留茬对小麦/玉米间作氮素吸收和硝态氮分布、淋失的影响

为减少高产农田硝态氮累积对地下水的潜在污染,在甘肃石羊河流域绿洲灌区设置裂区试验,研究不同留茬方式对单作小麦、单作玉米、小麦/玉米间作氮素吸收、土壤硝态氮分布、淋失的影响。结果表明:不同留茬方式对作物籽粒、秸秆含氮量影响较小。间作比单作显著提高了作物的籽粒吸氮量和氮收获指数;2种作物无论间作或单作,立茬土壤0-20cm硝态氮累积显著高于焚烧和翻还,20-60cm则相反,60cm以下受留茬方式影响差异不显著;土壤硝态氮残留单作小麦翻还比焚烧和立茬处理分别高11.41%和8.13%,单作玉米焚烧比立茬和翻还分别高26.97%和17.02%;植株总吸氮量小麦/玉米间作立茬和翻还分别比焚烧高9.58%和6.10%;硝态氮淋失量小麦/玉米间作平均比单作处理低30.75%,小麦/玉米间作立茬和翻还分别比焚烧处理低28.04%和10.23%。综上所述,小麦/玉米间作立茬硝态氮淋失最少,更有利于环境保护。     

关于甘肃省水土保持生态环境建设情况的调研报告

甘肃省大力推进退耕还林还草工作 ,已完成退耕面积 5 33万hm2 。当前应认真解决好成活率、树种、种苗与有关政策问题 ,以达到预期目的。为了有效防治水土流失 ,加快生态环境建设 ,应处理好退耕还林还草工作与综合治理的关系、与水的关系、与建设基本农田的关系以及与调整产业结构的关系     

开发建设项目水土保持工程设计研讨

根据编制开发建设项目水保方案的实践认为,重力式挡土墙中,仰斜墙受的主动土压力最小,墙面边坡不宜缓于１∶０２５,一般应设置墙趾、排水孔和沉降缝;浆砌石拦渣坝坝体断面一般应为梯形,上游坝坡取１∶０１～１∶０２,下游坝坡取１∶０６～１∶１,坝内修筑排水孔（管）;干砌石拦渣坝上游坝坡可取１∶１,下游坝坡可取１∶２,坝体内不设排水孔;拦渣坝坝址处沟道狭窄时,可修筑浆砌石圆拱坝,坝顶拱圈中心角不能小于８０°     

Quantitative and confirmatory analyses of malachite green and leucomalachite green residues in fish and shrimp

Liquid chromatographic methods are presented for the quantitative and confirmatory determination of malachite green (MG) and leucomalachite green (LMG) for channel catfish, rainbow trout, tilapia, basa, Atlantic salmon, and tiger shrimp. Residues were extracted from tissues with ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile and isolated by partitioning into dichloromethane. LMG was quantitatively oxidized to the chromic MG with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone. Extracts were analyzed for total MG by liquid chromatography with both visible detection (LC-VIS) at 618 nm for routine screening and ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MSn) with no discharge-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for residue confirmation. The method was validated in each species fortified with LMG at 1, 2, 4, and 10 ng/g (ppb), and average recoveries ranged from 85.9 to 93.9%. Quantitative data were consistent for the two detection methods, with measured method detection limits of 1.0 ng/g for LC-VIS and 0.25 ng/g for LC-MSn. Incurred tissues from catfish, trout, tilapia, and salmon that had been treated with MG were also extracted and analyzed as part of this study.     

蚓粪和益生菌互作对土壤性状、菠菜产量和品质的影响

选取两种益生菌(巨大芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌)分别与化肥和蚓粪配施,研究了蚓粪和益生菌配施对设施蔬菜地土壤化学性状、酶活性及菠菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在等养分条件下与单施化肥相比,蚓粪能够显著提高土壤有效磷含量及p H值,降低速效钾、铵态氮含量及EC值,有利于土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性的提高,有效改善菠菜品质;与单施蚓粪相比,益生菌与蚓粪配施不仅显著提高土壤硝态氮含量、蔗糖酶活性,还增加了土壤EC值,提高了菠菜可溶性糖、蛋白及维生素C含量,且解淀粉芽孢杆菌配施蚓粪还增加了菠菜产量;而益生菌配施化肥对菠菜产量增加和品质改善效果不及益生菌配施蚓粪效果显著。综合比较两种益生菌和蚓粪配施效果,以蚓粪配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌对土壤性状改善和蔬菜产量、品质提高效果最好。     

玉米田间微集水种植的水温效应及其对植株生长发育的影响

以常规覆膜为对照,探讨了玉米采取4种集水种植模式的水温效应及其对玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,4种集水种植模式都具有不同程度的集水增墒效应和降低地表温度的作用。集水效应以宽垄式＞硬覆盖＞膜内式＞膜侧式,依次是对照的2.36、2.07、1.88和1.69倍。降温效应以硬覆盖＞宽垄式＞膜侧式＞膜内式,依次较对照低1.6 ℃、1.4 ℃、0.8 ℃和0.5 ℃。水温效应的协调作用不仅可控制植株营养生长,促进生殖生长,而且还延长了生育期,使生殖生长与雨季更加吻合,因而穗大、粒饱,增产效果显著。硬覆盖、宽垄式、膜内     

山地丘陵雨水集蓄与节水节能灌溉集成系统的研究

针对山地丘陵地区的灌溉问题提出了因地制宜地将降雨集蓄与节水灌溉相结合,自压灌溉与机压灌溉相结合的观点,并按此观点设计了一个特点鲜明的集成系统。开发了有关技术,研制了相关设备,建立了相关设施,并将它们与已有的技术、设备、设施合理地结合起来以组成这一系统。试验表明该系统投资为6080/hm²元,年运行费用为1039.7/hm²元,与传统种植相比,增产波菜20%,效益费用比为4.36。因而这一系统对于山区丘陵地区是适用的。研究还表明,山地雨水集蓄可减少水土流失与侵蚀,有利于水土保持     

Simple and rapid determination of thiol- and organic disulfide-sulfur in foliage and humic soil horizons

A new method for rapid determination of thiol‒ (R‒SH) and disulfide (R‒S‒S‒R′) sulfur in soil and foliage samples is presented. Using a silver sulfide electrode, the thiol sulfur content of a sample is determined by potentiometric titration with AgNO₃. After reduction with a mixture of NaOH and ascorbic acid also its disulfide S content can be quantified subsequent to neutralization of the reductive solution with citric acid. The method was tested with eight organic standards, six humic soil samples, and three Norway spruce needle samples. Disulfide S from standards with abstrictable H‒atoms in α‒ or β‒position to the disulfide bond could — with one exception — be detected completely. For the aromatic disulfides which allow only direct nucleophilic attack, recovery was at 75%. For the soil samples, 32 to 60% of the carbon‒bonded S consisted of disulfide S, for the spruce needle samples 26 to 33%. The method provides satisfactory results for most studied standards and is applicable to various natural substances after adequate sample preparation.     

Sodium and potassium effects on cation concentration and yield of lucerne and phalaris grown separately and together

Abstract

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were grown separately and together in a pot trial on a yellow‐brown pumice soil with three rates of sodium (Na) and two rates of potassium (K) in factorial combination. Lucerne alone had a low Na concentration but growing phalaris as a companion grass produced herbage with a Na concentration adequate for stock. Na application increased the Na concentration in phalaris and the mixture of phalaris and lucerne much more than in lucerne alone; had little effect on K concentration; slightly reduced Mg concentration; and greatly reduced Ca concentration but not as much in lucerne as in phalaris or the mixture with lucerne. K application increased K concentration and reduced Na, Ca and Mg concentrations throughout. Yield of phalaris grown alone and in combination with lucerne was increased significantly by Na application when K concentration in the plants was low. Yield of lucerne was not affected by Na application and it is concluded that Na did not substitute for K in this species. It is concluded that field trials are warranted to investigate the possibility of growing a special purpose mixture of lucerne and phalaris on New Zealand yellow‐brown pumice soils to provide feed that has adequate Na for grazing animals.     

Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose

Soil aggregate (SA) can be formed and stabilized when soil organic matter (SOM) is decomposed in the soil. However, the relationships between the SA dynamics and SOM with different decomposition rates have not been clarified. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the addition of polysaccharides to soil on SA formation and stability. A Japanese tropical soil was incubated for 99 d at 30 °C in a dark environment following the addition of 0.5% (w/w) starch or cellulose. The decomposition rates of the amendments, and SA formation and stability were evaluated by measuring soil respiration rates, and distribution fractions of soil aggregate sizes and mean weight diameter (MWD) of SA, respectively. The cumulative soil respirations with all treatments rapidly increased until Day 12 of the incubation. The initial slope of the cumulative soil respiration in the soil with starch was significantly higher than that in the soil with cellulose. In either soil with starch or cellulose, the fractions of macro-aggregates (>1000 μm in diameter) significantly increased, respectively, compared with control soil. However, the fractions of meso-aggregates (250–1000 μm) and nano-aggregate (<20 μm) in the soil with starch significantly decreased, while those fractions in the soil with cellulose fluctuated until Day 6. The MWDs reached the maximum on Day 6, indicating the SA formation in the soils with starch or cellulose. The increasing rate of the SA formation in the starch-amended soil was greatly higher than that in the cellulose-amended soil. After Day 6, the MWDs in the soils with either polysaccharide decreased with similar trends with no significant differences between treatments, indicating similar stability of the SA in both treatments. This study showed that the different decomposability of the organic amendments might influence the SA formation differently, but not the SA stability.     

Nematicides and field population of enchytraeids and earthworms

Enchytraeid and earthworm populations of a Typic Haplaquoll soil after application of the nematicides oxamyl and phenamiphos were examined for 1 yr. The nematicides had no effect on enchytraeid numbers, which were positively correlated with soil moisture and the previous month's rainfall. Earthworm populations were dominated by Allolobophora caliginosa (Savigny) with A. trapezoides (Duges) and Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny) also present. Both nematicides initially depressed earthworm numbers and the effects of phenamiphos appeared to persist until the soil became wet in Autumn. Earthworm numbers were positively correlated with soil moisture and previous month's rainfall. Enchytraeid numbers at 2.5–5 cm depth were negatively correlated with soil temperature. Numbers of enchytraeids at 0–2.5 cm depth and earthworms were not significantly related to soil temperature.     

Physicochemical and Structural Characteristics of Flours and Starches from Waxy and Nonwaxy Wheats

A waxy spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype was fractionated into flour and starch by roller and wet‐milling, respectively. The resultant flour and starch were evaluated for end‐use properties and compared with their counterparts from hard and soft wheats and with commercial waxy and nonwaxy corn (Zea mays L.) starches. The waxy wheat flour had exceptionally high levels of water absorption and peak viscosity compared with hard or soft wheat flour. The flour formed an intermediate‐strength dough that developed rapidly and was relatively susceptible to mixing. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffractometry showed waxy wheat starch had higher gelatinization temperatures, a greater degree of crystallization, and an absence of an amylose‐lipid complex compared with nonwaxy wheat. Waxy wheat and corn starches showed greater refrigeration and freeze‐thaw stabilities than did nonwaxy starches as demonstrated by syneresis tests. They were also similar in pasting properties, but waxy wheat starch required lower temperature and enthalpy to gelatinize. The results show analogies between waxy wheat and waxy corn starches, but waxy wheat flour was distinct from hard or soft wheat flour in pasting and mixing properties.     

Soil organic matter and the adsorption and decomposition of the herbicides atrazine and linuron

Soil was subjected to a variety of treatments so as to provide a series of materials with different organic residues. These preparations were inoculated with an aqueous extract of untreated soil, then incubated at 20°C with atrazine or linuron and rates of herbicide degradation were followed. The rates were lowest when virtually all the organic matter had been removed by peroxidation. The most rapid break-down occurred in samples which had been successively extracted with ethanol + toluene, hot water, dilute acid and dilute alkali. It is suggested that the organic residue left after this sequence contained hydrolysed materials that were easily metabolized and hence could support the most active microbial population. There was no relationship between extent of adsorption and decomposition rate.     

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers and Intercropping on Uptake of Nitrogen and Phosphorus by Wheat,Maize, and Faba Bean

Abstract

One‐third of all the cultivated land area is used for multiple cropping and half of the total grain yield is produced with multiple cropping in China. There have been numerous studies on nutrient acquisition by crops in legume/non‐legume intercropping systems, but few on nutrient uptake in cereal/cereal intercropping. This paper describes a field experiment in which integrated wheat/maize and maize/faba bean systems were compared with sole wheat and sole faba bean cropping to assess the effects of intercropping on nutrient uptake by wheat, maize, and faba bean under various application rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizers. Results show that both N and P fertilizers and intercropping enhanced N uptake by wheat, while only P fertilizer and intercropping increased P acquisition by wheat. The advantage of N uptake by border rows of wheat intercropped with maize declined with increasing N fertilizer application rate, but that of P acquisition was not affected by P fertilizer. The amounts of both N and P taken up by maize intercropped with faba bean were much higher than those by maize intercropped with wheat throughout the period of intercropping. Both fertilization and intercropping did not influence the N and P uptake by faba bean.     

有机肥、化肥及接种微生物对甜玉米生理和生长的影响

A pot culture experiment was carried out in a glasshouse to compare the physiology and growth of sweet corn plants(Zea mays L.cv,Honey Bantam) grown under orgainc and chemical fertilizations with or without microbial inoculation(MI).The organic fertilizer used was fermented mainly using rice bran and oil mill sludge,and the MI was a liquid product containing many eneficial microbes such as lactic acid bacteria,yeast,photosynthetic bacteria and actinomycetes.The application amounts of the organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers were based on the same rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium.Sweet corn plants fertilized with organic materials inoculated with beneficial microbes grew better than those without inoculation.There were no significant differences in physiology and growth of the sweet corn plants between treatments of chemical fertilizers with and without MI.Among the organic fertilization treatments.only the sweet corn plants with organic fertilizer and MI applied 4 weeks before sowing had simlilar photosyntheitic capacity,total dry matter yield and ear yield to those with chemical fertilizers.Sweet corn plants in other organic fertilization treatments were weaker in physiology and grown than those in chemical fertilization treatments.There was no significant variance among chemical fertilization treatments at differenct time.It is concluded form this research that this organic fertilizer would be more effective if it was inoculated with the beneficial microbes.Early application of the organic fertilizer with beneficial microbes before sowing was recommended to make the nutrients available before the rapid growth at the eraly stage and obtain a yield simlar to or higher than that with chemical fertilizations.     

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Groundfish Waste and Chitin-Sludge Cocomposts

Seafood processing generates a substantial volume of wastes. This study examined the feasibility of converting the fish waste into useful fertilizer by composting. Groundfish waste and chitin sludge generated from the production of chitin were composted with red alder or a mixture of western hemlock and Douglas-fir sawdust to produce four composts: alder with groundfish waste (AGF); hemlock/fir with groundfish waste (HGF); alder with chitin sludge (ACS); and hemlock/fir with chitin sludge (HCS). The resulting AGF had a higher total N and a lower C:N ratio than the other three composts. A large portion of the total N in the AGF, HGF, and HCS composts was in inorganic forms (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^?-N), as opposed to only two percent in the ACS compost. Alder sawdust is more quickly decomposed, which favored N retention and limited nitrification during the composting period. It was less favorable than the hemlock/Douglas fir sawdust for composting with chitin sludge. Corn growth on soil amended with compost was dependent upon both compost type and rate. Nitrogen and P availabilities in all composts except the ACS were high and compost addition enhanced corn yields, tissue N and P concentrations, and N and P up-take. Neither the total N concentration nor the C:N ratio of the composts was an effective measure of compost N availability in the soil. Because soil inorganic N test levels correlated well with the corn biomass, tissue N and N uptake, they should be an effective measure of the overall compost effects on soil N availability and corn growth response. Phosphorus concentration, which increased linearly with increasing compost rates, was related to soil P availability from compost additions and correlated well with corn biomass, tissue P concentration and P uptake under uniform treatments of N and K fertilizers. Composting groundfish waste with alder or hemlock/Douglas-fir sawdust can produce composts with sufficient amounts of available N and P to promote plant growth and is considered to be a viable approach for recycling and utilizing groundfish waste.     

水土保持与吉林省农业可持续发展

在详细分析吉林省农业可持续发展的基础上,探讨了水土保持与农业可持续发展的关系,认为水土保持为农业可持发展提供了资源基础,是实现农业可持续发展的根本保证。为此提出了加强水土保持工作,实现吉林省农业可持续发展的主要措施和意见。     

Free and conjugated polyamines and phenols in raw and alkaline-clarified sugarcane juices.

Sugarcane juice contains a lot of sucrose associated with several monosaccharides, defined as low molecular mass carbohydrates (LMMC), as well as some polysaccharides and glycoproteins, which are defined as mid and high molecular mass carbohydrates (MMMC and HMMC, respectively). These three categories of carbohydrates can be separated by size-exclusion chromatography through Sephadex G-10 and Sephadex G-50 columns, but elution profiles change drastically after juice clarification performed by adjusting the pH value of the juice to 8.0. In addition, polyamines and some phenolics are currently associated with carbohydrate preparations, and the distribution pattern of these conjugates also changes after clarification. Polyamine levels generally decrease after juice clarification. Cadaverine is completely removed from the different carbohydrate preparations, whereas spermidine is the main polyamine occurring in association with sugarcane carbohydrates, as free or acid-soluble form in LMMC preparation or as acid-soluble and -insoluble forms in both MMMC and HMMC preparations. Polyamines, presumably spermidine, conjugate to p-hydroxybenzoic acid in LMMC, mostly to caffeic acid in MMMC, and to syringic acid in HMMC preparations. HMMC-associated polyamines appear in both acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions. Syringic acid also occurs in the LMMC preparation, but juice clarification changes it from acid-soluble to free form, and it coelutes with sucrose.     

Antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activity of pyrethrins and pyrethroids

In a screen of 1800 plant and fungal extracts for antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, and leishmanicidal activity, the n-hexane extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Vis. flowers showed strong activity against Plasmodium falciparum. We isolated the five pyrethrins [i.e., pyrethrin II (1), jasmolin II (2), cinerin II (3), pyrethrin I (4), and jasmolin I (5)] from this extract. These were tested together with 15 synthetic pyrethroids for their activity against P. falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and for cytotoxicity in rat myoblast L6 cells. The natural pyrethrins showed antiplasmodial activity with IC(50)s between 4 and 12 μM, and antitrypanosomal activity with IC(50)s from 7 to 31 μM. The pyrethroids exhibited weaker antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activity than the pyrethrins. Both pyrethrins and pyrethroids showed moderate cytotoxicity against L6 cells. Pyrethrin II (1) was the most selective antiplasmodial compound, with a selectivity index of 24.     

Antagonistic and synergistic effects of fungal and bacterial growth in soil after adding different carbon and nitrogen sources

The effect of adding easily available and more complex carbon sources, with and without nitrogen, on fungal and bacterial growth and activity in soil were studied in the laboratory. Total microbial activity was estimated by measuring respiration, fungal growth with the acetate-in-ergosterol incorporation technique and bacterial growth with the thymidine and leucine incorporation techniques. The substrate additions consisted of glucose and cellulose, with and without nitrogen (as ammonium nitrate), and gelatine. The microbial development was followed over a 2-month period. The respiration rate increased within a few days after adding glucose, with and without nitrogen, and gelatine, initially by more than 10 times, but after 2 months no differences were seen compared with the control. Bacterial growth estimated with the thymidine and leucine incorporation techniques gave similar results. Adding glucose with nitrogen, or gelatine, increased bacterial growth within a few days up to 10 times, but even after 2 months of incubation bacterial growth rates were still about 5 times higher than in the control. Adding only glucose increased bacterial growth rates by about twice over the whole incubation period. Fungal growth rates especially increased after adding cellulose and nitrogen, although a minor increase was found after adding cellulose alone. Fungal growth rates started to increase after 10 days of incubation with cellulose. There were indications of synergistic effects in that bacterial growth increased after the fungi had started to grow after adding cellulose. Treatments resulting in high bacterial growth rates (adding easily available carbon sources) led to decreased fungal growth rates compared with the control, indicating antagonistic effects of bacteria.