不同生态条件下品种和施氮量对冬小麦产量及氮肥利用效率的影响

为给河南省不同生态区域小麦氮肥高效利用提供理论依据,于2012-2013年在南阳和信阳2个地点,2013-2014年南阳、信阳和郑州3个地点,通过田间试验研究了施氮量对10个小麦品种产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,小麦产量和氮肥利用效率均显著受品种、地点和施氮水平的影响,同时显著存在品种×地点和地点×施氮量的互作效应;其中,品种效应相对较小,地点对产量和氮肥农学利用效率的影响较大,施氮水平对氮肥偏生产力的调控效应最大。10个品种中,周麦28在各地点均获得了较高的产量和氮肥偏生产力,表现出较好的适应性。3个地点中,郑州和南阳的小麦产量和氮肥偏生产力均显著高于信阳,而信阳具有较高的氮肥农学利用效率,说明适量的氮肥供给对于信阳改善小麦生产非常重要。增施氮肥可以显著提高小麦产量,但降低了氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率,且不同地点和品种对施氮水平的响应存在差异。综合各品种产量和氮肥利用效率对施氮水平的响应,在3个地点小麦在较低施氮水平(120kg·hm-2)下均可达到高产高效的生产目标,但各地点也存在需要高氮肥投入的小麦品种,如郑州的郑麦3596、南阳的洛麦24及信阳的西农509和宛麦16。

Effect of Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat at Different Planting Environments

To evaluate the response of grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat to nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels in different environments, the experiment was carried out at Nanyang and Xinyang in 2012-2013, and Nanyang, Xinyang and Zhengzhou in growing season of 2013-2014, with ten wheat cultivars as materials, which were widely planted in Henan province. The results indicate that grain yield and N use efficiency were significantly influenced by cultivar, site, N levels and the interactions of cultivar × site and site × N levels. Of the three main factors, cultivar contributed relatively low effect, while site had greater effect on grain yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE). N levels had the largest influence on nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP). Of the ten wheat cultivars, Zhoumai 28 obtained the higher grain yield and NPFP, which showed its better cultivar adaptability. Among the three sites, the wheat cultivated at Zhengzhou and Nanyang had higher grain yield and NPFP, while those at Xinyang got higher ANUE. It is indicated that added N fertilizer moderately will improve wheat production at Xinyang. Increasing N fertilizer input significantly increased grain yield, while decreased ANUE and NPFP significantly. N fertilizer level of 120 kg·hm^-2 could improve both grain yield and N use efficiency at three sites. However, there were some wheat cultivars which needed higher N input. For example, Zhengmai 3596 at Zhengzhou, Luomai 24 at Nanyang, Xinong 509 and Wanmai 16 at Xinyang should be applied with high N, in order to obtain high yield.