链霉菌几丁质酶基因分子检测、克隆及原核表达

随着分子生物学的发展,近几年生物防治分子水平的研究也发展很快,在植物抗性基因和病原菌无毒基因的鉴定与分离、真菌酶抑制剂、抗真菌蛋白质等方面取得了很大进展。在抗真菌蛋白方面, 报道最多的是几丁质酶,它催化几丁质的水解,从而破坏植物病原真菌细胞壁的主要组分。链霉菌是一类重要的天然抗生素和几丁质酶生产菌,能分泌多种胞外酶,如纤维素酶、几丁质酶和木聚糖酶等,以分解和利用土壤环境中的多种有机质。本试验建立的PCR分子检测方法,可以从土壤细菌中直接筛选产生几丁质酶的链霉菌菌株,发掘几丁质酶资源。在此基础上克隆了一株链霉菌菌株的几丁质酶基因,并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达。     

植物几丁质酶在抗真菌病害基因工程中的应用

植物几丁质酶因能水解真菌细胞壁的主要成分几丁质 ,在抗植物真菌病害反应中发挥了重要的作用。本文对植物几丁质酶的特性、分类、基因的诱导表达及其基因在抗真菌病害基因工程中的应用等进行了阐述 ,指出植物几丁质酶在抗真菌病害基因工程中的巨大应用前景     

几丁质酶在植物保护中的研究与应用进展

随着越来越多的几丁质酶基因被克隆 ,目前几丁质酶在植物保护上的应用日益受到重视 ,利用几丁质酶基因培育抗真菌基因工程植物新品种正逐渐成为植物防御真菌病害的一种有效途径。本文概括了几丁质酶的抗菌活性、诱导表达特性及其在植物抗真菌病害中的应用等方面的研究进展     

一株产几丁质酶、抑真菌的侧孢芽孢杆菌

从524株芽孢杆菌中筛选出一株几丁质酶活力高的侧孢芽孢杆菌1.864菌株。研究表明该菌对小麦赤霉菌等6种病原真菌具有明显的抑制作用。通过几丁质酶抑制剂以及酶活力变化对抑制真菌活性的相关研究,初步认为该菌株的抑菌物质为几丁质酶。生物测定表明1.864的几丁质酶粗酶对蚊幼具有较高的活性,同时对Bt制剂杀虫活性具有明显的增效作用。     

几丁质酶抑制剂及噻唑烷酮类化合物合成与农用活性研究进展

几丁质酶 (EC 3.2.1.14) 可催化几丁质降解生成几丁寡糖,在几丁质代谢通路中发挥着重要作用,在昆虫、真菌和线虫等有害生物的生长发育过程中不可或缺。以几丁质酶为潜在靶标,有望开发出具有全新作用机制的新型农药品种。近年来,由于噻唑烷酮类化合物被报道具有包括几丁质酶抑制活性的多种农用生物活性,其合成方法受到广泛关注。本文以亚洲玉米螟几丁质酶 (OfCht) 为代表,对几丁质酶结构特点,典型糖类、肽类、虚拟筛选和天然产物源酶抑制剂,以及几丁质酶与抑制剂的结合方式进行了概要性综述,着重针对噻唑烷-4-酮、2-硫代噻唑烷-4-酮和噻唑-2,4-二酮3种噻唑烷酮类化合物的合成方法和农用生物活性研究进行了归纳总结,进而对噻唑烷酮类化合物在几丁质酶抑制活性方面的应用进行展望,以期为基于昆虫几丁质酶独特结构特点进行合理设计和发现新型噻唑烷酮类几丁质酶抑制剂用于未来农业害虫防治提供参考。     

木霉几丁质酶及其基因的研究进展

现已报道8种木霉的39个几丁质酶基因,其中22个为42kD内切酶基因.这些42kD内切酶基因的核苷酸序列及其编码的前体蛋白的氨基酸序列极为相似.42kD几丁质酶基因开放阅读框一般有3个内含子,前体蛋白一般有约22AA的信号序列,引导输出.成熟蛋白具有催化域、磷酸化域和耱基化域.基因的表达是诱导型的,受几丁质及真菌几丁质细胞壁的强诱导,受代谢物阻遏.转入植物的木霉几丁质酶基因可正确表达.本文就木霉生防菌株几丁质酶及其基因克隆、几丁质酶基因结构和功能、几丁质酶基因的表达和调控,以及木霉几亍质酶的生防应用前景等几方面进行了综述.     

拟康宁木霉Hailin产几丁质酶条件优化及其抑菌能力评价

采用透明圈法测定了拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis) Hailin菌株是否产几丁质酶,并通过单因素和正交试验对Hailin菌株产几丁质酶的发酵条件进行优化;用对峙培养和培养基中添加几丁质的方法检测Hailin菌株及其几丁质酶粗酶液对7种植物病原真菌的拮抗能力。结果表明,Hailin菌株在胶体几丁质的诱导下可以产生明显的透明圈,即可产生几丁质酶。Hailin菌株产几丁质酶的优化条件为葡萄糖5.0 g/L、硝酸钾10.0 g/L、Mn~(2+)0.08 mol/L、Mg~(2+)0.05 mol/L、初始pH为4、装液量为50 mL/150 mL。优化条件下,Hailin菌株产几丁质酶活性可达到0.784 U/mL,较优化前几丁质酶活性相比提高了2.57倍。Hailin菌株对7种植物病原真菌均有抑菌效果,抑菌率在44.44%～85.71%之间;Hailin菌株几丁质粗酶液对7种植物病原菌中的6种具有抑菌效果,抑菌率为5.88%～71.52%。Hailin菌株分泌的几丁质酶在Hailin菌株抑制不同病原菌过程中发挥的抑菌作用存在显著差异。     

豇豆几丁质酶纯酶液对不同真菌的作用

几丁质酶(EC 3.2.1.14)广泛存在于植物中,当受到病原菌侵染或其它诱导因子诱导时,植物体内几丁质酶活性显著提高。菜豆纯几丁质酶具抗Trichoderma viridae活性,转菜豆几丁质酶基因的烟草植株增强了对Rhizoctonia solani的抗性。作者研究了经诱导、提纯的豇豆几丁质酶对不同真菌的作用,为开展抗真菌病基因工程研究奠定了基础。 1 材料与方法     

渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum产几丁质酶的活性及对南方根结线虫卵孵化的抑制作用

为探究卵寄生真菌产生的几丁质酶对南方根结线虫卵孵化的抑制作用,采用分离自黑龙江大豆孢囊线虫孢囊上的菌株CGMCC5328,利用NAG和pNP法测定其几丁质降解酶系和外切酶的活性,分析几丁质酶粗酶液对南方根结线虫卵的孵化抑制效果.结果表明,菌株CGMCC5328经形态学和ITS序列分析鉴定为渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum;在几丁质酶诱导培养基中培养第4天时其分泌的几丁质降解酶系达酶活高峰,为16.90 U/mL;第6天外切酶达酶活高峰,为0.59 U/mL,之后酶活趋于稳定持续至第14天;几丁质酶分子量分别为79.6、65.6、54.1、42.1和32.9 kDa;其中培养第7天的几丁质酶粗酶原液对南方根结线虫卵孵化的抑制率为83.17%;第6天菌株CGMCC5328对卵的寄生率为85.10%.表明高效产几丁质酶的卵寄生真菌渐狭蜡蚧菌菌株CGMCC5328对南方根结线虫卵孵化具有明显的抑制效果.     

产几丁质酶菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌作用的初步研

从北京地区的土样、砂样和水样中分离并纯化了产生几丁质酶的菌株，其中CT14含几丁质酶活性最高，经对其细胞形态、菌落特征的观察和生化特性检测，证明该菌株是环状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulans)。其几丁质酶粗提液能抑制多种植物病原真菌的生长，表明它对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用具有广谱性。     

Effect of amphotericin B nanodisks on plant fungal diseases

BACKGROUND: The development of water-soluble nanodevices extends the potential use of compounds developed for other purposes (e.g. antifungal drugs or antibiotics) for applications in agriculture. For example, the broad-spectrum, water-insoluble, macrolide polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AMB) could be used to inhibit phytopathogenic fungi. A new formulation embedding AMB in nanodisks (NDs) enhances antibiotic solubility and confers protection against environmental damage. In the present study, AMB-NDs were tested for efficacy against several phytopathogenic fungi in vitro and on infected living plants (chickpea and wheat). RESULTS: Compared with AMB in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), AMB-NDs increased the sensitivity of several fungal species to this antimycotic in vitro. Sensitivity varied with fungal species as well as with the forma specialis. Phytophthora cinnamomi, previously reported as insensitive to other polyene antimycotics, remained unaffected at the doses examined. Some effect against disease symptoms were obtained with AMB-NDs against fusarium wilt in chickpea, whereas the results were highly variable in wheat, depending on both the species and treatment regimen. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that formulation of AMB into ND increases its effectiveness against phytopathogenic fungi in vitro, opening the possibility for its use on infected plants in the field. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

丝状真菌代谢组学研究方法进展

代谢组学研究的是生物体系受到内在和外在因素刺激产生的内源性代谢变化。近年来,随着代谢组学在病原真菌致病机理、真菌与植物互作以及新型生物活性物质开发研究领域的应用,真菌代谢组学越来越受到国内外的重视,同时也取得了较大的进展。由于丝状真菌类型和研究目的的差异,其研究方法不尽相同。本文主要综述近年来国内外丝状真菌代谢组学分析方法的研究进展,从丝状真菌样品制备、代谢物鉴定、数据分析、生物标志物发掘、代谢通路方面进行概述,以期为该领域研究者提供参考,进一步推进代谢组学在真菌研究领域中的应用。     

Host‐induced gene silencing in the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungus that causes a devastating disease called white mould, infecting more than 450 plant species worldwide. Control of this disease with fungicides is limited, so host plant resistance is the preferred alternative for disease management. However, due to the nature of the disease, breeding programmes have had limited success. A potential alternative to developing necrotrophic fungal resistance is the use of host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) methods, which involves host expression of dsRNA‐generating constructs directed against genes in the pathogen. In this study, the target gene chosen was chitin synthase (chs), which commands the synthesis of chitin, the polysaccharide that is a crucial structural component of the cell walls of many fungi. Tobacco plants were transformed with an interfering intron‐containing hairpin RNA construct for silencing the fungal chs gene. Seventy‐two hours after inoculation, five transgenic lines showed a reduction in disease severity ranging from 55·5 to 86·7% compared with the non‐transgenic lines. The lesion area did not show extensive progress over this time (up to 120 h). Disease resistance and silencing of the fungal chs gene was positively correlated with the presence of detectable siRNA in the transgenic lines. It was demonstrated that expression of endogenous genes from the very aggressive necrotrophic fungus S. sclerotiorum could be prevented by host induced silencing. HIGS of the fungal chitin synthase gene can generate white mould‐tolerant plants. From a biotechnological perspective, these results open new prospects for the development of transgenic plants resistant to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.     

真菌源蛋白类激发子及其转基因植物研究进展

真菌源蛋白类激发子是广泛存在于植物病原真菌的信号传导分子,不仅在植物与病原菌互作中起重要作用,而且还具有广谱诱导植物抗性和促进植物生长的功能。本文就真菌源蛋白类激发子的种类、功能及蛋白激发子基因转化植物等研究进行了综述。     

Impact of fungal drug transporters on fungicide sensitivity, multidrug resistance and virulence

Drug transporters are membrane proteins that provide protection for organisms against natural toxic products and fungicides. In plant pathogens, drug transporters function in baseline sensitivity to fungicides, multidrug resistance (MDR) and virulence on host plants. This paper describes drug transporters of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter, Botrytis cinerea Pers and Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fückel) Schroter that function in fungicide sensitivity and resistance. The fungi possess ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters that mediate MDR to fungicides in laboratory mutants. Similar mutants are not pronounced in field resistance to most classes of fungicide but may play a role in resistance to azoles. MDR may also explain historical cases of resistance to aromatic hydrocarbon fungicides and dodine. In clinical situations, MDR development in Candida albicans (Robin) Berkhout mediated by ABC transporters in patients suffering from candidiasis is common after prolonged treatment with azoles. Factors that can explain this striking difference between agricultural and clinical situations are discussed. Attention is also paid to the risk of MDR development in plant pathogens in the future. Finally, the paper describes the impact of fungal drug transporters on drug discovery.     

Cell wall reorganization during infection in fungal plant pathogens

The fungal cell wall, which is mainly composed of polysaccharides, is a major source of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Because PAMPs recognition activates immunity in plants, successful pathogens have developed immune-evasion strategies. Studies of various fungal rice pathogens indicated that masking the cell wall surface with α-1,3-glucan, a polysaccharides that is not degradable by plants, is a fungal PTI evasion strategy. Interestingly, accumulation of α-1,3-glucan at the surface was specifically observed in presence of plants or plant factor(s). Since the surface α-1,3-glucan protected the fungal cell wall from digestive enzymes and interfered with PAMPs generation by host enzymes, fungal α-1,3-glucan is a potential target for plant protection strategies.     

Three-way fungal interactions affect the potential biological control of Himalayan balsam,Impatiens glandulifera

Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) is one of the most invasive weeds across Europe. The rust fungus, Puccinia komarovii var. glanduliferae has been introduced as a biological control agent, but success has been patchy. Here, we investigated whether mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi can affect rust efficacy and plant growth. Over three experiments, we found that AM fungi and the rust alone or together consistently reduced plant growth, but this depended on the identity of species in the AM inoculum. Meanwhile, AM fungi increased infection frequency of the endophyte Colletotrichum acutatum. Rust inoculation had no detrimental effects on mycorrhizal colonisation or C. acutatum infection, but the latter two fungi reduced rust sporulation. However, plant size was reduced when all three fungal types were present, suggesting that a combined fungal inoculum offers a promising approach for the control of this weed.     

河南省小麦根、茎部内生真菌多样性及平板拮抗活性研究

To investigate the community composition and diversity of fungal endophytes in wheat roots and stems from different soil types in Henan Province, tissue isolation method was used to isolate and purify endophytic fungi from wheat plants collected from 22 counties/districts in five soil types, and the identification of the fungal endophytes fungi was based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. The community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi were analyzed. The results showed that 426 endophytic fungi were affiliated with 23 genera, among which Chaetomium spp. had the highest number accounting for 23.2% of the total strain number, followed by Penicillium spp.. Five strains were tested for the antifungal activity against both Rhizoctonia Cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearums on plate, and their inhibition rates against R. Cerealis ranged from 44.8% to 70.5% (zone widths 2.00~9.67 mm)while from 35.4% to 49.3% (zone widths 3.67~6.67 mm) against F. pseudograminearum. This paper clarifies the major taxa and their diversity of fungal endophytes in the roots and stems of wheat in different soil types in Henan Province, and their inhibitory effects on soil-borne fungi, providing a basis for the biological control of sharp eyespot and crown rot of wheat.     

Pathogenesis by fungi and by parasitic plants: Similarities and differences

The processes by which fungi and parasitic plants infect their plant host are compared. The steps considered are: location of the host by the pathogen, the concept of the haustorium, attachment of the pathogen to the host, mechanism of penetration into the host, responses of the host to infection by fungi and by parasitic plants, and the suppression of the host response by the pathogen. Although superficially similarities between fungal infection and infection by parasitic plants exist, the underlying mechanisms appear to be different and only in the penetration step are similar strategies used, including the use of lytic enzymes. These differences are important when seeking ways of combating the parasitic plants. The strategies used against the parasitic plants must be different from those used to combat fungal infections and should not be based only on analogies with host resistance to fungal pathogens. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 2, 2005.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and diversity are affected by host plant species and soil depth in the Mu Us Desert,northwest China

The vertical diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi were investigated in the Mu Us Desert, northwest China. Soils were sampled to 50?cm in depth in the rhizospheres of Hedysarum laeve, Artemisia ordosica, and Psammochloa villosa and 44 AM fungal species belonging to 10 genera were isolated. Several of these species have peculiar morphological features, which are distinct from other habitats. AM fungal diversity and distribution differed significantly among the three host plants and the five soil layers. Spore density, species richness, and the Shannon-Wiener index of AM fungi were 0.55–4.3 spores g^?1 soil, 7–36 and 1.78–2.89, respectively. Spore density and species richness had a significant positive correlation with soil total phosphorus content (0.0377–0.1129?mg?g^?1), and a negative correlation with soil pH (7.19–7.64). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling, PerMANOVA, and structural equation model analysis demonstrated that host plant species and soil depth significantly and directly influenced the structure of AM fungal communities. We concluded that diversity and distribution of AM fungi might be influenced by plant species, soil depth patterns, and soil nutrient availability in desert ecosystems. This research into AM fungal communities may lead to the development of AM fungi treatment for the mitigation of soil erosion and desertification using mycorrhizal plants, such as H. laeve, A. ordosica, and P. villosa.