昆虫嗅觉在监测物质开发上的应用

本文对昆虫嗅觉传导信息化合物的机理在监测物质开发方面的应用前景进行了综述。首先介绍了参与昆虫嗅觉传导的多种蛋白组分、关键组分OBPs和Ors缺失后对昆虫行为的影响;其次对昆虫嗅觉及其关键组分在害虫监测仪器的开发和高效诱集物质研发上的应用进行了阐述,以期提高害虫监测水平。     

产前和产后香味剂印迹训练对仔猪断奶后采食偏好的影响及其机理

仔猪断奶后受到心理、营养、环境等多方面的刺激,导致应激反应,影响仔猪的采食量。固体饲粮代替母乳是最大的应激源,通过在母猪饲粮中添加香味剂对仔猪产前和产后进行香味剂印迹训练,使仔猪逐渐喜欢这种气味,降低其对添加相同香味剂饲粮的应激反应,并对有相同气味的饲粮有采食偏好,从而提高仔猪的采食量。本文对产前和产后香味剂印迹训练对仔猪断奶后采食偏好的影响及其机理进行综述,为养猪业相关试验研究提供理论依据。     

Competing seed consumers drive the evolution of scatter-hoarding: Why rodents do not put all their seeds in one larder

Competition for food resources amongst animal seed dispersers and pilferers has driven dispersers to increasingly innovative seed-caching methods.We determined cache sizes in the field as well as seed cache recovery ability of a scatter-hoarding mouse, Acomys subspinosus, and compared these results to its seed competitor, the seed predator Rhabdomys pumilio.We found that up to 76% of A. subspinosus caches in the field contained one seed and that A. subspinosus was able to find caches of all sizes equally well under wet and dry soil conditions. In contrast, R. pumilio was able to find caches of all sizes in wet soil conditions but recovery success of small caches (single-seed) was poor in dry soil conditions. This suggests that scatter-hoarding may have evolved in A. subspinosus as an anti-pilfering strategy. This strategy would likely work best in dry conditions, where cache pilferers have difficulty locating small caches.     

嗅觉可视化技术及其对四种食醋的识别

不同的食醋散发的香味具有一定的相似性,同时又有各自的特征,怎样快速表达这些特征是一大难点.本研究根据Kenneth S.Suslick教授的思路,筛选出23种卟啉类化合物和7种疏水性pH指示剂,制成一个5x6气体可视化传感器阵列.文章详细介绍了嗅觉可视化系统及其操作步骤,并利用气体可视化传感器阵列对4种传统食醋进行了测试.聚类分析表明,当取相似度为12时,样本被区分为镇江香醋、山西老陈醋、四川麸醋、浙江玫瑰米醋.研究表明嗅觉可视化技术可用于食品气味的可视化分析和图像指纹表达.     

昆虫嗅觉机制的研究进展

嗅觉机制对于昆虫选择栖息地、获得食物、趋利避害、传递讯息、群集以及繁殖等许多行为起到重要作用。因此,通过研究昆虫嗅觉系统,可以阐释嗅觉发生过程中的普遍机理,还有助于理解昆虫嗅觉活动与其整个生命活动之间的联系,进而为高等动物特别是人的嗅觉研究提供科学依据。并且通过对昆虫嗅觉机理的研究,发展出了一系列新的害虫治理方法,为害虫防治提供了新的思路。近年来,随着生物化学、分子生物学、昆虫行为学和昆虫电生理学的深入研究,科技人员发现了许多相关的嗅觉活性分子和嗅觉相关基因,从分子层面对昆虫嗅觉机制进行解释。本文综述了气味信号通过嗅感器转变为电信号,并由昆虫触角叶编码整合,最终传递到前脑整个过程中所涉及的分子组件及昆虫体内生理生化等方面有关进展。     

Ciliary function in the olfactory organs of sharks and rays

The sensory channels in the olfactory organs of modern sharks and rays (neoselachians) are lined with fields of non‐sensory cilia. Using evidence from 31 species of neoselachian, this review attempts to identify the fluid – water or mucus – propelled by these cilia. The apparently common structure of the olfactory epithelium in these 31 diverse species implies that the cilia perform the same function and that this function is therefore independent of neoselachian phylogeny, lifestyle, gross nasal anatomy and the principal means by which water is circulated through the single major olfactory channel. On balance, the evidence suggests that the cilia propel mucus. This evidence includes short cilia, the presence (or absence) of water currents in the nasal region, mucociliary interactions, poor ciliary alignment, rare or absent interciliary connections, deep ciliary anchorages and the observation of cilia performing effective strokes. The short cilia are particularly telling. Goblet cells within and on the edge of the sensory epithelium are likely to be the source of any mucus layer. If the cilia of the neoselachian olfactory epithelium do propel mucus, there are three crucial implications. First, given that ciliary function is potentially independent of neoselachian phylogeny, it is possible that cilia in all neoselachians propel mucus. Second, a large part of the neoselachian olfactory organ must be actively involved in protecting the sensory epithelium from damage. Third, flow of water through the sensory channels must be driven by flow of water through the major olfactory channel.     

白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉和嗅觉信息识别两性

[目的]探究视觉和嗅觉信息在白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶识别异性中扮演的作用,从而加深对性二型蝶类两性交流机制的认识。[方法]在网室内分别悬挂白带锯蛱蝶雄蝶和雌蝶的真实翅模型、打印的翅模型和活蝴蝶模型,记录雌蝶对以上模型的访问次数。[结果]表明:仅有视觉或嗅觉信号存在时,雌蝶对雄蝶模型访问次数均大于雌模型。雌蝶对雌雄翅和纸模型访问平均次数均有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠视觉信息能够辨别雌雄。雌蝶对雌雄嗅觉模型访问平均次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶仅靠嗅觉信息能够辨别雌雄。视觉和嗅觉信息均存在时,雌蝶对正常雄蝶访问平均次数多于雄蝶视觉和嗅觉模型,且对3种雄蝶的平均访问次数有显著差异,说明雌蝶识别雄蝶时偏好2种信息的综合作用。[结论]白带锯蛱蝶雌蝶利用视觉或嗅觉信息均能识别雌雄两性,雌蝶在识别两性时较偏爱同时有视觉和嗅觉信息的雄蝶。