二次制粒加工断奶过渡料对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

选用360头21日龄早期断奶仔猪平均分为4组,按制粒工艺、原料膨化预处理不同设计2因素2水平试验,研究二次制粒加工断奶过渡料对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。结果显示:采用二次制粒工艺及膨化玉米、膨化豆粕原料的处理4仔猪,断奶后第一周,有最大的采食量(P<0.05);试验全期断奶14 d中,处理组4仔猪平均日增重最大,生长性能最好。血清尿素氮测定结果显示:断奶后第7天,处理组4仔猪血清尿素氮显著低于其他三组。断奶后第14天,处理组4仔猪血清皮质醇显著低于处理1组。此外,试验全期四个处理组仔猪血清总血糖无显著差异(P>0.05)。表明,在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕优质饲料原料的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺,尤其是先将鱼粉与膨化玉米、膨化豆粕进行第一次高温制粒,对降低仔猪断奶应激,改善生长性能有良好的效果。     

二次制粒颗粒饲料对仔猪培育的影响

选用360头21日龄断奶仔猪,按制粒工艺、原料预处理不同设计2因素2水平试验,研究二次制粒颗粒饲料对断奶仔猪培育阶段生长性能的影响。结果:试验全期,采用二次制粒工艺及膨化玉米、膨化豆粕原料的处理组4,仔猪体重、平均日增重、饲料转化效率显著优于(P<0.05)其他3组。处理组4仔猪42日龄的血清尿素氮和皮质醇浓度显著低于其他3个处理组。试验表明,在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕优质饲料原料的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺,尤其先将鱼粉与膨化玉米、膨化豆粕进行第一次高温制粒,对降低应激、改善仔猪培育阶段的生长性能有良好的效果。     

二次制粒工艺对断奶仔猪消化器官的影响

选用360头21日龄断奶仔猪,按饲喂试验日粮的制粒工艺、原料预处理不同,分成4个处理组,研究断奶仔猪采食二次制粒颗粒饲料对主要消化器官的影响。处理1组饲粮普通一次制粒并使用未膨化玉米及豆粕;处理2组饲粮一次制粒、使用膨化玉米及豆粕;处理3组采用二次制粒工艺、使用未膨化玉米及豆粕;处理4组二次制粒、使用膨化玉米及豆粕。主要消化器官统计结果(相对指标)显示:处理4组仔猪小肠重显著大于处理1和3组(P<0.05);小肠长度和空肠黏膜重指标,处理4组显著大于其他3个处理组。小肠形态测定结果显示:处理4组仔猪空肠绒毛高度显著大于其他3个处理组;空肠肠壁厚度指标,处理4组仔猪显著大于处理1组,而处理2组和3组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明,在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕原料的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺,先将鱼粉与膨化玉米、膨化豆粕进行第一次高温制粒所生产的饲料,饲喂断奶仔猪有效促进小肠器官发育,从而改善生长性能。     

二次制粒加工教槽料对哺乳仔猪生长性能的影响

选择40头(长×大)杂交母猪所产的仔猪进行试验.按所产乳猪7日龄体质量一致的原则,将40头母猪分为4个处理组,每组10头猪.按照制粒工艺和原料预处理不同,设计2因素2水平试验,生产教槽料.研究二次制粒教槽料对乳猪生长性能的影响.结果显示:采用二次制粒工艺、膨化玉米和膨化豆粕原料的处理4组乳猪,平均日增质量和平均日采食量显著大于其他3组,而血清尿素氮指标显著小于其他3组.试验证明,在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕优质饲料原料的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺,尤其先将鱼粉、膨化玉米和膨化豆粕进行第1次高温制粒,所生产的教槽料对提高乳猪生长性能具有良好的效果.     

二次制粒加工教槽料对哺乳仔猪胰腺组织的影响

选择40头(长×大)母猪所产的仔猪进行试验。按所产乳猪7日龄体质量一致的原则,将40头母猪分为4个处理组,每组10头猪。4个处理组的乳猪教槽颗粒料按照制粒工艺和原料预处理不同生产,并饲喂试验乳猪,研究二次制粒教槽料对哺乳仔猪胰腺的影响。处理组1饲粮采用普通一次制粒,并使用未膨化玉米及豆粕;处理组2饲粮采用一次制粒,使用膨化玉米及豆粕;处理组3采用二次制粒工艺,使用未膨化玉米及豆粕;处理组4采用二次制粒,使用膨化玉米及豆粕。结果表明:胰腺组织质量,处理组4乳猪显著大于处理组1,处理组2和3差异不显著。胰腺总蛋白、DNA和RNA总含量等指标,处理组4显著大于处理组1。蛋白/DNA、蛋白/RNA和DNA/RNA等指标,所有处理组间差异不显著。试验证明,在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕优质饲料原料的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺所生产的教槽料,能够显著增加胰腺质量并促进胰腺发育,从而改善哺乳仔猪生长性能。     

二次制粒加工教槽料对哺乳仔猪小肠的影响

40头LY(长×大)母猪所产乳猪按7日龄窝重一致的原则分为4个处理组,每组10窝,饲喂不同加工处理的乳猪试验教槽料。处理组1乳猪饲喂的教槽料采用普通一次制粒,并使用未膨化的玉米和豆粕原料;处理组2乳猪教槽料采用一次制粒,使用膨化玉米和膨化豆粕;处理组3乳猪教槽料采用二次制粒工艺、未膨化玉米和豆粕原料;处理组4乳猪教槽料采用二次制粒、膨化玉米和豆粕。结果表明:处理组4乳猪十二指肠黏膜麦芽糖酶活性和R NA含量指标,显著大于处理组1(P<0.05)。处理组4乳猪空肠黏膜麦芽糖酶活性、DNA和R NA含量等指标显著大于其他3个处理组。而处理组4空肠黏膜乳糖酶活性显著小于处理组1,处理组2和3之间无差异(P>0.05)。本试验证明,在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕优质饲料原料的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺生产的教槽料有利于哺乳仔猪生长与肠道发育。     

二次制粒工艺下膨化玉米添加比例对颗粒饲料加工质量及断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究二次制粒工艺下膨化玉米添加比例对颗粒饲料加工质量以及断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率与血清生化指标的影响。饲粮设5种膨化玉米添加比例(膨化玉米添加量占玉米添加总量的百分比),分别为0、25%、50%、75%、100%,采用二次制粒工艺进行颗粒饲料的加工。选用28日龄初始体重为(8.57±0.87) kg的断奶仔猪80头,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪,进行50 d的饲养试验,分为前期(第1～28天)、后期(第29～50天) 2个阶段。结果表明:1)在颗粒饲料加工质量方面,颗粒饲料硬度、颗粒饲料耐久性指数(PDI)、淀粉糊化度随着膨化玉米添加比例的增加而增加。2)在断奶仔猪生长性能方面,前期末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量各组之间无显著差异(P0.05),料重比则表现为未添加组显著高于其他组(P0.05);后期末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比各组之间无显著差异(P0.05);全期末重、平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比各组之间无显著差异(P 0. 05)。3)在断奶仔猪养分表观消化率方面,干物质与粗蛋白质表观消化率均以100%组最高,未添加组最低,且未添加组均显著低于各添加膨化玉米组(P0.05)。4)在断奶仔猪血清生化指标方面,75%组血清总蛋白含量显著高于未添加组、50%组和100%组(P0.05);未添加组血清甘油三酯含量显著高于50%组、75%组和100%组(P0.05); 100%组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于未添加组(P0.05); 50%组血清钙含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05)。综合考虑膨化玉米添加比例对颗粒饲料硬度、断奶仔猪生长性能和加工成本的影响,建议在二次制粒工艺条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中膨化玉米添加量为玉米添加总量的25%。     

二次制粒加工教槽料对哺乳仔猪消化器官的影响

选择(长×大)母猪所产的40头仔猪进行试验。按所产乳猪7日龄体质量一致的原则,将40窝乳猪分为4个处理组,每组10窝。按照制粒工艺和原料预处理不同,设计2因素2水平试验,研究二次制粒加工教槽料对哺乳仔猪消化器官的影响。结果表明:处理组4乳猪的小肠质量显著大于其他3组,而小肠长度、胰质量和胃质量大于处理组1;处理组2和3乳猪的小肠长度和胃质量无差异,大于处理组1,但小于处理组4。小肠形态测定数据显示:处理组2与3乳猪的空肠肠壁厚度、十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度无差异,大于处理组1,但小于处理组4。结果表明:在选择膨化玉米与膨化豆粕的基础上,采用二次制粒工艺,先将鱼粉与膨化玉米和膨化豆粕进行第一次高温制粒,所生产的教槽料有效促进乳猪十二指肠、空肠、胰腺和胃等主要消化器官发育,改善生长性能。     

膨化与加酶玉米对断奶仔猪血液指标及胰腺和肠道淀粉酶活性的影响

选择96头断奶仔猪，随机分为4组，每组6个重复，每个重复4头仔猪，分别饲喂普通玉米、膨化玉米、普通玉米加酶及膨化玉米加酶为主要能量原料的饲料，研究了膨化与加酶玉米对断奶仔猪血液指标以及胰腺组织和小肠内容物淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明，膨化和加酶处理玉米以及二者互作对断奶仔猪血清葡萄糖和尿素氮浓度均无显著影响。膨化和加酶处理均可显著提高仔猪断奶14d时十二指肠和空肠内容物的淀粉酶活力。对断奶28d时胰腺和小肠各段内容物淀粉酶活性均无影响；在整个试验期，未见到膨化和加酶处理的互作。     

日粮结构多样性对断奶仔猪生长性能和营养物质消化率的影响

文章旨在研究断奶仔猪生长早期和后期采用不同结构日粮对其生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选择体重一致、21 d断奶的三元仔猪400头,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复20头。试验早期(21～42 d)采用5种日粮,处理1组(对照组)为玉米-豆粕-低乳糖-低鱼粉型,处理2组为膨化玉米-豆粕-高乳糖-高鱼粉型,处理3组为玉米-豆粕-高乳糖-高鱼粉型,处理4组为膨化玉米-豆粕-高乳糖-低鱼粉型,处理5组为膨化玉米-豆粕-低鱼粉-高乳糖型。试验后期(43～64 d),将试验早期的猪只按每2个重复(同一组)分别饲喂A和B两种日粮,A为膨化玉米-豆粕-鱼粉-乳清粉型,B为全谷物日粮型。结果 :各组对21～28 d、29～42 d及21～42 d仔猪的平均日增重、平均日采食量和料比均无显著影响(P 0.05)。与处理1组相比,其他各组显著降低了21～28 d、29～42 d及21～42 d仔猪的腹泻指数(P 0.05);试验早期和试验后期日粮对43～64 d仔猪各阶段的生长性能和腹泻指数均无显著影响(P 0.05)。试验早期,与处理1组相比,处理2、4和5组显著提高30 d仔猪有机物的表观消化率(P 0.05);试验后期两种日粮对50 d仔猪有机物、干物质、粗蛋白质及总能表观消化率均无显著差异(P 0.05)。结论 :在本试验条件下,与其他多样性日粮相比,21 d断奶仔猪饲喂玉米-豆粕、低乳糖和低鱼粉型日粮对生长性能无显著影响。断奶仔猪生长后期(43～64 d)日粮采用高蛋白谷物日粮可以促进生长性能。     

Eating and drinking activity of newly weaned piglets: effects of individual characteristics, social mixing, and addition of extra zinc to the feed

In production systems, piglets usually fast for a period after weaning, thereby increasing the risk of diarrhea and a reduction in growth. The low level of eating may relate to insufficient drinking activity, as solid feed intake must be accompanied by water intake. Mixing of newly weaned piglets is a well-known stressor and a common procedure in pig production. The effect of mixing on the temporal development of eating and drinking activity in newly weaned piglets has not been elucidated. High concentrations of zinc (Zn) in the feed improve the health and performance of piglets after weaning, but the underlying mechanisms are still obscure. One possibility is that Zn affects eating and drinking behavior. The effects of mixing 4 littermates from each of 2 litters and adding zinc oxide (ZnO; 2,500 ppm of Zn) to the feed were studied in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment using 123 piglets weaned at 27 d of age. Individual eating and drinking times during the initial 48 h after weaning were analyzed on 2 levels of aggregation, day and hour. The piglets spent less time eating on the first day after weaning compared with the second day (20 +/- 5 vs. 98 +/- 10 min, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas they spent more time drinking on the first day compared with the second day (13 +/- 1 vs. 9 +/- 0.5 min, respectively; P < 0.001). Eating and drinking times were positively associated (P < 0.001). Females ate for longer than males (61 +/- 8 vs. 44 +/- 7 min/24 h, respectively, P = 0.002), whereas sex did not affect drinking time. Drinking time increased (P = 0.003) and eating time decreased (P = 0.001) with increasing preweaning growth rate and weaning weight. Neither mixing nor addition of ZnO affected the daily eating time. However, nonmixed piglets given 2,500 ppm of Zn as ZnO in the feed spent more time drinking per day (12 +/- 1 min) than did nonmixed piglets offered 100 ppm of Zn as ZnO (10 +/- 1 min; P = 0.002). Mixing also affected the hourly distribution of the drinking activity (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the drinking behavior of newly weaned piglets was more affected by the external factors, mixing and addition of ZnO to the feed, than the eating behavior. As eating and drinking are strongly associated, more focus should be paid to the water intake and the interplay between eating and drinking behavior in future studies aiming to reduce weaning problems.     

Effect of an inactivated Parapoxvirus based immunomodulator (Baypamun) on post weaning diarrhoea syndrome and wasting pig syndrome of piglets

Post weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) and wasting pig syndrome (WPS) are two entities of the pig industry induced by stress factors occurring at the early weaning and further complicated by opportunistic pathogens. In the present paper we examine - through one pilot and one final trial - whether prevention of these two syndromes can be achieved in the field by immunomodulation of the pig e.g., by improving its non-specific immunological response. In both trials two groups of early weaned piglets were submitted to the treatments. In the pilot trial the first group received no treatment and served as controls and the animals of the second group were injected twice with an inactivated Parapoxvirus based immunomodulator (Baypamun, Bayer, Germany). In the final trial the first group of piglets received no treatment and served as a control group. The animals of the second group were injected twice with a freeze-dried immunomodulator (Baypamun). Piglets were compared with regard to the severity of PWS, mortality, growth performance parameters, and for the presence of pathogens in their faeces. The results have shown that Baypamun treated piglets performed significantly better than negative control piglets in all the parameters examined. It was concluded that stimulation of the non-specific immunity of piglets may be helpful in preventing the appearance of PWDS and WPs in the field.     

Effect of weaning age, protein nutrition and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge on the health of newly weaned piglets

The objective of this experiment was to determine whether decreasing dietary protein content and increasing weaning age could improve piglet health and decrease the occurrence and severity of post-weaning colibacillosis (PWC) in the absence of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs). The experiment consisted of a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial combination of weaning age (4 vs 6 weeks), dietary protein content (H vs L; 230 vs 130 g CP/kg) and experimental enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge (+ vs −). On day 3 post-weaning half of the piglets were challenged per os with 10⁹ cfu ETEC. A sample of piglets was euthanased on days 0 and 6 to assess digesta pH and lactobacilli to coliform (L:C) ratio. ETEC excretion persisted longer in the 4-week-weaned piglets than those weaned at 6 weeks (P = 0.003), and the numbers of ETEC shed tended to be higher on the H than L diet, especially in the 4-week-weaned piglets (P = 0.093). Decreasing protein level led to significantly firmer faeces, decreased pH and increased L:C ratio of proximal colon digesta. These results suggest that in the absence of AGPs, increasing weaning age and decreasing dietary protein level, especially in earlier weaned piglets, may help to minimize the effects of PWC.     

夏季不同饲喂方式对两广小耳花猪哺乳母猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究夏季不同饲喂次数和料水比对两广小耳花猪生产性能的影响,选择48头两广小耳花猪哺乳母猪,分为4组,每组12头母猪。4个处理组的饲喂方式分别为饲喂2次/d和料水比为1∶2.5(对照组)、饲喂2次/d和料水比为1∶3.5、饲喂3次/d和料水比为1∶2.5、饲喂3次/d和料水比为1∶3.5。监测母猪从产后至断奶25 d的采食量、仔猪生长性能以及环境温湿度等指标。结果表明:饲喂3次/d与2次/d母猪的日平均采食量分别为3.33、2.41 kg,哺乳期间母猪平均总采食量前者较后者高23 kg/头;哺乳仔猪平均断奶窝重分别为32.35、29.14 kg,窝增重前者较后者高3.17 kg/窝。综上,通过增加饲喂次数和选择与人工作息时间不一致的时间点饲喂可以提高哺乳母猪的采食量,但需要智能化自动化饲喂设备相配套。     

Study on Relationship between Intestinal Epithelium Tight Junction Proteins mRNA Expression and Piglets Weaning Diarrhea

The experiment was carried out to compare diarrhea status between Min pig and Landrace pig in a week after weaning, detect two varieties piglets jejunum, ileum and colon tight proteins Zonula occludens-1(ZO-1)and Occludin mRNA expression before and after weaning. The intention was to discuss the relationship between tight proteins expression and piglets weaning diarrhea. The results showed that Min piglets diarrhea rate, diarrhea frequency were very significantly lower than Landrace pig within one week after weaning (P<0.01), diarrhea days was significantly lower than Landrace pig within one week after weaning (P<0.05);Min piglets not weaning group ileum and colon ZO-1 and Occludin mRNA expression was very significantly higher than Landrace pig not weaning group (P<0.01);Min piglets weaning diarrhea group ileum and colon ZO-1 and Occludin mRNA expression was significantly higher than weaning health group (P<0.05). The results indicated that Min piglets intestinal tight junction proteins mRNA high expression before weaning might be had relation with guarantee piglets intestinal health and decrease occurrence diarrhea;Min pig fast recover intestinal mucosa function and rehabilitation by increased tight junction proteins mRNA expression after weaning. So tight junction proteins mRNA high expression before and after weaning had an important significance for piglets to resist weaning diarrhea.     

Effect of glucocorticoids and limiting nursing on the carbohydrate digestive capacity and growth rate of piglets

The influence of glucocorticoid administration and limited nursing on piglet carbohydrase enzyme development and subsequent growth was examined in three experiments using 371 piglets. Treatments in the first two experiments were formed by the factorial arrangement of hydrocortisone (-HYD or +HYD) and limited nursing (-LN or +LN) imposed form d 14 to weaning (d 28). Hydrocortisone was replaced by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the third experiment. Growth rates were severely depressed by HYD (P less than .01), LN (P less than .001) and to a lesser extent (P less than .06) by ACTH during the last 2 wk of lactation. During the first 14 d postweaning, piglets continued to grow more slowly following HYD treatment (P less than .01), whereas LN piglets grew more rapidly than those allowed to suckle normally. Although piglets were smaller at weaning after HYD injection (P less than .01), relative weights of liver, pancreas and small intestine were increased (P less than .05). Only adrenal weights were increased by ACTH (P less than .09). Pancreatic and intestinal amylase activities were increased two- to three-fold by HYD injection (P less than .05) but were unaffected by ACTH or LN (P greater than .10). Sucrase and maltase activity increased linearly with age (P less than .001). This rate of increase was numerically enhanced by glucocorticoid treatment and LN. The normal decrease in lactase activity was accelerated by LN and HYD injection, with the greatest depression caused by the combination of LN and either HYD or ACTH administration (P less than .05). Glucocorticoid administration to nursing piglets can evoke premature elevation of the carbohydrase enzymes necessary for initiating the hydrolysis of starch.     

不同断奶日龄仔猪血液中生长相关激素的检测

为探讨断奶日龄对仔猪血液生长相关激素指标的影响,试验从8窝"杜×长×大"仔猪中选取出生日龄相近、初生体重一致的健康仔猪24头,随机分为4个试验组,每个试验组设6个重复,每个重复1头仔猪,4组仔猪分别于14、21、28、35日龄断奶。至42日龄时,所有仔猪宰杀采血,利用放射免疫分析法进行血浆生长激素(GH)、胰岛素(INS)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)含量检测。结果表明,不同日龄组断奶仔猪血浆GH、T3和T4水平无显著性差异(P0.05);35日龄组断奶仔猪血浆INS含量显著高于14日龄断奶组(P0.05)。结果提示,不同断奶日龄对仔猪生长相关激素无显著影响。