枫杨幼苗对氟离子的吸收积累规律及毒性效应

【目的】探讨枫杨幼苗对氟污染的修复潜力。【方法】以枫杨当年实生幼苗为研究对象,采用溶液培养的方法,研究不同浓度、不同 pH氟离子胁迫下枫杨幼苗的根、茎、叶的氟含量、转移系数( Tf)、生物富集系数( BCF)的变化以及对枫杨幼苗的植物毒性效应。【结果】1)随着溶液氟离子浓度的升高,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量逐渐升高,当溶液氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时,枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶的氟积累量最高分别为1604.60,59.41,40.80 mg·kg －1。2)枫杨幼苗体内氟含量的分布存在2种情况：当培养液氟离子浓度为0.5～5 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞叶＞茎,在氟离子浓度为10 mmol·L －1时表现为根＞茎＞叶,转移系数( Tf)介于0.029～0.125之间,可能是过高的氟离子浓度使枫杨幼苗产生了严重的生理胁迫,影响了氟离子从茎向叶的运转。3)随着处理时间的增加,各处理组枫杨幼苗的相对标准蒸腾量均呈下降趋势,溶液氟离子浓度为5,10 mmol·L －1时,对枫杨幼苗蒸腾量变化的影响显著(P＜0.05),对植物的毒性效应很强。4)枫杨幼苗根、茎、叶氟积累量在酸性环境中最大,氟转移能力也最强,在中性环境中表现一般;植物在酸性、中性环境中受到的伤害较大,植物生命活力低,而在碱性条件下时,不仅对枫杨幼苗的伤害小,而且除氟效果较好、持续性强。5)为了达到最佳的处理效果,当废水中氟离子浓度≤2.5 mmol·L －1时,可以选择在酸性条件下利用枫杨来处理;当氟离子浓度为2.5～5 mmol·L －1时,可选择在碱性条件下处理废水。【结论】枫杨幼苗积累氟的能力很强,氟转移能力独特,具有很高的耐氟性,枫杨适合于水体氟污染严重区域的水体净化和植物修复。     

Low levels of Aflatoxin B1 could cause mortalities in juvenile hybrid sturgeon,Acipenser ruthenus ♂×A. baeri♀

Toxicity of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) was investigated in juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus ♂ × A. baeri♀, an important coldwater finfish farmed in China and other countries. Seven experimental diets (Diet A–G) containing different levels of AFB₁ (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg kg^?1 diet) were fed to juvenile sturgeon weighing 10.53 ± 0.17 g kg^?1 to determine its effect on survival, growth, feed consumption, hematocrit, liver histology as well as muscular and hepatic toxin accumulation. The experiment lasted for 35 days and was conducted in two periods of 25 and 10 days each. No external changes or unusual behaviour was observed in the fish fed diets with AFB₁. Mortality was observed in fish fed with highest levels of AFB₁ (80 μg kg^?1– Diet G) from day 12 onwards. After 25 days, fish fed the diet of 80 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 showed significant lower survival (50 ± 5.77%) followed by those fed 40 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet (80 ± 5.77%) and 20 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet (86.66 ± 3.33%). No significant difference was observed in specific growth rate (SGR) or hepatosomatic index (HSI) between groups. Hematocrit was significantly higher in the fish fed the diet of highest AFB₁. The fish were weighed at day 25 in some treatments (Diets F and G) because of high mortality. However, feeding was continued for another 10 days to observe mortality or behavioural changes if any in the other groups. After 35 days, survival in the fish fed Diet F (40 μg AFB₁ kg^?1) was 40% and those fed Diet E (20 μg AFB₁ kg^?1) was 36.2%. Significant histopathological changes including nuclear hypertrophy, hyperchromasia, extensive biliary hyperplasia, focal hepatocyte necrosis and presence of inflammatory cells were observed in the liver of fish fed high levels of aflatoxin (40 and 80 μg kg^?1). AFB₁ accumulation in fish muscle and liver increased with increased dietary AFB₁ levels. It could be confirmed that 10 μg AFB₁ kg^?1 diet was the maximum allowable level in hybrid sturgeon diet.     

干旱区绿洲土壤Cd、Zn、Ni复合污染对芹菜生长及重金属积累的影响

以干旱区绿洲土为供试土壤,用芹菜(Apium graveolens)做指示植物,通过模拟盆栽试验,研究了土壤Cd、Zn、Ni复合污染对芹菜生长及重金属吸收积累的影响.结果表明:(1)低浓度的Cd、Zn、Ni重金属复合处理在一定程度上可促进芹菜根、茎叶的生长,重金属复合作用增强时,即Cd、Zn、Ni浓度增大时,毒害作用逐...     

Interactive effects of coffee bean supplementation and waterborne zinc toxicity on growth performance,biochemical variables,antioxidant activity and zinc bioaccumulation in whole body of common carp,Cyprinus carpio L.

Roasted coffee powder (RCP; Coffea arabica) is usually used as a beverage for human but there are few attempts to use it as a natural feed supplement in fish diets. In this study, common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., (11.8 ± 0.09 g) were reared in zinc (Zn)‐containing water at concentrations of 0.0 or 5.0 mg/L and cosupplemented with 0.0 or 1.0 g RCP/kg diet for 6 weeks to investigate effects of RCP supplementation, Zn exposure and their interaction on fish performance, biochemical variables, antioxidant activity and Zn bioaccumulation in whole fish body. Fish growth and feed intake were significantly affected by RCP supplementation, Zn toxicity and their interaction. However, fish fed a RCP‐supplemented diet did not exhibit better performance than those fed the RCP‐free diet and both diets produced higher fish performance than the Zn‐toxicated fish. It is noticed that RCP supplementation to Zn‐toxicated fish enhanced their growth, and feed utilization as compared to Zn‐toxicated fish alone. Fish fed control and RCP‐enriched diets showed no significant differences in biochemical variables, which were significantly altered due to waterborne Zn toxicity. Moreover, Zn reduced significantly; meanwhile, RCP supplementation increased significantly superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Notably, Zn exposure could reduce fish growth and antioxidant activity and increase Zn deposition in whole fish body. And RCP intake could enhance the antioxidant activity exerting a protective effect against Zn toxicity, thereby reducing Zn bioaccumulation in whole fish body.     

重金属铅、镉在白榆中分布规律和累积特性研究

研究了重金属铅、镉在白榆中分布和积累,了解其对重金属镉、铅的耐性和抗性,为重金属严重污染地区的造林提供技术依据。通过盆栽试验,探讨了白榆在铅、镉单一及复合处理条件下,对铅、镉元素的吸收累积特性。结果表明:在铅、镉单一及复合处理下,铅、镉元素在白榆各器官中分布规律均表现为:根>茎>叶;在铅、镉单一处理下,转运系数均随处理浓度增加而降低;铅、镉在其地上部分、地下部分的富集系数随处理浓度增加而呈先增后减的趋势;在复合污染下,镉对叶、茎累积铅具有协同作用,对根累积铅无明显影响,铅对根、茎、叶累积镉具有拮抗作用。白榆对铅、镉元素不符合超富集植物条件,但对铅、镉元素表现出一种耐性,因此,白榆适用于铅、镉污染区的种植和绿化。     

Lantana camara——an Ecological Bioindicator Plant for Decontamination of Pb-Impaired Soil Under Organic Waste-Supplemented Scenarios

Heavy metal extraction and processing from ores releases elements into the environment. Soil, being an "unfortunate" sink, has its bionomics impaired and affected by metal pollution. Metals sneak into the food chain and pose risk to humans and other edaphicdependent organisms. For decontamination, the use of an ecosystem-friendly approach involving plants is known as phytoremediation.In this study, different lead(Pb) concentrations(80, 40, 20, and 10 mg kg~(-1)) were used to contaminate a well-characterized soil,(un)supplemented with organic waste empty fruit bunch(EFB) or spent mushroom compost(SMC), with non-edible plant—Lantana camara. Lead removal by L. camara ranged from 45.51% to 88.03% for supplemented soil, and from 23.7% to 57.8% for unsupplemented soil(P 0.05). The EFB-supplemented and L. camara-remediated soil showed the highest counts of heavy metal-resistant bacteria(HMRB)(79.67 × 10~6–56.0 × 10~6 colony forming units(CFU) g~(-1) soil), followed by SMC-supplemented and L. camara-remediated soil(63.33 × 10~6–39.0 × 10~6 CFU g~(-1) soil). Aerial metal uptake ranged from 32.08 ± 0.8 to 5.03 ± 0.08 mg kg~(-1) dry weight, and the bioaccumulation factor ranged from 0.401 to 0.643(P 0.05). Half-lives(t_(1/2)) of Pb were 7.24–2.26 d in supplemented soil,18.39–11.83 d in unsupplemented soil, and 123.75–38.72 d in the soil without plants and organic waste. Freundlich isotherms showed that the intensity of metal absorption(n) ranged from 2.44 to 2.51 for supplemented soil, with regression coefficients of determination(R~2) between 0.901 2 and 0.984 0. The computed free-energy change(?G) for Pb absorption ranged from -5.01 to 0.49 kJ mol~(-1) K~(-1) for EFB-supplemented soil and -3.93 to 0.49 k J mol~(-1) K~(-1) for SMC-supplemented soil.     

锶及柴油胁迫下3种杨树对土壤锶的富集特征

为探究杨树对土壤锶污染的修复能力,以白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨为试材,在100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+),15mg·kg~(-1)柴油,15 mg·kg~(-1)柴油+100 mg·kg~(-1)Sr~(2+)条件下处理60 d,通过测定杨树的生长指标及各器官Sr~(2+)富集浓度,探讨比较不同种的杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)的富集特征和富集能力差异。结果表明,单一Sr~(2+)胁迫能够促进俄罗斯杨和青杨幼苗的生长,对白杨的生长表现出一定抑制效应;而柴油污染胁迫对杨树的生长均具有明显的抑制作用,其中白杨对柴油胁迫的耐受性优于俄罗斯杨和青杨。单独Sr~(2+)胁迫下3种杨树幼苗各器官Sr~(2+)富集为叶根茎,其中白杨的总富集浓度最高,达到2.369 mg·g~(-1)DW,青杨最低,为1.203 mg·g~(-1)DW。在柴油和Sr~(2+)的复合胁迫下,白杨、俄罗斯杨和青杨对Sr~(2+)的富集浓度明显减小,分别为1.344、1.145和0.604 mg·g~(-1)DW;但白杨和俄罗斯杨富集特征变化不大,青杨Sr~(2+)富集浓度最大的器官由叶变为根。此外,柴油的施加对3种杨树转运能力的影响具有显著差异,其中白杨的转运能力增强了15.76%,青杨显著降低了61.83%,说明杨树对土壤Sr~(2+)及其与柴油复合污染胁迫都有较好的耐受及Sr~(2+)富集能力,其中白杨更适合作为污染治理树种。本研究结果为锶及柴油污染土壤的植物修复提供了参考依据。     

菲律宾蛤仔对镉、铜暴露的蓄积作用及其抗氧化酶系统的响应研究

研究了镉（Cd）、铜（Cu）2种重金属单一暴露下菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）肝胰腺和鳃组织内的重金属富集特征和抗氧化酶活力变化特点。结果表明,蛤仔肝胰腺与鳃对Cd、Cu的富集量随重金属浓度与暴靠时间的增加而增火,具有明显的浓度效应与时间效应;菲律宾蛤仔对Cd的富集能力高于Cu,H．肝胰腺中审盖属的蓄积量高于鳃;蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱廿肽过氧化物酶（（;Px）和谷胱竹肽硫转移酶（CST）活力在暴露的某些时段被显著诱导（P〈0．05）,似随暴露时问延长或重金属浓度增加,SODf11GST活力则被显著抑制（P〈O．05）,而CPx活力随暴露时问延K逐渐恢复至对照组水平、菲律宾蛤仔肝胰腺和鳃2种组织中SOD和GST的活性变化可作为海洋Cu^2＋Cd^2＋钙染的牛物标志物．     

杨梅叶片矿质营养及对土壤重金属的富集效应

以8年生的杨梅叶片为试材,采用微波消解法处理样品,电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定杨梅叶片矿质营养及土壤元素含量,探讨杨梅适宜营养指标,为杨梅合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明, N、 Ca和K元素是杨梅叶片中的主要营养元素,含量均高于7.048 g·kg-1;杨梅叶片中B的含量(35.82 mg·kg-1)显著高于土壤中B的含量(18.4 mg·kg-1),为满足杨梅对B的需求,栽培过程中需补充B肥;杨梅叶片中含有丰富的Fe、 Mn和Zn等微量元素, B含量与Fe含量呈显著正相关, Mn含量与Fe、 Zn含量均呈负相关。杨梅对土壤中Zn、 Cu、 Cr和Ni等重金属元素有一定的富集效应。