重金属对鱼类的生态毒理学研究进展

水体重金属污染是目前日益严重的环境问题之一,随着工农业的发展,生产生活中的重金属可以通过多种途径进入水生态系统。水生态系统重金属污染具有来源广泛、易在生物体内蓄积、不易分解的特点,不仅对水生生物各类群及整个生态系统产生影响,还可以通过食物链间接危害人类健康,重金属对水生态系统的影响及其对水生生物毒理学研究已成为全球环境研究的热点。鱼类作为水生态系统重要的组成部分,近年来国内外针对重金属及其生态毒理学开展了大量的研究工作。在总结分析国内外研究的基础上,综述了鱼类重金属的来源、赋存和迁移转化规律,阐述了重金属对鱼类个体水平、细胞水平、分子和遗传水平的毒理学效应以及鱼类对重金属的耐受机制;并结合重金属对鱼类生态毒理学研究中不足,对未来可能的研究方向进行了展望。

Advances in Ecotoxicology Research on Fish Exposed to Heavy Metals

With the development of industry and agriculture, heavy metals enter the aquatic ecosystem in a variety of ways, and heavy metal pollution in water has become an increasingly serious environmental problem. Heavy metals do not decompose, tending to accumulate in the sediments of aquatic ecosystems and bioaccumulate as they move up the food chain, threatening ecological and human health. Thus, the effects of heavy metal contamination on aquatic ecosystems and their toxic mechanisms are of great interest, worldwide, to environmental researchers. In this study, we analyze and summarize research progress on the ecotoxicology of heavy metals in fish: sources and sinks; speciation and environmental transformation; migration and distribution of heavy metals in fish; effects of heavy metal exposure on fish at the organismal, cellular, molecular and genetic levels; and tolerance mechanisms of fish to heavy metals. Finally, we discuss the deficiencies of current research and the future of research on fish ecotoxicology.