红碱淖流域水生态现状及保护对策

应用遥感解译、实地查勘、调研咨询和历史资料收集等方法对红碱淖流域的湿地状况、生物状况、河湖连通状况进行调查。结果显示,红碱淖流域湿地面积萎缩,1987-1997年,流域湿地面积变化不大,1997-2010年,流域湿地面积减少40.26 km2;红碱淖鱼类资源减少,虽然组成变化不大,但捕捞产量逐渐下降,1974年和1975年鱼产量最高,年平均鱼产量54 kg/hm2,2003-2006年,已无捕捞产量;红碱淖鸟类数量下降,如普通鸬鹚以前是优势种,数量达到上千只,现在已经难以看到,雁鸭类、红嘴鸥等鸟类数量也有明显下降;河湖连通性受阻,大部分入湖河流目前已干涸,尤其是上游建设小型水库和蓄水池,使河湖连通性进一步恶化。从自然条件变化和人为因素两方面分析水生态退化的原因,包括气候变化、农业灌溉与植被耗水、能源及旅游开发和水利工程建设等影响因素,并提出建立跨区域的流域综合治理体制、加强湿地管理、加强生物及栖息地保护和建立水生态监测体系等保护对策。

Water Ecology Status and Protection Measures for Hongjiannao Basin

By applying remote sensing interpretation,field survey,data collection and references,this study investigated the current situations on water ecology of Hongjiannao Basin.The results showed that the area of wetland in Hongjiannao Basin being shrinkage,small changes occurred in 1987-1997,but wetland area reduced 40.26 km2 in 1987-1997;fish resources being reduced,the composition changed little,but fishing yield drops gradually,in 1974 and 1975,the average annual fish yield was the highest,54 kg/hm2,however,had no fishing yield yet in 2003-2006;the number of birds being declined,such as Phalacrocorax carbo was the dominant species with number of thousands,now it′s hard to see,the anatidae and Larus ridibundus also decreased obviously;connectivity of river and lake being blocked,most rivers into the lake had dried up,especially the rivers had small reservoirs constructed in the upper reaches,which was blocked worsen.Then the reasons for degradation of water ecology were analyzed from climate changes of natural conditions and human beings activities.The influencing factors maybe include irrigation,water consumption of vegetation,mine and tourism exploitation and water resource utilization.The protection measures are suggested,such as establishment of regional integrated river basin management system,strengthening the management of wetland and the protection of biology and habitat,building water ecological monitoring system etc.