小麦旗叶与幼苗性状的QTL分析

为挖掘控制小麦幼苗性状与旗叶性状的QTL,并探讨两者的遗传基础,以京冬8号和矮抗58构建的RIL群体(207个家系)为材料,田间试验测定旗叶相关性状,水培试验测定幼苗期相关性状,通过完备区间作图对这些性状进行QTL研究。结果共检测到10个控制旗叶性状的QTL,单个QTL可解释1.98%～9.89%的表型变异,其中有6个QTL为主效QTL,分别位于1A、4D和5D染色体上;共检测到22个控制幼苗性状的QTL,单个QTL可解释1.14%～10.52%的表型变异,仅有2个QTL为主效QTL,分别位于1A和4D染色体上。除3D染色体上控制幼苗根长的QTL以及5D染色体上控制旗叶面积和旗叶宽的QTL表现为部分显性效应外,与其他性状有关的QTL均表现为超显性效应。1A、2D、4D、5A、5D和7A染色体上的分子标记存在多效性,其中2D(wmc170)和4D(barc308)染色体上与幼苗性状QTL紧密连锁的分子标记(wmc170和barc308)也与旗叶性状QTL紧密连锁。     

小麦茎秆强度关联位点及优异等位变异分析

为发掘与小麦茎秆强度紧密关联标记位点的优异等位变异和携带优异等位变异的载体资源,本研究以126份小麦种质为材料,基于混合线性模型（mixed linear model,MLM）对2011-2012、2012-2013和2013-2014三个年度的茎秆强度进行标记位点关联分析,并对关联住点等位变异的表型效应进行分析。结果表明,wmc83(2B)、gwm539(2D)、barc358(5A)、barc59(5B)和barc134(6B)均与茎秆强度显著关联,且可在3个环境下同时检测到,表型解释率均大于8%;共发掘出11种优异等位变异,分别为wmc83-A110、wmc83-A147、wmc83-A151、gwm539-A120、barc358-A179/161、barc358-A185/161、barc358-A185/179、barc358-A190/161、barc59-A182、barc59-A191和barc134-A194,其中wmc83-A110的增效效应最大。供试材料的茎秆强度随优异等位变异聚合数目的增多而增大,其中黄淮南片麦区、黄淮北片麦区、长江中下游麦区和西南麦区的供试材料中携带2（40.3%）、1（27.8%）、1（35.3%）和4（50.0%）种优异等位变异的分布频率最高。内麦10号等9份材料聚合4种及以上的优异等位变异,且茎秆强度较高,可作为相应麦区小麦茎秆强度遗传改良的种质资源。     

小麦黑胚病抗性遗传研究进展

小麦黑胚病病因复杂,链格孢（Alternaria alternata）、麦根腐平脐蠕孢（Bipolaris Sorokiniana）、层出镰刀菌（Fusarium proliferatum）等多种真菌是引起小麦黑胚病的主要病原。有限的研究报告显示,小麦对黑胚病的抗性具有数量性状特征,QTL定位研究尚处于初级阶段。目前报道的小麦抗黑胚病QTLs位于1D、2A、2B、2D、3D、4A、5A、7A等多条染色体上。小麦第2部分同源群携带了较多抗病QTLs,与这些QTLs连锁的分子标记有gwm319(2B)、gwm341(3DS)和wmc048(4AS)等,但是还没有见到这些标记在抗小麦黑胚病新品种培育中应用的报道。综上所述,针对目前小麦黑胚病抗性遗传研究中缺乏准确的抗性鉴定方法和病原不清导致的QTL定位结果不可靠的问题,应在明确病原菌的情况下,采取可靠的接菌鉴定方法进行QTL定位研究并开发分子标记,以期辅助抗黑胚病株系的选择。     

小麦籽粒性状的QTL定位

为了明确小麦籽粒性状的遗传控制基础,以γ射线诱变结合花药培养创制的大粒、高蛋白小麦新种质H307及生产上主栽品种郑麦9023创建的含有310个株系的重组自交系为实验材料,利用QTL-ICIMapping V3.3软件构建了包含133对SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,对千粒重、粒长、粒宽、籽粒面积、周长、粗蛋白和淀粉含量进行QTL分析,结果在两年环境条件下共检测到47个加性QTL和10个QTL富集区,其中6个千粒重QTL,分别位于1D、2B、3D、6D和7A染色体上,单个QTL可解释4.54%~13.14%的表型变异;31个粒形QTL,位于1B、1D、2B、3B、3D、5A、5D、6B、6D、7A和7D染色体上,单个QTL可解释2.90%~15.86%的表型变异;10个粗蛋白和淀粉含量QTL,分别位于1A、1B、4B和6A染色体上,单个QTL可解释3.64%~12.19%的表型变异。2B染色体上检测到1个贡献率较大且能稳定表达的重要染色体区段,该区段包含控制小麦千粒重、粒长、粒宽、籽粒面积和周长的10个QTL。1BL染色体上检测到1个控制籽粒粗蛋白含量的微效QTL,对表型的贡献率为3.64%,与连锁分子标记gwm818的遗传距离为0.22cM,该位点是一个不同于前人研究结果的新位点。     

水分和盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发相关性状的QTL定位

小麦萌发期对水分和盐胁迫敏感，对该时期水分和盐胁迫下种子萌发性状进行QTL定位具有重要的意义。本研究以小麦“泰农18×临麦6号” RIL群体为材料，以20%PEG-6000溶液和100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液分别模拟水分和盐胁迫环境，对种子萌发期10个性状进行了QTL定位。结果表明，在正常、水分胁迫和盐胁迫3种不同处理下各性状变异较大。相关分析表明，抗旱和耐盐可能是两个独立遗传的性状，胚芽鞘长可以作为节水抗旱的鉴定指标。3种处理下共检测到10个萌发相关性状的103个QTL，其中，17个为相对高频QTL（RHF-QTL），分布在7条染色体（1A、3A、3B、4B、7A、7B和7D）上，平均贡献率为7.55%~15.97%。这些RHF-QTL形成4个QTL簇（QTL cluster,QC），分布在3A、7A和7D染色体上。其中，7A染色体上的QC2包括3个RHF-QTLs（ QSdw-7A.1、 QGf-7A.1和 QGi-7A.1），均与小麦耐盐性相关；7D染色体上的QC3包括2个RHF-QTLs（ QGi-7D.1、 QGdrc-7D.1），均与小麦节水抗旱性相关。这2个QCs增加效应均来自母本泰农18。本研究获得的RHF-QTLs和QCs，可为小麦萌发期节水抗旱和耐盐分子标记辅助选择提供理论和技术支持。     

小麦成熟期QTL定位与分析

小麦成熟期对粮食周年丰产具有重要的决定作用。为了给小麦分子标记辅助育种提供可用的分子标记,本研究以人工合成六倍体小麦(Turtur)和T.spelta L.衍生系(Bubo)为亲本创制的包含186个家系的RIL群体(F6)为材料,构建了包含5 301个标记(4 120个DArT标记、621个SNP标记和560个传统DArT标记),总长为2 464cM的遗传连锁图谱,利用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5软件的复合区间作图法对在3年4点环境下的成熟期性状进行QTL检测,在LOD2.5水平下,共定位到15个QTL,分布于小麦的1A、2B、2D、3A、4A、4B、5B、7A和7B染色体上,可解释4.42～12.67的表型变异。其中在1A染色体上控制小麦成熟期的QTL贡献率最大;4B染色体的1215714-1068877F0-44CG区间内3年3点均检测到的QTL与1215714标记遗传距离为0.01cM,近乎共分离,为下一步分子标记辅助选择的精准性提供了坚实的基础。     

小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量的QTL定位

为了给分子标记辅助选择和小麦品质育种提供依据,以小麦杂交组合99G44×京771重组自交系群体(RIL)为材料,采用复合区间作图法对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量进行了QTL分析,结果检测出1个与清蛋白含量有关的显著加性效应QAIb-3A,位于3A染色体,位点总贡献率为1.65%;检测出1个与球蛋白含量有关的显著加性效应QGlo-2A,位于2A染色体,位点的总贡献率为7.08%;检测出2个与醇溶蛋白含量有关的显著加性效应QGli-1B和QGli-6D,分别位于1B、6D染色体,位点总贡献率为16.11%;检测出2个与谷蛋白含量有关的显著加性效应QGIu-2D和QGlu-5A,分别位于2D、5A染色体,位点总贡献率为14.71%.     

小麦RIL群体苗期抗旱性状的QTL分析

为给小麦抗旱基因克隆以及分子标记辅助育种提供参考,以小麦"泰农18×临麦6号"RIL群体的184个家系为材料,用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对小麦苗期抗旱相关性状进行QTL分析。结果,共检测到43个QTL,位于除1B、3D、4D、5A、5D、6D和7A外的14条染色体上,其中,控制根数的QTL 9个、苗高的QTL 5个、最大根长的QTL 5个、苗鲜重的QTL 3个、根鲜重的QTL 6个、苗干重的QTL 1个、根干重的QTL 3个、鲜重根冠比的QTL 3个、干重根冠比的QTL 3个,控制抗旱系数的QTL为5个。单一QTL可解释3.39%～32.63%的表型变异。28个QTL为正值,表明QTL的增加效应来自于母本泰农18;30个QTL表现为负值,表明其增加效应来自于父本临麦6号。11个QTL为在两个或两个以上环境下检测到的相对高频QTL(RHF-QTL)。在4B染色体上检测到1个QTL簇,包括4个形态性状(苗高、苗鲜重、苗干重、鲜重根冠比)的RHF-QTL( QSh-4B-1、 QSfw-4B-1、 QSdw-4B-1、 QRsfw-4B-1)和1个抗旱系数QTL( QRsfw-D-4B-1),其贡献率均超过10%。该QTL簇的分子标记可以用于标记辅助选择。     

利用人工合成小麦RIL群体进行小麦穗长和穗宽性状的QTL分析

为了挖掘小麦穗长和穗宽性状相关QTL,并为人工合成小麦优异基因资源的开发利用奠定基础,以普通小麦品种西农389×人工合成小麦材料KU98的F_(7∶8) RIL群体为试验材料,基于小麦55K SNP芯片对F_(7∶8)群体分型结果绘制的遗传连锁图谱及2018和2019年调查统计的F_7群体表型数据,对小麦穗长和穗宽性状进行了QTL定位分析。结果表明,在1A、2D、3A、5A和7B染色体上检测到10个与穗长性状相关的QTL,在2D、4D、5A、6A和7D染色体上检测到10个与穗宽性状相关的QTL,其中与穗长相关的 qSL-2D.1和与穗宽相关的 qSW-4D.1、 qSW-5A.1在两年中均被检测到,标记区间分别为AX-111939856～AX-111497351、AX-169335104～AX-110618708、AX-108792246～AX-111048027。 qSW-5A.1连续两年均为主效QTL,且与 qSL-5A.2在同一标记区间,推测该位点具有一因多效的遗传效应或连锁遗传效应。     

小麦产量性状的QTL分析

为寻找更多与小麦产量性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL），利用江苏地方品种望水白与墨西哥小麦品种Alondra杂交构建的重组自交系群体（104个家系），在3个试验环境下进行了单株有效穗数、主穗粒数、单穗粒数和千粒重4个性状的QTL分析，结果在5A染色体上检测到与单株有效穗数相关、可以解释10．3％～18．8％表型变异的QTL1个；检测到与主穗粒数相关的QTL8个，分别位于染色体1B、1D、3B、4A、5D、6B上和连锁群4上（未知具体染色体归属），单个QTL可以解释9．9％～19．9％的表型变异；检测到与单穗粒数相关的QTL11个，分别位于染色体1B、1D、2A、2B、3B、4A、5D、6B和7A上，单个QTL可解释7．5％～43．4％的表型变异；检测到与千粒重相关的QTL5个，分别位于2A、2B、3B、4D和7A染色体上，单个QTL可解释9．6％～25．7％的表型变异。获得的QTL可以用于分子标记辅助育种。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.