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1.
The living soil is instrumental to key life support functions (LSF) that safeguard life on Earth. The soil microbiome has a main role as a driver of these LSF. Current global developments, like anthropogenic threats to soil (e.g., via intensive agriculture) and climate change, pose a burden on soil functioning. Therefore, it is important to dispose of robust indicators that report on the nature of deleterious changes and thus soil quality. There has been a long debate on the best selection of biological indicators (bioindicators) that report on soil quality. Such indicators should ideally describe organisms with key functions in the system, or with key regulatory/connecting roles (so-called keystone species). However, in the light of the huge functional redundancy in most soil microbiomes, finding specific keystone markers is not a trivial task. The current rapid development of molecular (DNA-based) methods that facilitate deciphering microbiomes with respect to key functions will enable the development of improved criteria by which molecular information can be tuned to yield molecular markers of soil LSF. This review critically examines the current state-of-the-art in molecular marker development and recommends avenues to come to improved future marker systems.  相似文献   
2.
Marine fisheries target and catch fish both for direct human consumption (DHC) as well as for fishmeal and fish oil, and other products. We derived the fractions used for each for 1950–2010 by fishing country, and thus provide a factual foundation for discussions of the optimal use of fisheries resources. From 1950 to 2010, 27% (~20 million tonnes annually) of globally reconstructed marine fisheries landings were destined for uses other than DHC. Importantly, 90% of fish destined for uses other than DHC are food‐grade or prime food‐grade fish, while fish without a ready market for DHC make up a much smaller proportion. These findings have implications for how we are using fish to feed ourselves or, more appropriately, how we are not using fish to feed ourselves.  相似文献   
3.

Purpose

The critical shear stress of cohesive and mixed cohesive/non-cohesive sediments is affected by multiple interacting physical, chemical and biological parameters. There are various mathematical approaches in the scientific literature for computing critical shear stress. However, processes that influence sediment stability are still not fully understood, and available formulas differ considerably. These discrepancies in the literature arise from random system behaviour (natural variability of the sediments), different definitions of the critical shear stress, different measurement techniques and different model frameworks (scope of the parameters, undisturbed versus artificial sediment samples). While analytical approaches fail to address the involved uncertainties, fuzzy logic-based models integrate uncertainty and imprecision.

Materials and methods

With this in mind, a data-driven neuro-fuzzy model (ANFIS) was used to determine the critical shear stress based on sediment characteristics such as wet bulk density and grain size distribution. In order to select model predictors systematically, an automated stepwise regression algorithm was applied. The database for this analysis consisted of 447 measurements of the critical shear stress originating from 64 undisturbed sediment samples.

Results and discussion

The study identified clay content as the primarily controlling variable for erosion resistance. Depending on the characteristics of the sampling location, the bulk density was also selected as a model predictor. In comparison to analytical models that are available in the scientific literature, the fuzzy model achieved higher correlation coefficients between measured and predicted data.

Conclusions

The neuro-fuzzy-model includes uncertainties of input variables and their interactions directly. Thus, it provides a reliable method for the prediction of erosion thresholds of cohesive/non-cohesive mixtures. It was also shown that this approach requires fewer measured variables as well as fewer assumptions than the models it was compared to.
  相似文献   
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Abstract

The effect of different rice-based crop rotation sequences on the population densities of Meloidogyne graminicola and on the yield of rice was evaluated in a microplot experiment under lowland rice field conditions. Ten treatments of cropping sequences were grown in four successive growing seasons: continuous growing of the susceptible rice cultivar Thihtatyin (rice-rice-rice-rice), four treatments of 1- season crop rotation sequences (rice-rice-chickpea-rice, rice-rice-black gram-rice, rice-rice-soybean-rice, rice-rice-cowpea-rice), and five treatments of 2-season crop rotation sequences (groundnut-rice-chickpea-rice, green gram-rice-black gram-rice, cowpea-rice-soybean-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice, sunflower-rice-sesame-rice). Population densities of M. graminicola recovered from the rice plants and the nematode multiplication factors (Mf) in the soil in the continuous rice cropping sequence (rice-rice-rice-rice) was the highest among the ten cropping sequences. Lowest nematode Mf in the soil was observed in the 2-season crop rotation sequence sunflower-rice-sesame-rice and the highest was observed in the 1-season crop rotation sequence rice-rice-cowpea-rice among the nine crop rotation sequences. Highest rice yield was obtained in the 2-season crop rotation sequences green gram-rice-black gram-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice and sunflower-rice-sesame-rice, which were about 2 times higher compared with the 1-season crop rotation sequences and about 3 times higher compared with the continuous rice cropping sequence.  相似文献   
7.
Potadromous fishes are vulnerable to involuntary entrainment through hydropower turbines. However, turbines can also provide a downstream passage route for potadromous fish. Here, we review evidence for turbine entrainment and passage in potadromous fish, and evaluate the effects of these processes on upstream and downstream populations. We develop conceptual frameworks and metrics to quantify vulnerability to turbine entrainment removals, and to quantify the efficiency of turbines as a downstream passage route. We highlight factors that influence these processes and provide case‐studies demonstrating their applicability. We found that juvenile potadromous fish are being entrained through turbines at rates high enough to impact upstream populations. Given that juvenile passage survival is often high, we argue that turbines provide an important downstream passage route for potadromous fish. We show that entrainment vulnerability is likely a function of interactions between in‐reservoir fish behaviour, habitat configuration and operations and thus not well captured by passage mortality estimates. Similarly, we show that while passage mortality can limit downstream passage efficiency, passage success is also dependent on reservoir and forebay navigation, along with survival and fitness in the downstream river. We advocate for a shift in focus away from estimates of passage mortality and injury, which have previously accounted for the majority of turbine passage research. Instead, we recommend an approach that focusses on quantification of the factors that influence downstream passage efficiency and entrainment vulnerability. Moreover, we highlight the need to better understand the broader scale impacts of these events on upstream and downstream populations.  相似文献   
8.
During last decades, native uniqueness decreased in local livestock breeds due to the introgression of high‐yielding breeds. Recovery of native uniqueness became important because of conservation aspects regarding native genetic diversity and native traits. Thereby the expectation exists, that the relation between native uniqueness and genetic gain is contradictory. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of native uniqueness on performance traits and the total merit index in a local red cattle breed from Northern Germany. Data contained a pedigree file of 178,255 Red Dual‐Purpose cattle, 809 target genotypes and 3,581 reference genotypes from introgressed breeds. Native genetic contributions were tested for correlation with performance traits of milk yield, longevity, foundation, somatic cells, fertility and maternal calving and the total merit index. The study revealed that native uniqueness is favourably related to longevity (0.16), foundation (0.23), and somatic cells (0.08), and the total merit index (0.10). Selection on native uniqueness could probably lead to an increased longevity, udder health and genetic gain of the Red Dual‐Purpose cattle. Moreover, it was shown that the Red Dual‐Purpose cattle was not upgraded through introgression of high‐yielding breeds.  相似文献   
9.
The cultivation of fast growing trees on agricultural sites is an area undergoing a growth in interest due to the rising demand for woody biomass as a source of bioenergy. Short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS) represent a promising possibility to combine annual crops for food, fodder or bioenergy with woody plants for biomass production, doing so through an integration of hedgerows of fast growing trees into conventional agricultural sites. Against such developments, the question has arisen as to what extent hedgerows in SRACS can act as an effective windbreak despite their management-related low height of only a few meters. On the basis of multiannual recorded wind velocity data in high resolution at two sites in Germany, it could be shown that the wind speed on crop alleys was reduced significantly by such hedgerows. At the central point of 24 m wide crop alleys, the wind speed decreased on an annual average basis by more than 50 % when compared to the wind speeds of open field. The overall amount of reduction was strongly dependent on the location within the crop alleys, the height of trees, the distance between two hedgerows, and their orientation. In reflection upon these results, it was concluded that the establishment of SRACS could lead to enhanced soil protection against wind erosion and thus to ecological and economic benefits for agricultural sites.  相似文献   
10.
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