking a homogenous physical environment as a starting point, the way and the extent to which farmers’ activities will affect the salinity and sodicity situation depend on farming and irrigation practices. In the past, soil salinity was mainly associated with high groundwater tables, which bring salts into the root zone through capillary rise when water is pumped. But nowadays, increasing exploitation of groundwater for irrigation purposes has led to declining groundwater tables and a threat of sodification and salinization due to use of poor quality groundwater. Farmers in northwest India are facing a situation in which they have to deal with salt volumes that are harmful for water uptake of crops. They are also facing the problem of sodicity, which has an adverse effect on the physical structure of the soil, causing problems of water intake, transfer and aeration. To mitigate the adverse effect of soil salinity on crop yield, the farmers irrigate frequently, either mixing canal water and groundwater, or alternately using canal water and groundwater. Due to differences in environmental parameters in the farming systems, such as groundwater quality, soil types and uneven distribution of irrigation water, income losses to the farming community are not uniform. This paper highlights the economic loss due to environmental degradation through the twin problems of waterlogging and soil salinity, which threaten the sustainability of agricultural production in Haryana state. Our analysis shows that the net present value of the damage due to waterlogging and salinity in Haryana is about Rs. 23,900/ha (in 1998–1999 constant prices). The estimated potential annual loss is about Rs. 1669 million (about US$ 37 million) from the waterlogged saline area. The major finding of the paper is that intensification per se is not the root cause of land degradation, but rather the policy environment that encouraged inappropriate land use and injudicious input use, especially excessive irrigation. Trade policies, output price policies and input subsidies all have contributed to the degradation of agricultural land.     

Effect of shallow groundwater table on crop water requirements and crop yields

Due to the increasing demand for food and fiber by its ever-increasing population, the pressure on fresh water resources of Pakistan is increasing. Optimum utilization of surface and groundwater resources has become extremely important to fill the gap between water demand and supply. At Lahore, Pakistan 18 lysimeters, each 3.05 m × 3.05 m × 6.1 m deep were constructed to investigate the effect of shallow water tables on crop water requirements. The lysimeters were connected to bottles with Marriotte siphons to maintain the water tables at the desired levels and tensiometers were installed to measure soil water potential. The crops studied included wheat, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, berseem and sunflower. The results of these studies showed that the contribution of groundwater in meeting the crop water requirements varied with the water-table depth. With the water table at 0.5 m depth, wheat met its entire water requirement from the groundwater and sunflower absorbed more than 80% of its required water from groundwater. Maize and sorghum were found to be waterlogging sensitive crops whose yields were reduced with higher water table. However, maximum sugarcane yield was obtained with the water table at or below 2.0 m depth. Generally, the water-table depth of 1.5–2.0 m was found to be optimum for all the crops studied. In areas where the water table is shallow, the present system of irrigation supplies and water allowance needs adjustments to avoid over irrigation and in-efficient use of water.     

中国微咸水灌溉的实践与启示

中国淡水资源日益紧缺,水资源供需矛盾非常突出。利用微咸水进行农业灌溉是一条缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要途径。总结了国内外微咸水利用现状及灌溉方法,归纳了微咸水灌溉对作物生长、土壤环境的影响及水盐运移规律,概括了大量开采微咸水对生态环境造成的影响,并从国内外微咸水灌溉的经验教训中得到了启示。     

大沟蓄水对农田水资源综合调控研究分析

以大沟蓄水技术的农田水资源调控技术研究为技术支撑,从大沟控制系统的规划设计、蓄水控制方案、对地下水的调控方案以及管理运行规则,将农田灌溉、排水、水资源高效利用和改善农田生态环境有机结合起来,应用于淮北平原试验区。统计分析试验区监测数据,结果表明,大沟蓄水是解决区域灌溉水资源短缺、调控水资源的时空分配和改善农田生态环境的一项有效措施。     

平原井灌区地下水多年调节配水模型及其应用

华北平原纯井灌区水资源严重不足。限水灌溉是保持地下水平衡、农业可持续发展的必要条件,通过对作物耗水规律及地下水动态规律的分析,在保持地下水多年平衡的前提下,不追求个别年份高产,以多年粮食总产量最高为目标,提出了地下水均衡开采的调节配水模型,并采用非线性规划理论对该模型进行了论证。应用该模型可计算出不同水文年地下水开采量及各作物灌溉定额,进而计算灌溉制度,可广泛应用于纯井灌区的井灌工程的规划设计。     

淮北农灌区"四水"转化模型的建立与应用

"四水"是指大气水、地表水、土壤水和地下水,农灌区"四水"转化的定量关系是制定农业灌溉计划和调控田间土壤水及地下水的基础.根据淮北平原各项实验参数指标建立了农灌区"四水"转化模型,提出该模型在农田径流预报、土壤水消退及地下水位模拟等方面的应用,并提出该模型的作用和推广前景.