长期定位施氮条件下不同品质类型冬小麦适宜施氮量的研究

为了探明河北不同品质类型冬小麦的适宜施氮量，在十年定位试验的基础上，研究了不同施氮水平（0、60、120、180、240和360 kg·hm^-2）下小麦中筋品种济麦22、中强筋品种石优20、强筋品种藁优2018和超强筋品种师栾02-1的产量和品质以及农田氮素平衡和土壤氮素盈余状况。结果表明，产量和品质在不同类型小麦品种间及氮肥处理间均差异显著。不施氮和施氮60 kg·hm^-2处理的产量和品质显著低于其他处理。长期不施氮肥时各小麦品种的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间等品质指标降至弱筋麦水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1实现高产高效的适宜施氮范围依次是120～240、180～240、120～300和120～240 kg·hm^-2，济麦22达到品种本身品质水平的适宜施氮量范围为120～300 kg·hm^-2，其他品种为180～240 kg·hm^-2。不同品质指标对施氮量的反应有差异，强筋品种的蛋白质含量和面团稳定时间在施氮120 kg·hm^-2条件下能达到较高水平，而湿面筋含量、面团形成时间和延伸性则需要更高施氮量才能达到较高水平。济麦22、石优20、藁优2018和师栾02-1达到农田氮素表观平衡的适宜施氮量分别为197、166、199和218 kg·hm^-2，土壤氮素表观平衡的施氮量均为212 kg·hm^-2。过量施氮不能提高小麦产量和品质，降低施肥效益，会造成土壤氮素盈余。可见，施氮180 kg·hm^-2为最优施氮处理，能实现小麦高产、高效、优质和生态安全的统一。

Appropriate Nitrogen Application Rates of Winter Wheat Cultivars with Different Processing Quality in the Condition of a Long-Term Nitrogen Experiment

In order to investigate the suitable nitrogen rates for different quality types of wheat in Hebei,four cultivars(Jimai 22 with medium gluten, Shiyou 20 with medium-strong gluten, Gaoyou 2018 with strong gluten and Shiluan 02-1 with super-strong gluten) were planted at six nitrogen levels(0, 60, 120,180,240,and 300 kg·hm^-2) based on a 10-year nitrogen application experiment. The results showed that there were significant differences in yield and quality among wheat varieties and nitrogen treatments. The grain yield and quality parameters with no nitrogen and 60 kg·hm^-2 nitrogen application were significantly lower than those under other treatments. The quality parameters:protein content, wet gluten content and dough stability time of all varieties under no nitrogen were reduced to the level of weak gluten wheat.The suitable nitrogen rates for high yield and efficiency of Jimai 22, Shiyou 20, Gaoyou 2018 and Shiluan 02-1 were 120-240,180-240,120-300 and 120-240 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Jimai 22 reached the quality level of itself when the nitrogen application was 120-300 kg·hm^-2, and the suitable nitrogen application rate was 180-240 kg·hm^-2 for the other three cultivars. Different quality parameters also had different response to nitrogen rates.The protein content and dough stability time of strong gluten varieties reached a higher level when nitrogen application was 120 kg·hm^-2, while the wet gluten content, dough development time and extensibility required higher nitrogen more than 180 kg·hm^-2. The suitable nitrogen amount for Jimai 22, Shiyou 20, Gaoyou 2018 and Shiluan 02-1 was 197, 166, 199 and 218 kg·hm^-2, respectively. The amount of nitrogen application for apparent balance of soil nitrogen was 212 kg·hm^-2.Excessive application of nitrogen can not improve the yield and quality of wheat, reduce the benefit of fertilization, but lead to the surplus of soil nitrogen. It can be seen that 180 kg·hm^-2 is the best nitrogen application treatment, which can achieve high yield, high efficiency, high quality and ecological security of wheat.