向日葵副产物的营养特性及在反刍动物中的应用

饲料资源缺乏一直以来都是制约中国畜牧业发展的主要因素。从长远看，常规饲料已不能维持中国畜牧业的可持续发展，开发新的饲料资源是解决饲料不足的重要途径之一。向日葵副产物营养价值较高、来源广、价格低，是一种非常具有开发价值的新型饲料。向日葵副产物包括向日葵饼粕、向日葵盘、向日葵秸秆及葵花籽壳：向日葵饼粕蛋白质含量高、纤维含量低，是一种优质的植物蛋白来源，可以提高奶牛乳汁的营养价值、促进肉牛生长、提高羊的瘤胃发酵效果；向日葵盘粗脂肪含量高，含有大量的膳食纤维，可以提高奶牛的产奶量和乳脂率，促进肉牛增重，提高羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸浓度以及粗蛋白质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维的消化率；向日葵秸秆富含氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等矿物质元素以及少量的蛋白质，可以为肉牛提供一些常量元素和微量元素，提高羊的日增重，降低料重比；葵花籽壳的主要成分是纤维素和木质素，含有丰富的生物活性物质，可以提高奶牛日增重、肉牛饲料转化率。作者具体介绍了向日葵副产物饼粕、葵盘、秸秆、葵花籽壳的营养价值，以及目前它们在反刍动物饲料中的应用情况，以期为今后向日葵副产物的开发利用提供理论依据。

Nutritional Characteristics of Sunflower By-products and Its Application in Ruminants

The shortage of feed resources has always been the main factor restricting the development of animal husbandry industry in China.In long term,conventional feed can no longer maintain the sustainable development of China's animal husbandry,and the development of new feed resources is one of the important ways to solve the shortage of feed.Sunflower by-products have high nutritional value,wide source and low price,which is a new type of feed with great development value.Sunflower by-products include sunflower cake,sunflower disk,sunflower stalk and kernel shells.Sunflower cake is high in crude protein content,low fiber content,is a high-quality plant protein source,can improve the nutritional value of cow milk,promote the growth of beef cattle,improve the fermentation effect of sheep rumen.Sunflower disk is high in crude fat content,containing a large number of dietary fiber,can improve the milk yield and milk fat rate of cows,promote beef cattle weight gain,improve the concentration of rumen volatile fatty acids and the digestion of crude protein,crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber.Sunflower stalk is rich in nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,magnesium and other mineral elements and a small amount of protein,can provide some constant elements and trace elements for cattle,improve the daily weight gain of sheep,reduce the feed to gain ratio.Kernel shells are mainly composed of cellulose and lignin,rich in biology active substances which can improve daily cow weight gain and beef feed conversion rate.The nutritional value of sunflower by-products including sunflower cake,sunflower disk,sunflower stalk and kernel shell,and their application in ruminant feed at present were introduced in detail,so as to provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of sunflower by-products in the future.